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Alemi M, Banouei F, Ahmadi R. Comparison of Diagnostic Value between 99mTechnetium-Methylene Diphosphate Bone Scan and 99mTechnetium-Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Scan in Patients with Prostate Cancer with Osseous Metastases. Indian J Nucl Med 2023; 38:340-349. [PMID: 38390538 PMCID: PMC10880839 DOI: 10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_52_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks as the second most prevalent cancer among men globally. The utilization of efficient and cost-effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches holds paramount importance in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients, significantly impacting treatment outcomes. This study focuses on the investigation and comparison of two commonly employed scans within the treatment process for these patients. Methods In this prospective study, which spanned over 2 years, 40 patients diagnosed with PCa underwent examination using two scans: 99m Technetium-Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen (99mTC-PSMA) Scan and between Technetium-Methylene Diphosphate (99mTC-MDP) Bone Scan. The findings of these scans were then compared with each other, as well as with the results obtained from magnetic resonance imaging and the prostate-specific antigen level. The analysis of the results was conducted utilizing SPSS 22 software, and descriptive statistical methods were employed to present the findings. Results In this prospective study, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the 99mTC-MDP Bone Scan were found to be 88.2%, 83.3%, 96.7%, 55.5%, and 87.5%, respectively. Similarly, for the 99mTC-PSMA Scan, the corresponding values were 94.1%, 83.3%, 96.4%, 83.3%, and 92.5%, respectively. Conclusions Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the diagnostic accuracy of the 99mTC-PSMA Scan is marginally higher compared to the 99mTC-MDP Bone Scan. Therefore, for patients who are limited to only one scan, the 99mTC-PSMA Scan appears to be the preferable choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Alemi
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Farshad Banouei
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Ahmadi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
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Kim WK, Olson AW, Mi J, Wang J, Lee DH, Le V, Hiroto A, Aldahl J, Nenninger CH, Buckley AJ, Cardiff R, You S, Sun Z. Aberrant androgen action in prostatic progenitor cells induces oncogenesis and tumor development through IGF1 and Wnt axes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4364. [PMID: 35902588 PMCID: PMC9334353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways are essential for prostate tumorigenesis. However, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the AR functioning as a tumor promoter in inducing prostatic oncogenesis still remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of prostatic Osr1 (odd skipped-related 1)-lineage cells functions as tumor progenitors in prostate tumorigenesis. Single cell transcriptomic analyses reveal that aberrant AR activation in these cells elevates insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling pathways and initiates oncogenic transformation. Elevating IGF1 signaling further cumulates Wnt/β-catenin pathways in transformed cells to promote prostate tumor development. Correlations between altered androgen, IGF1, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are also identified in human prostate cancer samples, uncovering a dynamic regulatory loop initiated by the AR through prostate cancer development. Co-inhibition of androgen and Wnt-signaling pathways significantly represses the growth of AR-positive tumor cells in both ex-vivo and in-vivo, implicating co-targeting therapeutic strategies for these pathways to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyung Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Adam W Olson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Mi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Integrative Genomics Core, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vien Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Alex Hiroto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Aldahl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Christian H Nenninger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa J Buckley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Robert Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Loss of the tumor suppressor, Tp53, enhances the androgen receptor-mediated oncogenic transformation and tumor development in the mouse prostate. Oncogene 2019; 38:6507-6520. [PMID: 31358900 PMCID: PMC6752978 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome analysis of human prostate cancers demonstrated that both AR gene amplification and TP53 mutation are among the most frequently observed alterations in advanced prostate cancer. However, the biological role of these dual genetic alterations in prostate tumorigenesis is largely unknown. In addition, there are no biologically relevant models that can be used to assess the molecular mechanisms for these genetic abnormalities. Here, we report a novel mouse model, in which elevated transgenic AR expression and Trp53 deletion occur simultaneously in mouse prostatic epithelium to mimic human prostate cancer cells. These compound mice developed an earlier onset of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and accelerated prostate tumors in comparison to mice harboring only the AR transgene. Histological analysis showed prostatic sarcomatoid and basaloid carcinomas with massive squamous differentiation in the above compound mice. RNA-sequencing analyses identified a robust enrichment of the signature genes for human prostatic basal cell carcinomas in the above prostate tumors. Master Regulator Analysis revealed SOX2 as a transcriptional regulator in prostatic basal cell tumors. Elevated expression of SOX2 and its downstream target genes were detected in prostatic tumors of the compound mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses implicate a co-regulatory role of AR and SOX2 in the expression of prostatic basal cell signature genes. Our data demonstrate a critical role of SOX2 in prostate tumorigenesis and provide mechanistic insight into prostate tumor aggressiveness and progression mediated by aberrant AR and p53 signaling pathways.
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4
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Shen J, Isaacson D, Cao M, Sinclair A, Cunha GR, Baskin L. Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract. Differentiation 2018; 103:100-119. [PMID: 30287094 PMCID: PMC6589035 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the ontogeny of the developing human male and female urogenital tracts from 9 weeks (indifferent stage) to 16 weeks (advanced sex differentiation) of gestation by immunohistochemistry on mid-sagittal sections. Sixteen human fetal pelvises were serial sectioned in the sagittal plane and stained with antibodies to epithelial, muscle, nerve, proliferation and hormone receptor markers. Key findings are: (1) The corpus cavernosum in males and females extends into the glans penis and clitoris, respectively, during the ambisexual stage (9 weeks) and thus appears to be an androgen-independent event. (2) The entire human male (and female) urethra is endodermal in origin based on the presence of FOXA1, KRT 7, uroplakin, and the absence of KRT10 staining. The endoderm of the urethra interfaces with ectodermal epidermis at the site of the urethral meatus. (3) The surface epithelium of the verumontanum is endodermal in origin (FOXA1-positive) with a possible contribution of Pax2-positive epithelial cells implying additional input from the Wolffian duct epithelium. (4) Prostatic ducts arise from the endodermal (FOXA1-positive) urogenital sinus epithelium near the verumontanum. (5) Immunohistochemical staining of mid-sagittal and para-sagittal sections revealed the external anal sphincter, levator ani, bulbospongiosus muscle and the anatomic relationships between these developing skeletal muscles and organs of the male and female reproductive tracts. Future studies of normal human developmental anatomy will lay the foundation for understanding congenital anomalies of the lower urogenital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Shen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dylan Isaacson
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mei Cao
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adriane Sinclair
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pediatric Urology, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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5
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Liu X, Liu G, Shen J, Yue A, Isaacson D, Sinclair A, Cao M, Liaw A, Cunha GR, Baskin L. Human glans and preputial development. Differentiation 2018; 103:86-99. [PMID: 30245194 PMCID: PMC6234068 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The urethra within the human penile shaft develops via (1) an "Opening Zipper" that facilitates distal canalization of the solid urethral plate to form a wide urethral groove and (2) a "Closing Zipper" that facilitates fusion of the epithelial surfaces of the urethral folds. Herein, we extend our knowledge by describing formation of the human urethra within the glans penis as well as development of the prepuce. Forty-eight normal human fetal penile specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy and optical projection tomography. Serial histologic sections were evaluated for morphology and immunohistochemical localization for epithelial differentiation markers: Cytokeratins 6, 7, 10, FoxA1, uroplakin and the androgen receptor. As the closing zipper completes fusion of the urethral folds within the penile shaft to form a tubular urethra (~ 13 weeks), canalization of the urethral plate continues in proximal to distal fashion into the glans penis to directly form the urethra within the glans without forming an open urethral groove. Initially, the urethral plate is attached ventrally to the epidermis via an epithelial seam, which is remodeled and eliminated, thus establishing mesenchymal confluence ventral to the glanular urethra. The morphogenetic remodeling involves the strategic expression of cytokeratin 7, FoxA1 and uroplakin in endodermal epithelial cells as the tubular glanular urethra forms. The most ventral epithelial cells of the urethral plate are pinched off from the glanular urethra and are reabsorbed into the epidermis ultimately losing expression of their markers, a process undoubtedly regulated by androgens. The prepuce initially forms on the dorsal aspect of the glans at approximately 12 weeks of gestation. After sequential proximal to distal remodeling of the ventral urethral plate along the ventral aspect of glans, the prepuce of epidermal origin fuses in the ventral midline.
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Liu G, Liu X, Shen J, Sinclair A, Baskin L, Cunha GR. Contrasting mechanisms of penile urethral formation in mouse and human. Differentiation 2018; 101:46-64. [PMID: 29859371 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses the developmental mechanisms of formation of the mouse and human penile urethra and the possibility that two disparate mechanisms are at play. It has been suggested that the entire penile urethra of the mouse forms via direct canalization of the endodermal urethral plate. While this mechanism surely accounts for development of the proximal portion of the mouse penile urethra, we suggest that the distal portion of the mouse penile urethra forms via a series of epithelial fusion events. Through review of the recent literature in combination with new data, it is unlikely that the entire mouse urethra is formed from the endodermal urethral plate due in part to the fact that from E14 onward the urethral plate is not present in the distal aspect of the genital tubercle. Formation of the distal portion of the mouse urethra receives substantial contribution from the preputial swellings that form the preputial-urethral groove and subsequently the preputial-urethral canal, the later of which is subdivided by a fusion event to form the distal portion of the mouse penile urethra. Examination of human penile development also reveals comparable dual morphogenetic mechanisms. However, in the case of human, direct canalization of the urethral plate occurs in the glans, while fusion events are involved in formation of the urethra within the penile shaft, a pattern exactly opposite to that of the mouse. The highest incidence of hypospadias in humans occurs at the junction of these two different developmental mechanisms. The relevance of the mouse as a model of human hypospadias is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel Shen
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adriane Sinclair
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Laurence Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Fillion ML, El Andalousi J, Tokhmafshan F, Murugapoopathy V, Watt CL, Murawski IJ, Capolicchio JP, El-Sherbiny M, Jednak R, Gupta IR. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in Odd-skipped related 1 ( Osr1) is associated with vesicoureteric reflux, duplex systems, and hydronephrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F1106-F1115. [PMID: 28724605 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00107.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Odd-skipped related 1 (Osr1) is a transcriptional repressor that plays critical roles in maintaining the mesenchymal stem cell population within the developing kidney. Here, we report that newborn pups with a heterozygous null mutation in Osr1 exhibit a 21% incidence of vesicoureteric reflux and have hydronephrosis and urinary tract duplications. Newborn pups have a short intravesical ureter, resulting in a less competent ureterovesical junction which arises from a delay in urinary tract development. We describe a new domain of Osr1 expression in the ureteral mesenchyme and within the developing bladder in the mouse. OSR1 was sequenced in 186 children with primary vesicoureteric reflux, and 17 have single nucleotide polymorphisms. Fifteen children have a common synonymous variant, rs12329305, one child has a rare nonsynonymous variant, rs3440471, and one child has a rare 5'-UTR variant, rs45535040 The impact of these SNPs is not clear; therefore, the role of OSR1 in human disease remains to be elucidated. Osr1 is a candidate gene implicated in the pathogenesis of vesicoureteric reflux and congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lyne Fillion
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jasmine El Andalousi
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fatima Tokhmafshan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vasikar Murugapoopathy
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine L Watt
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Inga J Murawski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John-Paul Capolicchio
- Division of Urology, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Division of Urology, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - Roman Jednak
- Division of Urology, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and
| | - Indra R Gupta
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; .,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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8
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Investigation of sexual dimorphisms through mouse models and hormone/hormone-disruptor treatments. Differentiation 2016; 91:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kaltcheva MM, Anderson MJ, Harfe BD, Lewandoski M. BMPs are direct triggers of interdigital programmed cell death. Dev Biol 2016; 411:266-276. [PMID: 26826495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate embryogenesis the interdigital mesenchyme is removed by programmed cell death (PCD), except in species with webbed limbs. Although bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have long been known to be players in this process, it is unclear if they play a direct role in the interdigital mesenchyme or if they only act indirectly, by affecting fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. A series of genetic studies have shown that BMPs act indirectly by regulating the withdrawal of FGF activity from the apical ectodermal ridge (AER); this FGF activity acts as a cell survival factor for the underlying mesenchyme. Other studies using exogenous factors to inhibit BMP activity in explanted mouse limbs suggest that BMPs do not act directly in the mesenchyme. To address the question of whether BMPs act directly, we used an interdigit-specific Cre line to inactivate several genes that encode components of the BMP signaling pathway, without perturbing the normal downregulation of AER-FGF activity. Of three Bmps expressed in the interdigital mesenchyme, Bmp7 is necessary for PCD, but Bmp2 and Bmp4 both have redundant roles, with Bmp2 being the more prominent player. Removing BMP signals to the interdigit by deleting the receptor gene, Bmpr1a, causes a loss of PCD and syndactyly, thereby unequivocally proving that BMPs are direct triggers of PCD in this tissue. We present a model in which two events must occur for normal interdigital PCD: the presence of a BMP death trigger and the absence of an FGF survival activity. We demonstrate that neither event is required for formation of the interdigital vasculature, which is necessary for PCD. However, both events converge on the production of reactive oxygen species that activate PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Kaltcheva
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian D Harfe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Huang BL, Mackem S. Tamoxifen-dependent, inducible Bmp2CreER drives selective recombinase activity in early interdigital mesenchyme and digit collateral ligaments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123325. [PMID: 25850076 PMCID: PMC4388723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During limb development, the interdigital mesenchyme has been proposed to play a signaling role instructing morphogenesis of different digit types, as well as undergoing programmed cell death necessary to free digits in animals not adapted for swimming or flying. We have generated a conditional, tamoxifen-dependent Cre line, Bmp2CreER, which drives highly selective recombination restricted to the distal limb mesoderm, largely restricted to the interdigits, and selectively active in digit ligament but not tendon progenitors at later stages. The Bmp2CreER provides a valuable new tool to dissect roles of interdigital mesenchyme and potentially investigate divergence of ligament and tendon lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee SH, Johnson D, Luong R, Sun Z. Crosstalking between androgen and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:2759-68. [PMID: 25527506 PMCID: PMC4317037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Both androgen action and PI3K medicated signaling pathways have been implicated in prostate tumorigenesis. Our androgen receptor (AR) conditional transgenic mice developed murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma lesions recapitulating human prostate cancer development and progression. Role of transgenic AR contributing to malignancy was demonstrated by high degree of transgenic AR expression in atypical and tumor cells in mPIN as well as prostatic adenocarcinoma lesions of the transgenic mice, but not in adjacent normal tissue. Interestingly, reduced PI3K/Akt activation also appeared in these mouse atypical and tumor cells, suggesting an interaction between androgen and PI3K/AKT pathways. In this study, we further investigated this interaction. We showed that the androgen depletion or knockdown of AR expression results in elevated levels of active phosphorylated AKT in prostate cancer cells. Castration of conditional Pten knock-out mice showed increased Akt, phosphorylated Akt, and pS6 expression in the mouse prostate. Using a series of newly generated Ar reporter and Pten knock-out compound mice, we showed that Pten loss directly represses endogenous Ar expression in prostatic epithelial cells. Moreover, Pten loss and PI3K/Akt activation reduced Ar-mediated transcription in purified Pten-null cells. This study provides novel evidence demonstrating interplay between androgen and PI3K pathways, as well as introduces unique and relevant mouse models for further studies of PI3K and AR pathways in the context of prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Luong
- Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5328
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Kwak MK, Johnson DT, Zhu C, Lee SH, Ye DW, Luong R, Sun Z. Conditional deletion of the Pten gene in the mouse prostate induces prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms at early ages but a slow progression to prostate tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53476. [PMID: 23308230 PMCID: PMC3540073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in human prostate cancer. Using Osr1 (odd skipped related 1)-Cre mice, we generated a novel conditional Pten knockout mouse strain, PtenLoxP:Osr1-Cre. Conditional biallelic and monoallelic Pten knockout mice were viable. Deletion of Pten expression was detected in the prostate of PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice as early as 2 weeks of age. Intriguingly, PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice develop high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PINs) with high penetrance as early as one-month of age, and locally invasive prostatic tumors after 12-months of age. PtenLoxP/+:Osr1-Cre mice show only mild oncogenic changes after 8-weeks of age. Castration of PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre mice shows no significant regression of prostate tumors, although a shift of androgen receptor (AR) staining from the nuclei to cytoplasm is observed in Pten null tumor cells of castrated mice. Enhanced Akt activity is observed in Pten null tumor cells of castrated PtenLoxP/LoxP:Osr1-Cre. This study provides a novel mouse model that can be used to investigate a primary role of Pten in initiating oncogenic transformation in the prostate and to examine other genetic and epigenetic changes that are required for tumor progression in the mouse prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Kwak
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Johnson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Chunfang Zhu
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Suk Hyung Lee
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Richard Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Expression of Sprouty genes is frequently decreased or absent in human prostate cancer, implicating them as suppressors of tumorigenesis. Here we show they function in prostate tumor suppression in the mouse. Concomitant inactivation of Spry1 and Spry2 in prostate epithelium causes ductal hyperplasia and low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). However, when Spry1 and Spry2 loss-of-function occurs in the context of heterozygosity for a null allele of the tumor suppressor gene Pten, there is a striking increase in PIN and evidence of neoplastic invasion. Conversely, expression of a Spry2 gain-of-function transgene in Pten null prostatic epithelium suppresses the tumorigenic effects of loss of Pten function. We show that Sprouty gene loss-of-function results in hyperactive RAS/ERK1/2 signaling throughout the prostate epithelium and cooperates with heterozygosity for a Pten null allele to promote hyperactive PI3K/AKT signaling. Furthermore, Spry2 gain-of-function can suppress hyperactivation of AKT caused by the absence of PTEN. Together, these results point to a key genetic interaction between Sprouty genes and Pten in prostate tumorigenesis and provide strong evidence that Sprouty genes can function to modulate signaling via the RAS/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. The finding that Sprouty genes suppress tumorigenesis caused by Pten loss-of-function suggests that therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring normal feedback mechanisms triggered by receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, including Sprouty gene expression, may provide an effective strategy to delay or prevent high-grade PIN and invasive prostate cancer.
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14
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Rankin SA, Gallas AL, Neto A, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Zorn AM. Suppression of Bmp4 signaling by the zinc-finger repressors Osr1 and Osr2 is required for Wnt/β-catenin-mediated lung specification in Xenopus. Development 2012; 139:3010-20. [PMID: 22791896 DOI: 10.1242/dev.078220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development of the respiratory system is regulated by a series of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions that are only partially understood. Mesenchymal FGF and Wnt2/Wnt2b signaling are implicated in specification of mammalian pulmonary progenitors from the ventral foregut endoderm, but their epistatic relationship and downstream targets are largely unknown. In addition, how wnt2 and wnt2b are regulated in the developing foregut mesenchyme is unknown. We show that the Odd-skipped-related (Osr) zinc-finger transcriptional repressors Osr1 and Osr2 are redundantly required for Xenopus lung specification in a molecular pathway linking foregut pattering by FGFs to Wnt-mediated lung specification and RA-regulated lung bud growth. FGF and RA signals are required for robust osr1 and osr2 expression in the foregut endoderm and surrounding lateral plate mesoderm (lpm) prior to respiratory specification. Depletion of both Osr1 and Osr2 (Osr1/Osr2) results in agenesis of the lungs, trachea and esophagus. The foregut lpm of Osr1/Osr2-depleted embryos fails to express wnt2, wnt2b and raldh2, and consequently Nkx2.1(+) progenitors are not specified. Our data suggest that Osr1/Osr2 normally repress bmp4 expression in the lpm, and that BMP signaling negatively regulates the wnt2b domain. These results significantly advance our understanding of early lung development and may impact strategies to differentiate respiratory tissue from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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15
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Zhu J, Nguyen MT, Nakamura E, Yang J, Mackem S. Cre-mediated recombination can induce apoptosis in vivo by activating the p53 DNA damage-induced pathway. Genesis 2012; 50:102-11. [PMID: 21913308 PMCID: PMC3273649 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cre-mediated apoptosis has been observed in many contexts in mice expressing Cre-recombinase and can confound the analysis of genetically engineered conditional mutant or transgenic alleles. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. We find that the degree of apoptosis induced correlates roughly with the copy number of loxP sites present in the genome and that some level of increased apoptosis accompanies the presence of even only a few loxP sites, as occurs in conditional floxed alleles. Cre-induced apoptosis in this context is completely p53-dependent, suggesting that the apoptosis is stimulated by p53 activation in response to DNA damage incurred during the process of Cre-mediated recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junming Yang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Susan Mackem
- author for correspondence: Susan Mackem, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Cancer & Developmental Biology Laboratory, 1050 Boyles St., Bldg 539, Rm 121A, Frederick, MD 21702
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16
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Zhu C, Luong R, Zhuo M, Johnson DT, McKenney JK, Cunha GR, Sun Z. Conditional expression of the androgen receptor induces oncogenic transformation of the mouse prostate. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33478-88. [PMID: 21795710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.269894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen signaling pathway, mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), is critical in prostate tumorigenesis. However, the precise role of AR in prostate cancer development and progression still remains largely unknown. Specifically, it is unclear whether overexpression of AR is sufficient to induce prostate tumor formation in vivo. Here, we inserted the human AR transgene with a LoxP-stop-loxP (LSL) cassette into the mouse ROSA26 locus, permitting "conditionally" activated AR transgene expression through Cre recombinase-mediated removal of the LSL cassette. By crossing this AR floxed strain with Osr1-Cre (odd skipped related) mice, in which the Osr1 promoter activates at embryonic day 11.5 in urogenital sinus epithelium, we generated a conditional transgenic line, R26hAR(loxP):Osr1-Cre+. Expression of transgenic AR was detected in both prostatic luminal and basal epithelial cells and is resistant to castration. Approximately one-half of the transgenic mice displayed mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) lesions. Intriguingly, four mice (10%) developed prostatic adenocarcinomas, with two demonstrating invasive diseases. Positive immunostaining of transgenic AR protein was observed in the majority of atypical and tumor cells in the mPIN and prostatic adenocarcinomas, providing a link between transgenic AR expression and oncogenic transformation. An increase in Ki67-positive cells appeared in all mPIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma lesions of the mice. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that conditional activation of transgenic AR expression by Osr1 promoter induces prostate tumor formation in mice. This new AR transgenic mouse line mimics the human disease and can be used for study of prostate tumorigenesis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zhu
- Department of Urology and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5328, USA
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17
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Abstract
In the mouse stomach epithelium, Notch signaling influences homeostasis and tumorigenesis in a cell type– and context-specific manner. The mammalian adult gastric epithelium self-renews continually through the activity of stem cells located in the isthmus of individual gland units. Mechanisms facilitating stomach stem and progenitor cell homeostasis are unknown. Here, we show that Notch signaling occurs in the mouse stomach epithelium during development and becomes restricted mainly to the isthmus in adult glands, akin to its known localization in the proliferative compartment of intestinal villi. Using genetic and chemical inhibition, we demonstrate that Notch signaling is required to maintain the gastric stem cell compartment. Activation of Notch signaling in lineage-committed stomach epithelial cells is sufficient to induce dedifferentiation into stem and/or multipotential progenitors that populate the mucosa with all major cell types. Prolonged Notch activation within dedifferentiated parietal cells eventually enhances cell proliferation and induces adenomas that show focal Wnt signaling. In contrast, Notch activation within native antral stomach stem cells does not affect cell proliferation. These results establish a role for Notch activity in the foregut and highlight the importance of cellular context in gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Kurita T. Developmental origin of vaginal epithelium. Differentiation 2010; 80:99-105. [PMID: 20638775 PMCID: PMC2943051 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origin of vaginal epithelium has been controversial for nearly a century, with speculation that vaginal epithelium originates from the Müllerian duct, Wolffian duct, and/or urogenital sinus. None of these possibilities have been definitively proven or disproven by direct scientific data. To define precisely the origin of vaginal epithelium, epithelial cells of the Müllerian duct, Wolffian duct, or urogenital sinus were fluorescently labeled in mouse embryos by crossing tdTomato-EGFP dual-reporter transgenic mice with transgenic mouse lines that express Cre-recombinase in each type of epithelium. In embryos and newborn mice, the vagina consisted of fused Müllerian ducts plus the sinus vagina of urogenital sinus origin. However, the proportion of the sinus vagina was significantly reduced as the Müllerian vagina grew caudally. By postpartum day 7, the Müllerian vagina extended to the caudal end of the body, whereas the sinus vagina remained only at the junction between the vagina and perineal skin. As the vagina opened in puberty, urogenital sinus epithelium was detected only in the vulva, but not in the vagina. Additionally, from embryo to adult stages, residual Wolffian duct epithelium was present in the dorsolateral stromal wall of the vagina, but not within vaginal or vulvar epithelium. In conclusion, adult mouse vaginal epithelium is derived solely from Müllerian duct epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kurita
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie 7-117, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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19
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Mudumana SP, Hentschel D, Liu Y, Vasilyev A, Drummond IA. odd skipped related1 reveals a novel role for endoderm in regulating kidney versus vascular cell fate. Development 2008; 135:3355-67. [PMID: 18787069 DOI: 10.1242/dev.022830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kidney and vasculature are intimately linked both functionally and during development, when nephric and blood/vascular progenitor cells occupy adjacent bands of mesoderm in zebrafish and frog embryos. Developmental mechanisms that underlie the differentiation of kidney versus blood/vascular lineages remain unknown. The odd skipped related1 (osr1) gene encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that is expressed in the germ ring mesendoderm and subsequently in the endoderm and intermediate mesoderm, prior to the expression of definitive kidney or blood/vascular markers. Knockdown of osr1 in zebrafish embryos resulted in a complete, segment-specific loss of anterior kidney progenitors and a compensatory increase in the number of angioblast cells in the same trunk region. Histology revealed a subsequent absence of kidney tubules, an enlarged cardinal vein and expansion of the posterior venous plexus. Altered kidney versus vascular development correlated with expanded endoderm development in osr1 knockdowns. Combined osr1 loss of function and blockade of endoderm development by knockdown of sox32/casanova rescued anterior kidney development. The results indicate that osr1 activity is required to limit endoderm differentiation from mesendoderm; in the absence of osr1, excess endoderm alters mesoderm differentiation, shifting the balance from kidney towards vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha P Mudumana
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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