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Hudson DT, Bromell JS, Day RC, McInnes T, Ward JM, Beck CW. Gene expression analysis of the Xenopus laevis early limb bud proximodistal axis. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1880-1896. [PMID: 35809036 PMCID: PMC9796579 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb buds develop as bilateral outgrowths of the lateral plate mesoderm and are patterned along three axes. Current models of proximal to distal patterning of early amniote limb buds suggest that two signals, a distal organizing signal from the apical epithelial ridge (AER, Fgfs) and an opposing proximal (retinoic acid [RA]) act early on pattern this axis. RESULTS Transcriptional analysis of stage 51 Xenopus laevis hindlimb buds sectioned along the proximal-distal axis showed that the distal region is distinct from the rest of the limb. Expression of capn8.3, a novel calpain, was located in cells immediately flanking the AER. The Wnt antagonist Dkk1 was AER-specific in Xenopus limbs. Two transcription factors, sall1 and zic5, were expressed in distal mesenchyme. Zic5 has no described association with limb development. We also describe expression of two proximal genes, gata5 and tnn, not previously associated with limb development. Differentially expressed genes were associated with Fgf, Wnt, and RA signaling as well as differential cell adhesion and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We identify new candidate genes for early proximodistal limb patterning. Our analysis of RA-regulated genes supports a role for transient RA gradients in early limb bud in proximal-to-distal patterning in this anamniote model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Hudson
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand,Oritain GlobalDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Jessica S. Bromell
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand,Dairy Goat Co‐operativeHamiltonNew Zealand
| | - Robert C. Day
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Tyler McInnes
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Joanna M. Ward
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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2
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Mahabaleshwar H, Asharani PV, Loo TY, Koh SY, Pitman MR, Kwok S, Ma J, Hu B, Lin F, Li Lok X, Pitson SM, Saunders TE, Carney TJ. Slit‐Robo signalling establishes a Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate gradient to polarise fin mesenchyme. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54464. [DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - PV Asharani
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
| | - Tricia Yi Loo
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Shze Yung Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Melissa R Pitman
- Centre for Cancer Biology University of South Australia, and SA Pathology North Tce Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Samuel Kwok
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine The University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Carver College of Medicine The University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - Xue Li Lok
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology University of South Australia, and SA Pathology North Tce Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry UK
| | - Tom J Carney
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore City Singapore
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3
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Mathematical modeling of chondrogenic pattern formation during limb development: Recent advances in continuous models. Math Biosci 2020; 322:108319. [PMID: 32001201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of chondrogenic pattern formation in the vertebrate limb is one of the best studied examples of organogenesis. Many different models, mathematical as well as conceptual, have been proposed for it in the last fifty years or so. In this review, we give a brief overview of the fundamental biological background, then describe in detail several models which aim to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the corresponding biological phenomena. We concentrate on several new models that have been proposed in recent years, taking into account recent experimental progress. The major mathematical tools in these approaches are ordinary and partial differential equations. Moreover, we discuss models with non-local flux terms used to account for cell-cell adhesion forces and a structured population model with diffusion. We also include a detailed list of gene products and potential morphogens which have been identified to play a role in the process of limb formation and its growth.
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4
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Ko JM, Lobo D. Continuous Dynamic Modeling of Regulated Cell Adhesion: Sorting, Intercalation, and Involution. Biophys J 2019; 117:2166-2179. [PMID: 31732144 PMCID: PMC6895740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion is essential for tissue growth and multicellular pattern formation and crucial for the cellular dynamics during embryogenesis and cancer progression. Understanding the dynamical gene regulation of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) responsible for the emerging spatial tissue behaviors is a current challenge because of the complexity of these nonlinear interactions and feedback loops at different levels of abstraction-from genetic regulation to whole-organism shape formation. To extend our understanding of cell and tissue behaviors due to the regulation of adhesion molecules, here we present a novel, to our knowledge, model for the spatial dynamics of cellular patterning, growth, and shape formation due to the differential expression of CAMs and their regulation. Capturing the dynamic interplay between genetic regulation, CAM expression, and differential cell adhesion, the proposed continuous model can explain the complex and emergent spatial behaviors of cell populations that change their adhesion properties dynamically because of inter- and intracellular genetic regulation. This approach can demonstrate the mechanisms responsible for classical cell-sorting behaviors, cell intercalation in proliferating populations, and the involution of germ layer cells induced by a diffusing morphogen during gastrulation. The model makes predictions on the physical parameters controlling the amplitude and wavelength of a cellular intercalation interface, as well as the crucial role of N-cadherin regulation for the involution and migration of cells beyond the gradient of the morphogen Nodal during zebrafish gastrulation. Integrating the emergent spatial tissue behaviors with the regulation of genes responsible for essential cellular properties such as adhesion will pave the way toward understanding the genetic regulation of large-scale complex patterns and shapes formation in developmental, regenerative, and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
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5
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Tsujino K, Okuzaki Y, Hibino N, Kawamura K, Saito S, Ozaki Y, Ishishita S, Kuroiwa A, Iijima S, Matsuda Y, Nishijima K, Suzuki T. Identification of transgene integration site and anatomical properties of fluorescence intensity in a EGFP transgenic chicken line. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:393-401. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Tsujino
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Yuya Okuzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hibino
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawamura
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Seiji Saito
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Yumi Ozaki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishishita
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuroiwa
- Division of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho Nagoya Japan
| | - Shinji Iijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Kenichi Nishijima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
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6
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ECM alterations in Fndc3a (Fibronectin Domain Containing Protein 3A) deficient zebrafish cause temporal fin development and regeneration defects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13383. [PMID: 31527654 PMCID: PMC6746793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50055-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fin development and regeneration are complex biological processes that are highly relevant in teleost fish. They share genetic factors, signaling pathways and cellular properties to coordinate formation of regularly shaped extremities. Especially correct tissue structure defined by extracellular matrix (ECM) formation is essential. Gene expression and protein localization studies demonstrated expression of fndc3a (fibronectin domain containing protein 3a) in both developing and regenerating caudal fins of zebrafish (Danio rerio). We established a hypomorphic fndc3a mutant line (fndc3awue1/wue1) via CRISPR/Cas9, exhibiting phenotypic malformations and changed gene expression patterns during early stages of median fin fold development. These developmental effects are mostly temporary, but result in a fraction of adults with permanent tail fin deformations. In addition, caudal fin regeneration in adult fndc3awue1/wue1 mutants is hampered by interference with actinotrichia formation and epidermal cell organization. Investigation of the ECM implies that loss of epidermal tissue structure is a common cause for both of the observed defects. Our results thereby provide a molecular link between these developmental processes and foreshadow Fndc3a as a novel temporal regulator of epidermal cell properties during extremity development and regeneration in zebrafish.
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7
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Stocum DL. Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2017; 4:159-200. [PMID: 29299322 PMCID: PMC5743758 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regeneration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self-organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb?
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Stocum
- Department of BiologyIndiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis723 W. Michigan StIndianapolisIN 46202USA
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8
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Saiz-Lopez P, Chinnaiya K, Towers M, Ros MA. Intrinsic properties of limb bud cells can be differentially reset. Development 2017; 144:479-486. [PMID: 28087638 PMCID: PMC5341798 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An intrinsic timing mechanism specifies the positional values of the zeugopod (i.e. radius/ulna) and then autopod (i.e. wrist/digits) segments during limb development. Here, we have addressed whether this timing mechanism ensures that patterning events occur only once by grafting GFP-expressing autopod progenitor cells to the earlier host signalling environment of zeugopod progenitor cells. We show by detecting Hoxa13 expression that early and late autopod progenitors fated for the wrist and phalanges, respectively, both contribute to the entire host autopod, indicating that the autopod positional value is irreversibly determined. We provide evidence that Hoxa13 provides an autopod-specific positional value that correctly allocates cells into the autopod, most likely through the control of cell-surface properties as shown by cell-cell sorting analyses. However, we demonstrate that only the earlier autopod cells can adopt the host proliferation rate to permit normal morphogenesis. Therefore, our findings reveal that the ability of embryonic cells to differentially reset their intrinsic behaviours confers robustness to limb morphogenesis. We speculate that this plasticity could be maintained beyond embryogenesis in limbs with regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Saiz-Lopez
- Departamento de Señalización Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Kavitha Chinnaiya
- Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matthew Towers
- Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Maria A Ros
- Departamento de Señalización Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Santander 39011, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
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9
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Abstract
Intercellular adhesion plays a vital role in many biological processes including embryonic development, malignant invasion, and wound healing, and can be manipulated to generate complex structures in tissue engineering applications. Accurate measurement of the strength of intercellular adhesion is not trivial and requires methods rooted in sound physical principles. Tissue surface tensiometry (TST) rigorously quantifies intercellular cohesive energy of 3D tissue-like aggregates under physiological conditions. TST utilizes a custom-built tensiometer to compress 3D spheroids between parallel plates. The resistance to the applied force and changes in aggregate geometry are applied to the Young-Laplace equation, generating a measurement of apparent surface tension. We describe all components comprising the tensiometer and provide step by step instructions of all the key steps involved in generating spherical aggregates. We explain how tissue surface tension is calculated and provide a statistical analysis of a sample data set from 12 aggregates.
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10
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Foty RA, Steinberg MS. Differential adhesion in model systems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 2:631-45. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Responte DJ, Lee JK, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Biomechanics-driven chondrogenesis: from embryo to adult. FASEB J 2012; 26:3614-24. [PMID: 22673579 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-207241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanics plays a pivotal role in articular cartilage development, pathophysiology, and regeneration. During embryogenesis and cartilage maturation, mechanical stimuli promote chondrogenesis and limb formation. Mechanical loading, which has been characterized using computer modeling and in vivo studies, is crucial for maintaining the phenotype of cartilage. However, excessive or insufficient loading has deleterious effects and promotes the onset of cartilage degeneration. Informed by the prominent role of biomechanics, mechanical stimuli have been harnessed to enhance redifferentiation of chondrocytes and chondroinduction of other cell types, thus providing new chondrocyte cell sources. Biomechanical stimuli, such as hydrostatic pressure or compression, have been used to enhance the functional properties of neocartilage. By identifying pathways involved in mechanical stimulation, chemical equivalents that mimic mechanical signaling are beginning to offer exciting new methods for improving neocartilage. Harnessing biomechanics to improve differentiation, maintenance, and regeneration is emerging as pivotal toward producing functional neocartilage that could eventually be used to treat cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Responte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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12
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Kawakami Y, Marti M, Kawakami H, Itou J, Quach T, Johnson A, Sahara S, O'Leary DDM, Nakagawa Y, Lewandoski M, Pfaff S, Evans SM, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Islet1-mediated activation of the β-catenin pathway is necessary for hindlimb initiation in mice. Development 2011; 138:4465-73. [PMID: 21937598 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional basis of vertebrate limb initiation, which is a well-studied system for the initiation of organogenesis, remains elusive. Specifically, involvement of the β-catenin pathway in limb initiation, as well as its role in hindlimb-specific transcriptional regulation, are under debate. Here, we show that the β-catenin pathway is active in the limb-forming area in mouse embryos. Furthermore, conditional inactivation of β-catenin as well as Islet1, a hindlimb-specific factor, in the lateral plate mesoderm results in a failure to induce hindlimb outgrowth. We further show that Islet1 is required for the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and hence for activation of the β-catenin pathway, and that the β-catenin pathway maintains Islet1 expression. These two factors influence each other and function upstream of active proliferation of hindlimb progenitors in the lateral plate mesoderm and the expression of a common factor, Fgf10. Our data demonstrate that Islet1 and β-catenin regulate outgrowth and Fgf10-Fgf8 feedback loop formation during vertebrate hindlimb initiation. Our study identifies Islet1 as a hindlimb-specific transcriptional regulator of initiation, and clarifies the controversy regarding the requirement of β-catenin for limb initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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