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Masak G, Davidson LA. Constructing the pharyngula: Connecting the primary axial tissues of the head with the posterior axial tissues of the tail. Cells Dev 2023; 176:203866. [PMID: 37394035 PMCID: PMC10756936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The pharyngula stage of vertebrate development is characterized by stereotypical arrangement of ectoderm, mesoderm, and neural tissues from the anterior spinal cord to the posterior, yet unformed tail. While early embryologists over-emphasized the similarity between vertebrate embryos at the pharyngula stage, there is clearly a common architecture upon which subsequent developmental programs generate diverse cranial structures and epithelial appendages such as fins, limbs, gills, and tails. The pharyngula stage is preceded by two morphogenetic events: gastrulation and neurulation, which establish common shared structures despite the occurrence of cellular processes that are distinct to each of the species. Even along the body axis of a singular organism, structures with seemingly uniform phenotypic characteristics at the pharyngula stage have been established by different processes. We focus our review on the processes underlying integration of posterior axial tissue formation with the primary axial tissues that creates the structures laid out in the pharyngula. Single cell sequencing and novel gene targeting technologies have provided us with new insights into the differences between the processes that form the anterior and posterior axis, but it is still unclear how these processes are integrated to create a seamless body. We suggest that the primary and posterior axial tissues in vertebrates form through distinct mechanisms and that the transition between these mechanisms occur at different locations along the anterior-posterior axis. Filling gaps that remain in our understanding of this transition could resolve ongoing problems in organoid culture and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneva Masak
- Integrative Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Integrative Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Della Gaspera B, Weill L, Chanoine C. Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790847. [PMID: 35111756 PMCID: PMC8802780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transitory metameric structures at the basis of the axial organization of vertebrate musculoskeletal system. During evolution, somites appear in the chordate phylum and compartmentalize mainly into the dermomyotome, the myotome, and the sclerotome in vertebrates. In this review, we summarized the existing literature about somite compartmentalization in Xenopus and compared it with other anamniote and amniote vertebrates. We also present and discuss a model that describes the evolutionary history of somite compartmentalization from ancestral chordates to amniote vertebrates. We propose that the ancestral organization of chordate somite, subdivided into a lateral compartment of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) and a medial primitive myotome, evolves through two major transitions. From ancestral chordates to vertebrates, the cell potency of MSCs may have evolved and gave rise to all new vertebrate compartments, i.e., the dermomyome, its hypaxial region, and the sclerotome. From anamniote to amniote vertebrates, the lateral MSC territory may expand to the whole somite at the expense of primitive myotome and may probably facilitate sclerotome formation. We propose that successive modifications of the cell potency of some type of embryonic progenitors could be one of major processes of the vertebrate evolution.
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Krneta-Stankic V, Corkins ME, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Kloc M, Gladden AB, Miller RK. The Wnt/PCP formin Daam1 drives cell-cell adhesion during nephron development. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109340. [PMID: 34233186 PMCID: PMC8629027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin junctions facilitate assembly and disassembly of cell contacts that drive development and homeostasis of epithelial tissues. In this study, using Xenopus embryonic kidney and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, we investigate the role of the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) formin Daam1 (Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1) in regulating E-cadherin-based intercellular adhesion. Using live imaging, we show that Daam1 localizes to newly formed cell contacts in the developing nephron. Furthermore, analyses of junctional filamentous actin (F-actin) upon Daam1 depletion indicate decreased microfilament localization and slowed turnover. We also show that Daam1 is necessary for efficient and timely localization of junctional E-cadherin, mediated by Daam1’s formin homology domain 2 (FH2). Finally, we establish that Daam1 signaling promotes organized movement of renal cells. This study demonstrates that Daam1 formin junctional activity is critical for epithelial tissue organization. How cells remodel their adhesions through cell-surface proteins such as E-cadherin is a central question in epithelial tissue biology. Krneta-Stankic et al. show that the Wnt/PCP formin Daam1 regulates cytoskeletal membrane dynamics and E-cadherin localization within developing nephrons. These findings provide a new framework for studying cell-cell adhesion and nephron morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Krneta-Stankic
- Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark E Corkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew B Gladden
- Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel K Miller
- Program in Genes and Development, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wang Y, Zhang B, Kropp J, Morozova N. Inference on tissue transplantation experiments. J Theor Biol 2021; 520:110645. [PMID: 33640451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We review studies on tissue transplantation experiments for various species: one piece of the donor tissue is excised and transplanted into a slit in the host tissue, then observe the behavior of this grafted tissue. Although we have known the results of some transplantation experiments, there are many more possible experiments with unknown results. We develop a penalty function-based method that uses the known experimental results to infer the unknown experimental results. Similar experiments without similar results get penalized and correspond to smaller probability. This method can provide the most probable results of a group of experiments or the probability of a specific result for each experiment. This method is also generalized to other situations. Besides, we solve a problem: how to design experiments so that such a method can be applied most efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Princeton University, 08544 Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Jérémie Kropp
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nadya Morozova
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIN RAS), 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Sabillo A, Ramirez J, Domingo CR. Making muscle: Morphogenetic movements and molecular mechanisms of myogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:80-91. [PMID: 26853935 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis offers unprecedented access to the intricacies of muscle development. The large, robust embryos make it ideal for manipulations at both the tissue and molecular level. In particular, this model system can be used to fate map early muscle progenitors, visualize cell behaviors associated with somitogenesis, and examine the role of signaling pathways that underlie induction, specification, and differentiation of muscle. Several characteristics that are unique to X. laevis include myogenic waves with distinct gene expression profiles and the late formation of dermomyotome and sclerotome. Furthermore, myogenesis in the metamorphosing frog is biphasic, facilitating regeneration studies. In this review, we describe the morphogenetic movements that shape the somites and discuss signaling and transcriptional regulation during muscle development and regeneration. With recent advances in gene editing tools, X. laevis remains a premier model organism for dissecting the complex mechanisms underlying the specification, cell behaviors, and formation of the musculature system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armbien Sabillo
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Julio Ramirez
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, CA 94132, USA
| | - Carmen R Domingo
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, CA 94132, USA.
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Leal MA, Fickel SR, Sabillo A, Ramirez J, Vergara HM, Nave C, Saw D, Domingo CR. The Role of Sdf-1α signaling in Xenopus laevis somite morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:509-26. [PMID: 24357195 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal derived factor-1α (sdf-1α), a chemoattractant chemokine, plays a major role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and in embryogenesis. The sdf-1α signaling pathway has also been shown to be important for somite rotation in zebrafish (Hollway et al., 2007). Given the known similarities and differences between zebrafish and Xenopus laevis somitogenesis, we sought to determine whether the role of sdf-1α is conserved in Xenopus laevis. RESULTS Using a morpholino approach, we demonstrate that knockdown of sdf-1α or its receptor, cxcr4, leads to a significant disruption in somite rotation and myotome alignment. We further show that depletion of sdf-1α or cxcr4 leads to the near absence of β-dystroglycan and laminin expression at the intersomitic boundaries. Finally, knockdown of sdf-1α decreases the level of activated RhoA, a small GTPase known to regulate cell shape and movement. CONCLUSION Our results show that sdf-1α signaling regulates somite cell migration, rotation, and myotome alignment by directly or indirectly regulating dystroglycan expression and RhoA activation. These findings support the conservation of sdf-1α signaling in vertebrate somite morphogenesis; however, the precise mechanism by which this signaling pathway influences somite morphogenesis is different between the fish and the frog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa A Leal
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
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Della Gaspera B, Armand AS, Sequeira I, Chesneau A, Mazabraud A, Lécolle S, Charbonnier F, Chanoine C. Myogenic waves and myogenic programs during Xenopus embryonic myogenesis. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:995-1007. [PMID: 22434732 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although Xenopus is a key model organism in developmental biology, little is known about the myotome formation in this species. Here, we assessed the expression of myogenic regulatory factors of the Myod family (MRFs) during embryonic development and revealed distinct MRF programs. RESULTS The expression pattern of each MRF during embryonic development highlights three successive myogenic waves. We showed that a first median and lateral myogenesis initiates before dermomyotome formation: the median cell population expresses Myf5, Myod, and Mrf4, whereas the lateral one expresses Myod, moderate levels of Myogenin and Mrf4. The second wave of myoblasts arising from the dermomyotome is characterized by the full MRF program expression, with high levels of Myogenin. The third wave is revealed by Myf5 expression in the myotome and could contribute to the formation of plurinucleated fibers at larval stages. Furthermore, Myf5- or Myod-expressing anlagen are identified in craniofacial myogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The first median and lateral myogenesis and their associated MRF programs have probably disappeared in mammals. However, some aspects of Xenopus myogenesis have been conserved such as the development of somitic muscles by successive myogenic waves and the existence of Myf5-dependent and -independent lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Della Gaspera
- Centre d'Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
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