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Jiang L. Cell-Mediated Branch Fusion in the Drosophila Trachea. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:91-100. [PMID: 37996674 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila trachea is an interconnected network of epithelial tubes, which delivers gases throughout the entire organism. It is the premier model to study the development of tubular organs, such as the human lung, kidney, and blood vessels. The Drosophila embryonic trachea derives from a series of segmentally repeated clusters. The tracheal precursor cells in each cluster migrate out in a stereotyped pattern to form primary branches. Thereafter, the neighboring branches need to fuse to form an interconnected tubular network. The connection between neighboring branches is orchestrated by specialized cells, called fusion cells. These cells fuse with their counterparts to form a tube with a contiguous lumen. Branch fusion is a multi-step process that includes cell migration, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton track formation, vesicle trafficking, membrane fusion, and lumen formation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on fusion process in the Drosophila trachea. These mechanisms will greatly contribute to our understanding of branch fusion in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
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Scholl A, Ndoja I, Dhakal N, Morante D, Ivan A, Newman D, Mossington T, Clemans C, Surapaneni S, Powers M, Jiang L. The Osiris family genes function as novel regulators of the tube maturation process in the Drosophila trachea. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010571. [PMID: 36689473 PMCID: PMC9870157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila trachea is a premier model to study tube morphogenesis. After the formation of continuous tubes, tube maturation follows. Tracheal tube maturation starts with an apical secretion pulse that deposits extracellular matrix components to form a chitin-based apical luminal matrix (aECM). This aECM is then cleared and followed by the maturation of taenidial folds. Finally, air fills the tubes. Meanwhile, the cellular junctions are maintained to ensure tube integrity. Previous research has identified several key components (ER, Golgi, several endosomes) of protein trafficking pathways that regulate the secretion and clearance of aECM, and the maintenance of cellular junctions. The Osiris (Osi) gene family is located at the Triplo-lethal (Tpl) locus on chromosome 3R 83D4-E3 and exhibits dosage sensitivity. Here, we show that three Osi genes (Osi9, Osi15, Osi19), function redundantly to regulate adherens junction (AJ) maintenance, luminal clearance, taenidial fold formation, tube morphology, and air filling during tube maturation. The localization of Osi proteins in endosomes (Rab7-containing late endosomes, Rab11-containing recycling endosomes, Lamp-containing lysosomes) and the reduction of these endosomes in Osi mutants suggest the possible role of Osi genes in tube maturation through endosome-mediated trafficking. We analyzed tube maturation in zygotic rab11 and rab7 mutants, respectively, to determine whether endosome-mediated trafficking is required. Interestingly, similar tube maturation defects were observed in rab11 but not in rab7 mutants, suggesting the involvement of Rab11-mediated trafficking, but not Rab7-mediated trafficking, in this process. To investigate whether Osi genes regulate tube maturation primarily through the maintenance of Rab11-containing endosomes, we overexpressed rab11 in Osi mutant trachea. Surprisingly, no obvious rescue was observed. Thus, increasing endosome numbers is not sufficient to rescue tube maturation defects in Osi mutants. These results suggest that Osi genes regulate other aspects of endosome-mediated trafficking, or regulate an unknown mechanism that converges or acts in parallel with Rab11-mediated trafficking during tube maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Scholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Istri Ndoja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Niraj Dhakal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Doria Morante
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Abigail Ivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Darren Newman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas Mossington
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christian Clemans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sruthi Surapaneni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Powers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lan Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
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Li Zheng S, Adams JG, Chisholm AD. Form and function of the apical extracellular matrix: new insights from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and the vertebrate inner ear. Fac Rev 2020; 9:27. [PMID: 33659959 PMCID: PMC7886070 DOI: 10.12703/r/9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) are the extracellular layers on the apical sides of epithelia. aECMs form the outer layer of the skin in most animals and line the luminal surface of internal tubular epithelia. Compared to the more conserved basal ECMs (basement membranes), aECMs are highly diverse between tissues and between organisms and have been more challenging to understand at mechanistic levels. Studies in several genetic model organisms are revealing new insights into aECM composition, biogenesis, and function and have begun to illuminate common principles and themes of aECM organization. There is emerging evidence that, in addition to mechanical or structural roles, aECMs can participate in reciprocal signaling with associated epithelia and other cell types. Studies are also revealing mechanisms underlying the intricate nanopatterns exhibited by many aECMs. In this review, we highlight recent findings from well-studied model systems, including the external cuticle and ductal aECMs of Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and other insects and the internal aECMs of the vertebrate inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Li Zheng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer Gotenstein Adams
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Cells into tubes: Molecular and physical principles underlying lumen formation in tubular organs. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 143:37-74. [PMID: 33820625 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tubular networks, such as the vascular and respiratory systems, transport liquids and gases in multicellular organisms. The basic units of these organs are tubes formed by single or multiple cells enclosing a luminal cavity. The formation and maintenance of correctly sized and shaped lumina are fundamental steps in organogenesis and are essential for organismal homeostasis. Therefore, understanding how cells generate, shape and maintain lumina is crucial for understanding normal organogenesis as well as the basis of pathological conditions. Lumen formation involves polarized membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and the influence of intracellular as well as extracellular mechanical forces, such as cortical tension, luminal pressure or blood flow. Various tissue culture and in vivo model systems, ranging from MDCK cell spheroids to tubular organs in worms, flies, fish, and mice, have provided many insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying lumenogenesis and revealed key factors that regulate the size and shape of cellular tubes. Moreover, the development of new experimental and imaging approaches enabled quantitative analyses of intracellular dynamics and allowed to assess the roles of cellular and tissue mechanics during tubulogenesis. However, how intracellular processes are coordinated and regulated across scales of biological organization to generate properly sized and shaped tubes is only beginning to be understood. Here, we review recent insights into the molecular, cellular and physical mechanisms underlying lumen formation during organogenesis. We discuss how these mechanisms control lumen formation in various model systems, with a special focus on the morphogenesis of tubular organs in Drosophila.
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Papakyrikos AM, Kim MJ, Wang X. Drosophila PTPMT1 Has a Function in Tracheal Air Filling. iScience 2020; 23:101285. [PMID: 32629421 PMCID: PMC7334580 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The fly trachea is the equivalent of the mammalian lung and is a useful model for human respiratory diseases. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying tracheal air filling during larval development. In this study, we discover that PTPMT1 has a function in tracheal air filling. PTPMT1 is a widely conserved, ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial phosphatase. To reveal PTPMT1's functions in genetically tractable invertebrates and whether those functions are tissue specific, we generate a Drosophila model of PTPMT1 depletion. We find that fly PTPMT1 mutants show impairments in tracheal air filling and subsequent activation of innate immune responses. On a cellular level, these defects are preceded by aggregation of mitochondria within the tracheal epithelial cells. Our work demonstrates a cell-type-specific role for PTPMT1 in fly tracheal epithelial cells to support air filling and to prevent immune activation. The establishment of this model will facilitate exploration of PTPMT1's physiological functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Papakyrikos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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