5-HMF affects cardiovascular development in zebrafish larvae via reactive oxygen species and Wnt signaling pathways

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a small molecule aldehyde compound produced by the Maillard reaction. As 5-HMF exists in a variety of foods and drugs and is easily ingested by humans, it has attracted extensive toxicological attention in recent years. Relevant research showed that 5-HMF has cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumor effects. However, the cardiovascular effects of 5-HMF are unknown. To investigate the cardiovascular effects of 5-HMF in zebrafish, wild-type and transgenic embryos were treated with 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL of 5-HMF, followed by toxicological evaluation, histological observation, fluorescence observation, cell apoptosis staining, and gene quantitative analysis. High 5-HMF concentrations led to a significant increase in the heart rate and pericardial edema ratio, larger venous sinus-arterial bulb distance, more apoptosis of cardiac cells, cardiac linearization, defects in angiogenesis and cardiovascular development, and apoptosis-related gene expression disorders in zebrafish larvae. The abnormal phenotype caused by 5-HMF can be rescued by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and Wnt signaling pathway activator BML-284. It is inferred that high 5-HMF concentrations increased the level of reactive oxygen species, inhibited the transduction of the Wnt signaling pathway, and resulted in abnormal cardiovascular development in zebrafish larvae. This study provides a reference for understanding the mechanism of 5-HMF effects on cardiac development.

Exposure to acrylamide induces cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish during cardiogenesis

Acrylamide (AA), an environmental pollutant, has been linked to neurotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. AA is widely used to synthesize polymers for industrial applications, is widely found in Western-style carbohydrate-rich foods and cigarette smoke, and can also be detected in human umbilical cord blood and breast milk. This is the first study that demonstrated the cardiac developmental toxicity of AA in zebrafish embryos. Post-fertilization exposure to AA caused a clearly deficient cardiovascular system with a shrunken heart and abortive morphogenesis and function. Disordered expression of the cardiac genes, myl7, vmhc, myh6, bmp4, tbx2b and notch1b, as well as reduced number of myocardial cells and endocardial cells, indicated the collapsed development of ventricle and atrium and failed differentiation of atrioventricular canal (AVC). Although cell apoptosis was not affected, the capacity of cardiomyocyte proliferation was significantly reduced by AA exposure after fertilization. Further investigation showed that treatment with AA specifically reduced the expressions of nkx2.5, myl7 and vmhc in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (ALPM) during the early cardiogenesis. In addition, AA exposure disturbed the restricted expressions of bmp4, tbx2b and notch1b during atrioventricular (AV) valve development and cardiac chambers maturation. Our results showed that AA-induced cardiotoxicity was related to decreased cardiac progenitor genes expression, reduced myocardium growth, abnormal cardiac chambers morphogenesis and disordered AVC differentiation. Our study demonstrates that AA exposure during a time point analogous to the first trimester in humans has a detrimental effect on early heart development in zebrafish. A high ingestion rate of AA-containing products may be an underlying risk factor for cardiogenesis in fetuses.

More than nervous: the emerging roles of plexins

Plexins are the receptors for semaphorins, a large family of axon guidance cues. Accordingly, the role of plexins in the development of the nervous system was the first to be acknowledged. However, the expression of plexins is not restricted to neuronal cells, and recent research has been increasingly focused on the roles of plexin-semaphorin signalling outside of the nervous system. During embryogenesis, plexins regulate the development of many organs, including the cardiovascular system, skeleton and kidney. They have also been shown to be involved in immune system functions and tumour progression. Analyses of the plexin signalling in different tissues and cell types have provided new insight to the versatility of plexin interactions with semaphorins and other cell-surface receptors. In this review we try to summarise the current understanding of the roles of plexins in non-neural development and immunity.

The histaminergic system regulates wakefulness and orexin/hypocretin neuron development via histamine receptor H1 in zebrafish

The histaminergic and hypocretin/orexin (hcrt) neurotransmitter systems play crucial roles in alertness/wakefulness in rodents. We elucidated the role of histamine in wakefulness and the interaction of the histamine and hcrt systems in larval zebrafish. Translation inhibition of histidine decarboxylase (hdc) with morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) led to a behaviorally measurable decline in light-associated activity, which was partially rescued by hdc mRNA injections and mimicked by histamine receptor H1 (Hrh1) antagonist pyrilamine treatment. Histamine-immunoreactive fibers targeted the dorsal telencephalon, an area that expresses histamine receptors hrh1 and hrh3 and contains predominantly glutamatergic neurons. Tract tracing with DiI revealed that projections from dorsal telencephalon innervate the hcrt and histaminergic neurons. Translation inhibition of hdc decreased the number of hcrt neurons in a Hrh1-dependent manner. The reduction was rescued by overexpression of hdc mRNA. hdc mRNA injection alone led to an up-regulation of hcrt neuron numbers. These results suggest that histamine is essential for the development of a functional and intact hcrt system and that histamine has a bidirectional effect on the development of the hcrt neurons. In summary, our findings provide evidence that these two systems are linked both functionally and developmentally, which may have important implications in sleep disorders and narcolepsy. development via histamine receptor H1 in zebrafish.