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Sheng H, Liu R, Li Q, Lin Z, He Y, Blum TS, Zhao H, Tang X, Wang W, Jin L, Wang Z, Hsiao E, Le Floch P, Shen H, Lee AJ, Jonas-Closs RA, Briggs J, Liu S, Solomon D, Wang X, Lu N, Liu J. Brain implantation of tissue-level-soft bioelectronics via embryonic development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.596533. [PMID: 38853924 PMCID: PMC11160708 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.596533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The design of bioelectronics capable of stably tracking brain-wide, single-cell, and millisecond-resolved neural activities in the developing brain is critical to the study of neuroscience and neurodevelopmental disorders. During development, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the vertebrate brain arises from a 2D neural plate 1,2 . These large morphological changes previously posed a challenge for implantable bioelectronics to track neural activity throughout brain development 3-9 . Here, we present a tissue-level-soft, sub-micrometer-thick, stretchable mesh microelectrode array capable of integrating into the embryonic neural plate of vertebrates by leveraging the 2D-to-3D reconfiguration process of the tissue itself. Driven by the expansion and folding processes of organogenesis, the stretchable mesh electrode array deforms, stretches, and distributes throughout the entire brain, fully integrating into the 3D tissue structure. Immunostaining, gene expression analysis, and behavioral testing show no discernible impact on brain development or function. The embedded electrode array enables long-term, stable, brain-wide, single-unit-single-spike-resolved electrical mapping throughout brain development, illustrating how neural electrical activities and population dynamics emerge and evolve during brain development.
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Adil MT, Henry JJ. Understanding cornea epithelial stem cells and stem cell deficiency: Lessons learned using vertebrate model systems. Genesis 2021; 59:e23411. [PMID: 33576188 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have contributed greatly to our understanding of human diseases. Here, we focus on cornea epithelial stem cell (CESC) deficiency (commonly called limbal stem cell deficiency, LSCD). Corneal development, homeostasis and wound healing are supported by specific stem cells, that include the CESCs. Damage to or loss of these cells results in blindness and other debilitating ocular conditions. Here we describe the contributions from several vertebrate models toward understanding CESCs and LSCD treatments. These include both mammalian models, as well as two aquatic models, Zebrafish and the amphibian, Xenopus. Pioneering developments have been made using stem cell transplants to restore normal vision in patients with LSCD, but questions still remain about the basic biology of CESCs, including their precise cell lineages and behavior in the cornea. We describe various cell lineage tracing studies to follow their patterns of division, and the fates of their progeny during development, homeostasis, and wound healing. In addition, we present some preliminary results using the Xenopus model system. Ultimately, a more thorough understanding of these cornea cells will advance our knowledge of stem cell biology and lead to better cornea disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tayyab Adil
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan J Henry
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Adil MT, Simons CM, Sonam S, Henry JJ. Understanding cornea homeostasis and wound healing using a novel model of stem cell deficiency in Xenopus. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107767. [PMID: 31437439 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) is a painful and debilitating disease that results from damage or loss of the Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells (CESCs). Therapies have been developed to treat LSCD by utilizing epithelial stem cell transplants. However, effective repair and recovery depends on many factors, such as the source and concentration of donor stem cells, and the proper conditions to support these transplanted cells. We do not yet fully understand how CESCs heal wounds or how transplanted CESCs are able to restore transparency in LSCD patients. A major hurdle has been the lack of vertebrate models to study CESCs. Here we utilized a short treatment with Psoralen AMT (a DNA cross-linker), immediately followed by UV treatment (PUV treatment), to establish a novel frog model that recapitulates the characteristics of cornea stem cell deficiency, such as pigment cell invasion from the periphery, corneal opacity, and neovascularization. These PUV treated whole corneas do not regain transparency. Moreover, PUV treatment leads to appearance of the Tcf7l2 labeled subset of apical skin cells in the cornea region. PUV treatment also results in increased cell death, immediately following treatment, with pyknosis as a primary mechanism. Furthermore, we show that PUV treatment causes depletion of p63 expressing basal epithelial cells, and can stimulate mitosis in the remaining cells in the cornea region. To study the response of CESCs, we created localized PUV damage by focusing the UV radiation on one half of the cornea. These cases initially develop localized stem cell deficiency characteristics on the treated side. The localized PUV treatment is also capable of stimulating some mitosis in the untreated (control) half of those corneas. Unlike the whole treated corneas, the treated half is ultimately able to recover and corneal transparency is restored. Our study provides insight into the response of cornea cells following stem cell depletion, and establishes Xenopus as a suitable model for studying CESCs, stem cell deficiency, and other cornea diseases. This model will also be valuable for understanding the nature of transplanted CESCs, which will lead to progress in the development of therapeutics for LSCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tayyab Adil
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Claire M Simons
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Surabhi Sonam
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Jonathan J Henry
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Henry JJ, Perry KJ, Hamilton PW. Ex Vivo Eye Tissue Culture Methods for Xenopus. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2019; 2019:pdb.prot101535. [PMID: 29895561 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lens regeneration can be studied in whole animals following removal of the original lens (lentectomy). However, culturing a whole animal can be impractical for assays involving small molecule inhibitors or proteins. Ex vivo eye tissue culture is an alternative approach for examining lens regeneration. The ex vivo culture system offers certain advantages when compared to the in vivo regeneration assay, as the percentage of cases showing lens differentiation can exceed that seen in whole animals. This culture system also allows for the treatment of eye tissues in small volumes, which helps ensure reproducibility and reduces the amount (and cost) of small-molecule inhibitors or exogenous proteins, etc., necessary to conduct an experiment. Additionally, different eye tissues can be combined, such as nontransgenic and transgenic tissues (e.g., eyecup and cornea) that carry reporters or inducible transgenes. This approach represents a very useful tool in the analysis of lens regeneration or for simply culturing specific eye tissues, and can be used to culture either Xenopus laevis or Xenopus tropicalis eye tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Henry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;
| | - Kimberly J Perry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Paul W Hamilton
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, Jacksonville, Illinois 62650
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Henry JJ, Perry KJ, Hamilton PW. Methods for Examining Lens Regeneration in Xenopus. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2019; 2019:pdb.prot101527. [PMID: 29895562 PMCID: PMC6668727 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Some vertebrates are able to regenerate the lens following its removal. This includes species in the genus Xenopus (i.e., X. laevis, X. tropicalis, and X. borealis), the only anurans known to undergo lens regeneration. In Xenopus the regenerated lens is derived de novo from cells located within the basal-most layer of the larval corneal epithelium, and is triggered by factors provided by the neural retina. In larval frogs the corneal epithelium is underlain by an endothelium separated from the corneal epithelium except for a small central attachment (i.e., the "stromal-attracting center"). This connection grows larger as the stroma forms and the frogs approach metamorphosis. Here we provide instructions for performing lentectomies (removal of the original lens) to study lens regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Henry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;
| | - Kimberly J Perry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Paul W Hamilton
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, Jacksonville, Illinois 62650
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Smith BD, Vail KJ, Carroll GL, Taylor MC, Jeffery ND, Vemulapalli TH, Elliott JJ. Comparison of Etomidate, Benzocaine, and MS222 Anesthesia with and without Subsequent Flunixin Meglumine Analgesia in African Clawed Frogs ( Xenopus laevis). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2018; 57:202-209. [PMID: 29555009 PMCID: PMC5868386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Often few alternative anesthetics for exotic species are available, due to the small numbers of these animals used in research. In this study, we evaluated the depth and duration of anesthesia in Xenopus laevis after their immersion in 3 doses of etomidate (15, 22.5, and 30 mg/L) and in 3 doses of benzocaine (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) compared with the 'gold standard,' tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222; 2 g/L). We then chose an optimal dose for each alternative anesthetic according to induction time, duration of surgical plane, and time to complete recovery. The optimal etomidate and benzocaine doses (22.5 mg/L and 0.1%, respectively) as well as the MS222 dose were then used to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia, with the addition of flunixin meglumine (25 or 50 mg/kg) administered in the dorsal lymph sac at the completion of mock oocyte harvest. Efficacy of the analgesic was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h postoperatively by using acetic acid testing (AAT). Histology of the liver, kidney, and tissues surrounding the dorsal lymph sac was performed at day 3, 14, and 28 in each group of animals. Mild to moderate myocyte degeneration and necrosis were present in tissues surrounding the dorsal lymph sac at both flunixin meglumine doses after etomidate and benzocaine anesthesia. In addition, the 50-mg/kg dose of flunixin meglumine resulted in the death of 5 of the 12 frogs within 24 h, despite an otherwise uneventful anesthetic recovery. In conclusion, benzocaine and etomidate offer alternative anesthetic regimens, according to typical requirements for an anesthetic event. Flunixin meglumine at the 25-mg/kg dose provided analgesic relief at the latest time point during etomidate dosage and at all time points during benzocaine dosage, but further characterization is warranted regarding long-term or repeated analgesic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony D Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas;,
| | - Krystal J Vail
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gwendolyn L Carroll
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Small Animal Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Maggie C Taylor
- Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Nicholas D Jeffery
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Small Animal Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Tracy H Vemulapalli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - James J Elliott
- Comparative Medicine Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Kawasumi-Kita A, Hayashi T, Kobayashi T, Nagayama C, Hayashi S, Kamei Y, Morishita Y, Takeuchi T, Tamura K, Yokoyama H. Application of local gene induction by infrared laser-mediated microscope and temperature stimulator to amphibian regeneration study. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:601-13. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry; RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- School of Life Science; Faculty of Medicine; Tottori University; Yonago Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Chikashi Nagayama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shinichi Hayashi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility; National Institute for Basic Biology; Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 445-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI); Okazaki Aichi 445-8585 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry; RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- School of Life Science; Faculty of Medicine; Tottori University; Yonago Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aramaki-Aza-Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science; Hirosaki University; Hirosaki Aomori 036-8561 Japan
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