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Kantaputra P, Dejkhamron P, Sittiwangkul R, Katanyuwong K, Ngamphiw C, Sonsuwan N, Intachai W, Tongsima S, Beales PL, Buranaphatthana W. Dental Anomalies in Ciliopathies: Lessons from Patients with BBS2, BBS7, and EVC2 Mutations. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:84. [PMID: 36672825 PMCID: PMC9858533 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate dental anomalies and the molecular etiology of a patient with Ellis−van Creveld syndrome and two patients with Bardet−Biedl syndrome, two examples of ciliopathies. Patients and Methods: Clinical examination, radiographic evaluation, whole exome sequencing, and Sanger direct sequencing were performed. Results: Patient 1 had Ellis−van Creveld syndrome with delayed dental development or tooth agenesis, and multiple frenula, the feature found only in patients with mutations in ciliary genes. A novel homozygous mutation in EVC2 (c.703G>C; p.Ala235Pro) was identified. Patient 2 had Bardet−Biedl syndrome with a homozygous frameshift mutation (c.389_390delAC; p.Asn130ThrfsTer4) in BBS7. Patient 3 had Bardet−Biedl syndrome and carried a heterozygous mutation (c.389_390delAC; p.Asn130ThrfsTer4) in BBS7 and a homozygous mutation in BBS2 (c.209G>A; p.Ser70Asn). Her clinical findings included global developmental delay, disproportionate short stature, myopia, retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, pyometra with vaginal atresia, bilateral hydronephrosis with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, bilateral genu valgus, post-axial polydactyly feet, and small and thin fingernails and toenails, tooth agenesis, microdontia, taurodontism, and impaired dentin formation. Conclusions: EVC2, BBS2, and BBS7 mutations found in our patients were implicated in malformation syndromes with dental anomalies including tooth agenesis, microdontia, taurodontism, and impaired dentin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit Kantaputra
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Prapai Dejkhamron
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rekwan Sittiwangkul
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kamornwan Katanyuwong
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nuntigar Sonsuwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Worrachet Intachai
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Program, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Worakanya Buranaphatthana
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Zhang H, Chinoy A, Mousavi P, Beeler A, Louie K, Collier C, Mishina Y. Elevated WNT signaling and compromised Hedgehog signaling due to Evc2 loss of function contribute to the abnormal molar patterning. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022; 3:876015. [PMID: 38606060 PMCID: PMC11007741 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.876015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome is an autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia. The affected individuals bear a series of skeleton defects, congenital heart septum anomalies, midfacial defects, and dental defects. Previous studies using Evc or Evc2 mutant mice have characterized the pathological mechanism leading to various types of congenital defects. Some patients with EVC have supernumerary tooth; however, it is not known yet if there are supernumerary tooth formed in Evc or Evc2 mutant mice, and if yes, what is the pathological mechanism associated. In the present study, we used Evc2 mutant mice and analyze the pattern of molars in Evc2 mutant mice at various stages. Our studies demonstrate that Evc2 loss of function within the dental mesenchymal cells leads to abnormal molar patterning, and that the most anterior molar in the Evc2 mutant mandible represents a supernumerary tooth. Finally, we provide evidence supporting the idea that both compromised Hedgehog signaling and elevated WNT signaling due to Evc2 loss of function contributes to the supernumerary tooth formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Afriti Chinoy
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paymon Mousavi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Aubrey Beeler
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ke’ale Louie
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Crystal Collier
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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3
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Liao J, Huang Y, Wang Q, Chen S, Zhang C, Wang D, Lv Z, Zhang X, Wu M, Chen G. Gene regulatory network from cranial neural crest cells to osteoblast differentiation and calvarial bone development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:158. [PMID: 35220463 PMCID: PMC11072871 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Calvarial bone is one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in embryology, featuring a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population known as the cranial neural crest (CNC). The skull is formed through intramembranous ossification with distinct tissue lineages (e.g. neural crest derived frontal bone and mesoderm derived parietal bone). Due to CNC's vast cell fate potential, in response to a series of inductive secreted cues including BMP/TGF-β, Wnt, FGF, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo and PDGF signaling, CNC enables generations of a diverse spectrum of differentiated cell types in vivo such as osteoblasts and chondrocytes at the craniofacial level. In recent years, since the studies from a genetic mouse model and single-cell sequencing, new discoveries are uncovered upon CNC patterning, differentiation, and the contribution to the development of cranial bones. In this review, we summarized the differences upon the potential gene regulatory network to regulate CNC derived osteogenic potential in mouse and human, and highlighted specific functions of genetic molecules from multiple signaling pathways and the crosstalk, transcription factors and epigenetic factors in orchestrating CNC commitment and differentiation into osteogenic mesenchyme and bone formation. Disorders in gene regulatory network in CNC patterning indicate highly close relevance to clinical birth defects and diseases, providing valuable transgenic mouse models for subsequent discoveries in delineating the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also emphasized the potential regenerative alternative through scientific discoveries from CNC patterning and genetic molecules in interfering with or alleviating clinical disorders or diseases, which will be beneficial for the molecular targets to be integrated for novel therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguang Liao
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuping Huang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Mengrui Wu
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- Institute of Genetics, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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4
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Wells KM, Baumel M, McCusker CD. The Regulation of Growth in Developing, Homeostatic, and Regenerating Tetrapod Limbs: A Minireview. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:768505. [PMID: 35047496 PMCID: PMC8763381 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of the tetrapod limb play central roles in their functionality and the overall physiology of the organism. In this minireview we will discuss observations on mutant animal models and humans, which show that the growth and final size of the limb is most impacted by factors that regulate either limb bud patterning or the elongation of the long bones. We will also apply the lessons that have been learned from embryos to how growth could be regulated in regenerating limb structures and outline the challenges that are unique to regenerating animals.
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5
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Zhang H, Louie KW, Kulkarni AK, Zapien‐Guerra K, Yang J, Mishina Y. The Posterior Part Influences the Anterior Part of the Mouse Cranial Base Development. JBMR Plus 2021; 6:e10589. [PMID: 35229066 PMCID: PMC8861986 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cranial base is a critical structure in the head, which is composed of endoskeletal and dermal skeletal. The braincase floor, part of the cranial base, is a midline structure of the head. Because it is a midline structure connecting the posterior skull with the facial region, braincase floor is critical for the orientation of the facial structure. Shortened braincase floor leads to mid‐facial hypoplasia and malocclusions. During embryonic development, elongation of the braincase floor occurs through endochondral ossification in the parachordal cartilage, hypophyseal cartilage, and trabecular cartilage, which leads to formation of basioccipital (BO), basisphenoid (BS), and presphenoid (PS) bones, respectively. Currently, little is known about whether maturation of parachordal cartilage, hypophyseal cartilage, and trabecular cartilage occurs in a simultaneous or sequential manner and if the formation of one impacts the others. Our previous studies demonstrated that loss of function of ciliary protein Evc2 leads to premature fusion in the intersphenoid synchondrosis (ISS). In this study, we take advantage of Evc2 mutant mice to delineate the mechanism governing synchondrosis formation. Our analysis supports a cascade mechanism on the spatiotemporal regulation of the braincase floor development that the hypertrophy of parachordal cartilage (posterior side) impacts the hypertrophy of hypophyseal cartilage (middle) and trabecular cartilage (anterior side) in a sequential manner. The cascade mechanism well explains the premature fusion of the ISS in Evc2 mutant mice and is instructive to understand the specifically shortened anterior end of the braincase floor in various types of genetic syndromes. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Ke'ale W Louie
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Anshul K Kulkarni
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Karen Zapien‐Guerra
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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6
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Wells KM, Kelley K, Baumel M, Vieira WA, McCusker CD. Neural control of growth and size in the axolotl limb regenerate. eLife 2021; 10:68584. [PMID: 34779399 PMCID: PMC8716110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate growth and size of the regenerating limb in tetrapods such as the Mexican axolotl are unknown. Upon the completion of the developmental stages of regeneration, when the regenerative organ known as the blastema completes patterning and differentiation, the limb regenerate is proportionally small in size. It then undergoes a phase of regeneration that we have called the ‘tiny-limb’ stage, which is defined by rapid growth until the regenerate reaches the proportionally appropriate size. In the current study we have characterized this growth and have found that signaling from the limb nerves is required for its maintenance. Using the regenerative assay known as the accessory limb model (ALM), we have found that growth and size of the limb positively correlates with nerve abundance. We have additionally developed a new regenerative assay called the neural modified-ALM (NM-ALM), which decouples the source of the nerves from the regenerating host environment. Using the NM-ALM we discovered that non-neural extrinsic factors from differently sized host animals do not play a prominent role in determining the size of the regenerating limb. We have also discovered that the regulation of limb size is not autonomously regulated by the limb nerves. Together, these observations show that the limb nerves provide essential cues to regulate ontogenetic allometric growth and the final size of the regenerating limb. Humans’ ability to regrow lost or damaged body parts is relatively limited, but some animals, such as the axolotl (a Mexican salamander), can regenerate complex body parts, like legs, many times over their lives. Studying regeneration in these animals could help researchers enhance humans’ abilities to heal. One way to do this is using the Accessory Limb Model (ALM), where scientists wound an axolotl’s leg, and study the additional leg that grows from the wound. The first stage of limb regeneration creates a new leg that has the right structure and shape. The new leg is very small so the next phase involves growing the leg until its size matches the rest of the animal. This phase must be controlled so that the limb stops growing when it reaches the right size, but how this regulation works is unclear. Previous research suggests that the number of nerves in the new leg could be important. Wells et al. used a ALM to study how the size of regenerating limbs is controlled. They found that changing the number of nerves connected to the new leg altered its size, with more nerves leading to a larger leg. Next, Wells et al. created a system that used transplanted nerve bundles of different sizes to grow new legs in different sized axolotls. This showed that the size of the resulting leg is controlled by the number of nerves connecting it to the CNS. Wells et al. also showed that nerves can only control regeneration if they remain connected to the central nervous system. These results explain how size is controlled during limb regeneration in axolotls, highlighting the fact that regrowth is directly controlled by the number of nerves connected to a regenerating leg. Much more work is needed to reveal the details of this process and the signals nerves use to control growth. It will also be important to determine whether this control system is exclusive to axolotls, or whether other animals also use it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee M Wells
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Kristina Kelley
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Mary Baumel
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Warren A Vieira
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
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7
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Yang J, Toda Nakamura M, Hallett SA, Ueharu H, Zhang H, Kelley K, Fukuda T, Komatsu Y, Mishina Y. Generation of a new mouse line with conditionally activated signaling through the BMP receptor, ACVR1: A tool to characterize pleiotropic roles of BMP functions. Genesis 2021; 59:e23419. [PMID: 33851764 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BMP signaling plays pleiotropic roles in various tissues during embryogenesis and after birth. We have previously generated a constitutively activated Acvr1(ca-Acvr1) transgenic mouse line (line L35) through pronuclei injection to investigate impacts of enhanced BMP signaling in a tissue specific manner. However, line L35 shows a restricted expression pattern of the transgene. Here, we generated another ca-Acvr1 transgenic line, line A11, using embryonic stem (ES) transgenesis. The generated line A11 shows distinctive phenotypes from line L35, along with very limited expression levels of the transgene. When the transgene is activated in the neural crest cells in a Cre-dependent manner, line A11 exhibits cleft palate and shorter jaws, while line L35 develops ectopic cartilages and highly hypomorphic facial structures. When activated in limb buds, line A11 develops organized but smaller limb skeletal structures, while line L35 forms disorganized limbs with little mineralization. Additionally, no heterotopic ossification (HO) is identified in line A11 when bred with NFATc1-Cre mice even after induction of tissue injury, which is an established protocol for HO for line L35. Therefore, the newly generated conditional ca-Acvr1 mouse line A11 provides an additional resource to dissect highly context dependent functions of BMP signaling in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China.,Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Masako Toda Nakamura
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA.,Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Hakata, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shawn A Hallett
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Hiroki Ueharu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Kristen Kelley
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, John P and Katherine G McGovern Medical School Huston, TX, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
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8
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Arveseth CD, Happ JT, Hedeen DS, Zhu JF, Capener JL, Klatt Shaw D, Deshpande I, Liang J, Xu J, Stubben SL, Nelson IB, Walker MF, Kawakami K, Inoue A, Krogan NJ, Grunwald DJ, Hüttenhain R, Manglik A, Myers BR. Smoothened transduces Hedgehog signals via activity-dependent sequestration of PKA catalytic subunits. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001191. [PMID: 33886552 PMCID: PMC8096101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is essential for organ development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Dysfunction of this cascade drives several cancers. To control expression of pathway target genes, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO) activates glioma-associated (GLI) transcription factors via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that, rather than conforming to traditional GPCR signaling paradigms, SMO activates GLI by binding and sequestering protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunits at the membrane. This sequestration, triggered by GPCR kinase (GRK)-mediated phosphorylation of SMO intracellular domains, prevents PKA from phosphorylating soluble substrates, releasing GLI from PKA-mediated inhibition. Our work provides a mechanism directly linking Hh signal transduction at the membrane to GLI transcription in the nucleus. This process is more fundamentally similar between species than prevailing hypotheses suggest. The mechanism described here may apply broadly to other GPCR- and PKA-containing cascades in diverse areas of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corvin D. Arveseth
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John T. Happ
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Hedeen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ju-Fen Zhu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacob L. Capener
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Dana Klatt Shaw
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ishan Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiahao Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Stubben
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Isaac B. Nelson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Madison F. Walker
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Grunwald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. Myers
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Human-chimpanzee fused cells reveal cis-regulatory divergence underlying skeletal evolution. Nat Genet 2021; 53:467-476. [PMID: 33731941 PMCID: PMC8038968 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulatory divergence is thought to play a central role in determining human-specific traits. However, our ability to link divergent regulation to divergent phenotypes is limited. Here, we utilized human-chimpanzee hybrid induced pluripotent stem cells to study gene expression separating these species. The tetraploid hybrid cells allowed us to separate cis- from trans-regulatory effects, and to control for non-genetic confounding factors. We differentiated these cells into cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), the primary cell type giving rise to the face. We discovered evidence of lineage-specific selection on the hedgehog signaling pathway, including a human-specific 6-fold down-regulation of EVC2 (LIMBIN), a key hedgehog gene. Inducing a similar down-regulation of EVC2 substantially reduced hedgehog signaling output. Mice and humans lacking functional EVC2 show striking phenotypic parallels to human-chimpanzee craniofacial differences, suggesting that the regulatory divergence of hedgehog signaling may have contributed to the unique craniofacial morphology of humans.
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10
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Molecular and Cellular Pathogenesis of Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome: Lessons from Targeted and Natural Mutations in Animal Models. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8040025. [PMID: 33050204 PMCID: PMC7711556 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVC; MIM ID #225500) is a rare congenital disease with an occurrence of 1 in 60,000. It is characterized by remarkable skeletal dysplasia, such as short limbs, ribs and polydactyly, and orofacial anomalies. With two of three patients first noted as being offspring of consanguineous marriage, this autosomal recessive disease results from mutations in one of two causative genes: EVC or EVC2/LIMBIN. The recent identification and manipulation of genetic homologs in animals has deepened our understanding beyond human case studies and provided critical insight into disease pathogenesis. This review highlights the utility of animal-based studies of EVC by summarizing: (1) molecular biology of EVC and EVC2/LIMBIN, (2) human disease signs, (3) dysplastic limb development, (4) craniofacial anomalies, (5) tooth anomalies, (6) tracheal cartilage abnormalities, and (7) EVC-like disorders in non-human species.
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11
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Kulkarni AK, Louie KW, Yatabe M, Ruellas ACDO, Mochida Y, Cevidanes LHS, Mishina Y, Zhang H. A Ciliary Protein EVC2/LIMBIN Plays a Critical Role in the Skull Base for Mid-Facial Development. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30410447 PMCID: PMC6210651 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is an autosomal recessive chondrodysplastic disorder. Affected patients present a wide spectrum of symptoms including short stature, postaxial polydactyly, and dental abnormalities. We previously disrupted Evc2, one of the causative genes for EvC syndrome, in mice using a neural crest-specific, Cre-mediated approach (i.e., P0-Cre, referred to as Evc2 P0 mutants). Despite the fact that P0-Cre predominantly targets the mid-facial region, we reported that many mid-facial defects identified in Evc2 global mutants are not present in Evc2 P0 mutants at postnatal day 8 (P8). In the current study, we used multiple Cre lines (P0-Cre and Wnt1-Cre, respectively), to specifically delete Evc2 in neural crest-derived tissues and compared the resulting mid-facial defects at multiple time points (P8 and P28, respectively). While both Cre lines indistinguishably targeted the mid-facial region, they differentially targeted the anterior portion of the skull base. By comprehensively analyzing the shapes of conditional mutant skulls, we detected differentially affected mid-facial defects in Evc2 P0 mutants and Evc2 Wnt1 mutants. Micro-CT analysis of the skull base further revealed that the Evc2 mutation leads to a differentially affected skull base, caused by premature closure of the intersphenoid synchondrosis (presphenoidal synchondrosis), which limited the elongation of the anterior skull base during the postnatal development of the skull. Given the importance of the skull base in mid-facial bone development, our results suggest that loss of function of Evc2 within the skull base secondarily leads to many aspects of the mid-facial defects developed by the EvC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul K Kulkarni
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ke'ale W Louie
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marilia Yatabe
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucia H S Cevidanes
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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12
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Palencia-Campos A, Ullah A, Nevado J, Yildirim R, Unal E, Ciorraga M, Barruz P, Chico L, Piceci-Sparascio F, Guida V, De Luca A, Kayserili H, Ullah I, Burmeister M, Lapunzina P, Ahmad W, Morales AV, Ruiz-Perez VL. GLI1 inactivation is associated with developmental phenotypes overlapping with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4556-4571. [PMID: 28973407 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
GLI1, GLI2 and GLI3 form a family of transcription factors which regulate development by mediating the action of Hedgehog (Hh) morphogens. Accordingly, inactivating variants in GLI2 and GLI3 are found in several developmental disorders. In contrast, loss-of-function mutations in GLI1 have remained elusive, maintaining enigmatic the role of this gene in the human embryo. We describe eight patients from three independent families having biallelic truncating variants in GLI1 and developmental defects overlapping with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC), a disease caused by diminished Hh signaling. Two families had mutations in the last exon of the gene and a third family was identified with an N-terminal stop gain variant predicted to be degraded by the NMD-pathway. Analysis of fibroblasts from one of the patients with homozygous C-terminal truncation of GLI1 demonstrated that the corresponding mutant GLI1 protein is fabricated by patient cells and becomes upregulated in response to Hh signaling. However, the transcriptional activity of the truncated GLI1 factor was found to be severely impaired by cell culture and in vivo assays, indicating that the balance between GLI repressors and activators is altered in affected subjects. Consistent with this, reduced expression of the GLI target PTCH1 was observed in patient fibroblasts after chemical induction of the Hh pathway. We conclude that GLI1 inactivation is associated with a phenotypic spectrum extending from isolated postaxial polydactyly to an EvC-like condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Palencia-Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Asmat Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Julian Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz-UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruken Yildirim
- Diyarbakir Children State Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Edip Unal
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Maria Ciorraga
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Barruz
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz-UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Chico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Piceci-Sparascio
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Valentina Guida
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM) Istanbul, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Department of Psychiatry.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain.,Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz-UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aixa V Morales
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor L Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain.,Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz-UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Ibarra-Ramirez M, Campos-Acevedo LD, Lugo-Trampe J, Martínez-Garza LE, Martinez-Glez V, Valencia-Benitez M, Lapunzina P, Ruiz-Peréz V. Phenotypic Variation in Patients with Homozygous c.1678G>T Mutation in EVC Gene: Report of Two Mexican Families with Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2017; 18:1325-1329. [PMID: 29229899 PMCID: PMC5737115 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.905976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Case series Patient: — Final Diagnosis: Ellis van Creveld syndrome Symptoms: Conical teeth • polydactyly • short stature Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Pediatrics and Neonatology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Ibarra-Ramirez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Luis Daniel Campos-Acevedo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jose Lugo-Trampe
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Laura E Martínez-Garza
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Víctor Martinez-Glez
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Valencia-Benitez
- CIBER Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Ruiz-Peréz
- CIBER Rare Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Chowdhury D, Williams KB, Chidekel A, Pizarro C, Preedy C, Young M, Hendrickson C, Robinson DL, Kreiger PA, Puffenberger EG, Strauss KA. Management of Congenital Heart Disease Associated with Ellis-van Creveld Short-rib Thoracic Dysplasia. J Pediatr 2017; 191:145-151. [PMID: 29173298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical outcome of patients with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVC) in whom congenital heart disease (CHD) repair was delayed intentionally to reduce the risk of postoperative respiratory morbidity and mortality. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective review of 51 EVC c.1886+5G>T homozygotes born between 2005 and 2014 focused on 18 subjects who underwent surgery for CHD, subdivided into early (mean, 1.3 months) vs delayed (mean, 50.1 months) repair. RESULTS Growth trajectories differed between control subjects and patients with EVC, and CHD was associated with slower weight gain. Relative to controls, infants with EVC had a 40%-75% higher respiratory rates (independent of CHD) accompanied by signs of compensated respiratory acidosis. Blood gases and respiratory rates approached normal values by age 4 years. Hemodynamically significant CHD was present in 23 children, 18 (78%) of whom underwent surgical repair. Surgery was performed at 1.3 ± 1.3 months for children born between 2005 and 2009 (n = 9) and 50.1 ± 40.2 months (P = .009) for children born between 2010 and 2014 (n = 9). The latter had shorter postoperative mechanical ventilation (1.1 ± 2.4 days vs 49.6 ± 57.1 days; P = .075), shorter intensive care duration of stay (16 ± 24 days vs 48.6 ± 44.2 days; P = .155), and no postoperative tracheostomies (vs 60%; P = .028) or deaths (vs 44%; P = .082). CONCLUSION Among children with EVC and possibly other short-rib thoracic dysplasias, delayed surgical repair of CHD reduces postoperative morbidity and improves survival. Respiratory rate serves as a simple indicator for optimal timing of surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron Chidekel
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Nemours/duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Christian Pizarro
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nemours/duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | - Catherine Preedy
- Division of Neonatal Intensive Care, Nemours/duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE
| | | | | | | | - Portia A Kreiger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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15
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Kwon EK, Louie K, Kulkarni A, Yatabe M, Ruellas ACDO, Snider TN, Mochida Y, Cevidanes LHS, Mishina Y, Zhang H. The Role of Ellis-Van Creveld 2(EVC2) in Mice During Cranial Bone Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:46-55. [PMID: 28950429 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
EvC syndrome is a type of autosomal-recessive chondrodysplasia. Previous case studies in patients suggest abnormal craniofacial development, in addition to dwarfism and tooth abnormalities. To investigate how craniofacial development is affected in EvC patients, surface models were generated from micro-CT scans of control mice, Evc2 global mutant mice and Evc2 neural crest-specific mutant mice. The anatomic landmarks were placed on the surface model to assess the morphological abnormalities in the Evc2 mutants. Through analyzing the linear and angular measurements between landmarks, we identified a smaller overall skull, shorter nasal bone, shorter frontal bone, and shorter cranial base in the Evc2 global mutants. By comparing neural crest-specific Evc2 mutants with control mice, we demonstrated that the abnormalities within the mid-facial regions are not accounted for by the Evc2 mutation within these regions. Additionally, we also identified disproportionate length to width ratios in the Evc2 mutants at all levels from anterior to posterior of the skull. Overall, this study demonstrates a more comprehensive analysis on the craniofacial morphological abnormalities in EvC syndrome and provides the developmental insight to appreciate the impact of Evc2 mutation within the neural crest cells on multiple aspects of skull deformities. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:46-55, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Kwon
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Ke'ale Louie
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Anshul Kulkarni
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Marilia Yatabe
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | | | - Taylor N Snider
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucia H S Cevidanes
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
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16
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Hampl M, Cela P, Szabo-Rogers HL, Kunova Bosakova M, Dosedelova H, Krejci P, Buchtova M. Role of Primary Cilia in Odontogenesis. J Dent Res 2017; 96:965-974. [PMID: 28605602 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517713688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium is a solitary organelle that emanates from the surface of most postmitotic mammalian cells and serves as a sensory organelle, transmitting the mechanical and chemical cues to the cell. Primary cilia are key coordinators of various signaling pathways during development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The emerging evidence implicates primary cilia function in tooth development. Primary cilia are located in the dental epithelium and mesenchyme at early stages of tooth development and later during cell differentiation and production of hard tissues. The cilia are present when interactions between both the epithelium and mesenchyme are required for normal morphogenesis. As the primary cilium coordinates several signaling pathways essential for odontogenesis, ciliary defects can interrupt the latter process. Genetic or experimental alterations of cilia function lead to various developmental defects, including supernumerary or missing teeth, enamel and dentin hypoplasia, or teeth crowding. Moreover, dental phenotypes are observed in ciliopathies, including Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Weyers acrofacial dysostosis, cranioectodermal dysplasia, and oral-facial-digital syndrome, altogether demonstrating that primary cilia play a critical role in regulation of both the early odontogenesis and later differentiation of hard tissue-producing cells. Here, we summarize the current evidence for the localization of primary cilia in dental tissues and the impact of disrupted cilia signaling on tooth development in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hampl
- 1 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,2 Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Cela
- 1 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,3 Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - H L Szabo-Rogers
- 4 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,5 Center for Craniofacial Engineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - H Dosedelova
- 1 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Krejci
- 6 Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,7 International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Buchtova
- 1 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,2 Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Zhang H, Takeda H, Tsuji T, Kamiya N, Kunieda T, Mochida Y, Mishina Y. Loss of Function of Evc2 in Dental Mesenchyme Leads to Hypomorphic Enamel. J Dent Res 2017; 96:421-429. [PMID: 28081373 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516683674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is an autosomal-recessive skeletal dysplasia, characterized by short stature and postaxial polydactyly. A series of dental abnormalities, including hypomorphic enamel formation, has been reported in patients with EvC. Despite previous studies that attempted to uncover the mechanism leading to abnormal tooth development, little is known regarding how hypomorphic enamel is formed in patients with EvC. In the current study, using Evc2/ Limbin mutant mice we recently generated, we analyzed enamel formation in the mouse incisor. Consistent with symptoms in human patients, we observed that Evc2 mutant mice had smaller incisors with enamel hypoplasia. Histologic observations coupled with ameloblast marker analyses suggested that Evc2 mutant preameloblasts were capable of differentiating to secretory ameloblasts; this process, however, was apparently delayed, due to delayed odontoblast differentiation, mediated by a limited number of dental mesenchymal stem cells in Evc2 mutant mice. This concept was further supported by the observation that dental mesenchymal-specific deletion of Evc2 phenocopied the tooth abnormalities in Evc2 mutants. Overall, our findings suggest that mutations in Evc2 affect dental mesenchymal stem cell homeostasis, which further leads to hypomorphic enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- 1 Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Takeda
- 2 Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA Research Center and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital, Liège, Belgium
| | - T Tsuji
- 3 Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - N Kamiya
- 1 Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - T Kunieda
- 3 Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Y Mochida
- 4 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Mishina
- 1 Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Zhang H, Kamiya N, Tsuji T, Takeda H, Scott G, Rajderkar S, Ray MK, Mochida Y, Allen B, Lefebvre V, Hung IH, Ornitz DM, Kunieda T, Mishina Y. Elevated Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling Is Critical for the Pathogenesis of the Dwarfism in Evc2/Limbin Mutant Mice. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006510. [PMID: 28027321 PMCID: PMC5189957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is a skeletal dysplasia, characterized by short limbs, postaxial polydactyly, and dental abnormalities. EvC syndrome is also categorized as a ciliopathy because of ciliary localization of proteins encoded by the two causative genes, EVC and EVC2 (aka LIMBIN). While recent studies demonstrated important roles for EVC/EVC2 in Hedgehog signaling, there is still little known about the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the skeletal dysplasia features of EvC patients, and in particular why limb development is affected, but not other aspects of organogenesis that also require Hedgehog signaling. In this report, we comprehensively analyze limb skeletogenesis in Evc2 mutant mice and in cell and tissue cultures derived from these mice. Both in vivo and in vitro data demonstrate elevated Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling in Evc2 mutant growth plates, in addition to compromised but not abrogated Hedgehog-PTHrP feedback loop. Elevation of FGF signaling, mainly due to increased Fgf18 expression upon inactivation of Evc2 in the perichondrium, critically contributes to the pathogenesis of limb dwarfism. The limb dwarfism phenotype is partially rescued by inactivation of one allele of Fgf18 in the Evc2 mutant mice. Taken together, our data uncover a novel pathogenic mechanism to understand limb dwarfism in patients with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (RDBL), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeda
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (RDBL), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Greg Scott
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sudha Rajderkar
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Manas K. Ray
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Allen
- School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Veronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Irene H. Hung
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan, United States of America
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory (RDBL), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Wei X, Hu M, Mishina Y, Liu F. Developmental Regulation of the Growth Plate and Cranial Synchondrosis. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1221-9. [PMID: 27250655 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516651823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Long bones and the cranial base are both formed through endochondral ossification. Elongation of long bones is primarily through the growth plate, which is a cartilaginous structure at the end of long bones made up of chondrocytes. Growth plate chondrocytes are organized in columns along the longitudinal axis of bone growth. The cranial base is the growth center of the neurocranium. Synchondroses, consisting of mirror-image growth plates, are critical for cranial base elongation and development. Over the last decade, considerable progress has been made in determining the roles of the parathyroid hormone-related protein, Indian hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, and Wnt signaling pathways in various aspects of skeletal development. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates the important role of the primary cilia signaling pathway in bone elongation. Here, we review the development of the growth plate and cranial synchondrosis and the regulation by the above-mentioned signaling pathways, highlighting the similarities and differences between these 2 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wei
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - M Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Y Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - F Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Division of Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Badri MK, Zhang H, Ohyama Y, Venkitapathi S, Alamoudi A, Kamiya N, Takeda H, Ray M, Scott G, Tsuji T, Kunieda T, Mishina Y, Mochida Y. Expression of Evc2 in craniofacial tissues and craniofacial bone defects in Evc2 knockout mouse. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 68:142-52. [PMID: 27164562 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to determine the expression of EVC2 in craniofacial tissues and investigate the effect of Evc2 deficiency on craniofacial bones using Evc2 knockout (KO) mouse model. DESIGN Evc2 KO mice were generated by introducing a premature stop codon followed by the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site fused to β-galactosidase (LacZ). Samples from wild-type (WT), heterozygous (Het) and homozygous Evc2 KO mice were prepared. LacZ staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti-β-galactosidase, anti-EVC2 and anti-SOX9 antibodies were performed. The craniofacial bones were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red. RESULTS The LacZ activity in KO was mainly observed in the anterior parts of viscerocranium. The Evc2-expressing cells were identified in many cartilageous regions by IHC with anti-β-galactosidase antibody in KO and Het embryos. The endogenous EVC2 protein was observed in these areas in WT embryos. Double labeling with anti-SOX9 antibody showed that these cells were mainly chondrocytes. At adult stages, the expression of EVC2 was found in chondrocytes of nasal bones and spheno-occipital synchondrosis, and osteocytes and endothelial-like cells of the premaxilla and mandible. The skeletal double staining demonstrated that craniofacial bones, where the expression of EVC2 was observed, in KO had the morphological defects as compared to WT. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, our study was the first to identify the types of Evc2-expressing cells in craniofacial tissues. Consistent with the expression pattern, abnormal craniofacial bone morphology was found in the Evc2 KO mice, suggesting that EVC2 may be important during craniofacial growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Badri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Yoshio Ohyama
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sundharamani Venkitapathi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ahmed Alamoudi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA; Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27009, USA
| | - Haruko Takeda
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 4000-Liège, Belgium
| | - Manas Ray
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27009, USA
| | - Greg Scott
- Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27009, USA
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA; Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27009, USA; Knock Out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27009, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Badri MK, Zhang H, Ohyama Y, Venkitapathi S, Kamiya N, Takeda H, Ray M, Scott G, Tsuji T, Kunieda T, Mishina Y, Mochida Y. Ellis Van Creveld2 is Required for Postnatal Craniofacial Bone Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1110-20. [PMID: 27090777 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is a genetic disorder with mutations in either EVC or EVC2 gene. Previous case studies reported that EvC patients underwent orthodontic treatment, suggesting the presence of craniofacial bone phenotypes. To investigate whether a mutation in EVC2 gene causes a craniofacial bone phenotype, Evc2 knockout (KO) mice were generated and cephalometric analysis was performed. The heads of wild type (WT), heterozygous (Het) and homozygous Evc2 KO mice (1-, 3-, and 6-week-old) were prepared and cephalometric analysis based on the selected reference points on lateral X-ray radiographs was performed. The linear and angular bone measurements were then calculated, compared between WT, Het and KO and statistically analyzed at each time point. Our data showed that length of craniofacial bones in KO was significantly lowered by ∼20% to that of WT and Het, the growth of certain bones, including nasal bone, palatal length, and premaxilla was more affected in KO, and the reduction in these bone length was more significantly enhanced at later postnatal time points (3 and 6 weeks) than early time point (1 week). Furthermore, bone-to-bone relationship to cranial base and cranial vault in KO was remarkably changed, i.e. cranial vault and nasal bone were depressed and premaxilla and mandible were developed in a more ventral direction. Our study was the first to show the cause-effect relationship between Evc2 deficiency and craniofacial defects in EvC syndrome, demonstrating that Evc2 is required for craniofacial bone development and its deficiency leads to specific facial bone growth defect. Anat Rec, 299:1110-1120, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Badri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yoshio Ohyama
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sundharamani Venkitapathi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Haruko Takeda
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Manas Ray
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Greg Scott
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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