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Bray B, Bray C, Bradley R, Zwickey H. Binge Eating Disorder Is a Social Justice Issue: A Cross-Sectional Mixed-Methods Study of Binge Eating Disorder Experts' Opinions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6243. [PMID: 35627779 PMCID: PMC9141064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating disorder is an autonomous DSM-V diagnosis characterized by discrete rapid consumption of objectively large amounts of food without compensation, associated with loss of control and distress. Environmental factors that contribute to binge eating disorder continue to evolve. This mixed-methods cross-sectional study assessed whether there is consensus among experts in the field about environmental factors that influence adult binge eating disorder pathology. METHODS Fourteen expert binge eating disorder researchers, clinicians, and healthcare administrators were identified internationally based on federal funding, PubMed-indexed publications, active practice in the field, leadership in relevant societies, and/or clinical and popular press distinction. Semi-structured interviews were recorded anonymously and analyzed by ≥2 investigators using reflexive thematic analysis and quantification. RESULTS Identified themes included: (1) systemic issues and systems of oppression (100%); (2) marginalized and under-represented populations (100%); (3) economic precarity and food/nutrition insecurity/scarcity (93%); (4) stigmatization and its psychological impacts (93%); (5) trauma and adversity (79%); (6) interpersonal factors (64%); (7) social messaging and social media (50%); (8) predatory food industry practices (29%); and (9) research/clinical gaps and directives (100%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, experts call for policy changes around systemic factors that abet binge eating and for greater public education about who can have binge eating disorder. There is also a call to take and account for the narratives and life experiences of individuals with binge eating disorder to better inform our current understanding of the diagnosis and the environmental factors that impact it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Bray
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (R.B.); (H.Z.)
| | - Chris Bray
- Wilder Research Division, Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, Saint Paul, MN 55104, USA;
| | - Ryan Bradley
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (R.B.); (H.Z.)
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 97037, USA
| | - Heather Zwickey
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA; (R.B.); (H.Z.)
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 97037, USA
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Leppanen J, Brown D, McLinden H, Williams S, Tchanturia K. The Role of Emotion Regulation in Eating Disorders: A Network Meta-Analysis Approach. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:793094. [PMID: 35280172 PMCID: PMC8904925 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.793094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous theoretical models and reviews have documented a strong connection between emotion dysregulation eating disorder (ED) psychopathology among the general and clinical populations. The aim of this review was to build on this previous work by conducting a network meta-analysis to explore associations between adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and ED psychopathology trans-diagnostically across the ED spectrum to identify areas of emotion dysregulation that have the strongest association with symptomatology. Methodology A total of 104 studies were included in the meta-analysis and correlation coefficient representing the associations between specific emotion regulation strategies and ED symptomatology were extracted. We ran a Bayesian random effects network meta-analysis and the initial network was well-connected with each emotion regulation strategy being linked to at least one other strategy. We also conducted a network meta-regression to explore whether between-study differences in body mass index (BMI), age, and whether the sample consisted of solely female participants explained any possible network inconsistency. Results The network meta-analysis revealed that ruminations and non-acceptance of emotions were most closely associated with ED psychopathology. There was no significant network inconsistency but two comparisons approached significance and thus meta-regressions were conducted. The meta-regressions revealed a significant effect of BMI such that the associations between different emotion regulation strategies and ED symptomatology were weaker among those with low BMI. Discussion The present findings build on previous work and highlight the role of rumination and difficulties with accepting emotions as key emotion regulation difficulties in EDs. Additionally, the finding that the associations were weaker among ED patients with low BMI may point toward a complex relationship between ED behaviors and emotion regulation. Taken together, our findings call for interventions that target emotion regulation, specifically rumination and difficulties accepting emotions, in the treatment of EDs. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021249996, PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021249996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Leppanen
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dalia Brown
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah McLinden
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust National Eating Disorder Service, London, United Kingdom
- Psychology Department, Illia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Ralph‐Nearman C, Achee M, Lapidus R, Stewart JL, Filik R. A systematic and methodological review of attentional biases in eating disorders: Food, body, and perfectionism. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01458. [PMID: 31696674 PMCID: PMC6908865 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current systematic and methodological review aimed to critically review existing literature utilizing implicit processing, or automatic approach- and/or avoidance-related attentional biases between eating disorder (ED) and nonclinical samples, which (a) highlights how psychophysiological methods advance knowledge of ED implicit bias; (b) explains how findings fit into transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific ED frameworks; and (c) suggests how research can address perfectionism-related ED biases. METHOD Three databases were systematically searched to identify studies: PubMed, Scopus, and PsychInfo electronic databases. Peer-reviewed studies of 18- to 39-year-olds with both clinical ED and healthy samples assessing visual attentional biases using pictorial and/or linguistic stimuli related to food, body, and/or perfectionism were included. RESULTS Forty-six studies were included. While behavioral results were often similar across ED diagnoses, studies incorporating psychophysiological measures often revealed disease-specific attentional biases. Specifically, women with bulimia nervosa (BN) tend to approach food and other body types, whereas women with anorexia nervosa (AN) tend to avoid food as well as overweight bodies. CONCLUSIONS Further integration of psychophysiological and behavioral methods may identify subtle processing variations in ED, which may guide prevention strategies and interventions, and provide important clinical implications. Few implicit bias studies include male participants, investigate binge-eating disorder, or evaluate perfectionism-relevant stimuli, despite the fact that perfectionism is implicated in models of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ralph‐Nearman
- Laureate Institute for Brain ResearchTulsaOKUSA
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | | | - Jennifer L. Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain ResearchTulsaOKUSA
- Department of Community MedicineUniversity of TulsaTulsaOKUSA
| | - Ruth Filik
- School of PsychologyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Rosenbaum DL, White KS. Does cognitive avoidance mediate the relation of anxiety and binge eating? Eat Weight Disord 2016; 21:653-659. [PMID: 27100227 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Theory suggests that binge eating symptoms may develop in an attempt to avoid distressing states that arise in the context of negative affect. In light of its theoretical significance, including the "escape from awareness" model of binge eating, surprisingly few empirical evaluations have examined the empirical evidence for this variable in relation to anxiety and binge eating symptoms. In addition, although it is understood that anxiety is more prevalent among women than men, empirical investigations of gender differences in cognitive avoidance in binge eating are thus far absent from the published literature. METHODS Participants (N = 436) were recruited from diverse geographic regions across the United States to take part in an online study. Cognitive avoidance, anxiety, and binge eating measures were collected. RESULTS Cognitive avoidance partially mediated the relation between anxiety and binge eating in the full sample; however, results differed across genders. Specifically, cognitive avoidance was a mediator for women, but not for men. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the "escape from awareness" model of binge eating among women, and suggest that targeting cognitive avoidance in binge eating treatment may be a promising clinical avenue. Future research may benefit from exploring the broader construct of experiential avoidance to determine if the gender differences in cognitive avoidance observed in this study are indicative of a larger pattern of avoidance behavior, and if factors other than cognitive avoidance may have greater relevance for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Rosenbaum
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Kamila S White
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
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Vannucci A, Nelson EE, Bongiorno DM, Pine DS, Yanovski JA, Tanofsky-Kraff M. Behavioral and neurodevelopmental precursors to binge-type eating disorders: support for the role of negative valence systems. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2921-2936. [PMID: 26040923 PMCID: PMC4589435 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171500104x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric loss-of-control (LOC) eating is a robust behavioral precursor to binge-type eating disorders. Elucidating precursors to LOC eating and binge-type eating disorders may refine developmental risk models of eating disorders and inform interventions. METHOD We review evidence within constructs of the Negative Valence Systems (NVS) domain, as specified by the Research Domain Criteria framework. Based on published studies, we propose an integrated NVS model of binge-type eating-disorder risk. RESULTS Data implicate altered corticolimbic functioning, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and self-reported negative affect as possible risk factors. However, neuroimaging and physiological data in children and adolescents are sparse, and most prospective studies are limited to self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS We discuss a broad NVS framework for conceptualizing early risk for binge-type eating disorders. Future neural and behavioral research on the developmental trajectory of LOC and binge-type eating disorders is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vannucci
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eric E. Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Diana M. Bongiorno
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience of the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), DHHS, Bethesda, MD
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Geller J, Srikameswaran S, Zelichowska J. Resilience to shape and weight concerns and disordered eating: the role of self-compassion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21662630.2014.945604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rosenbaum DL, White KS. The Role of Anxiety in Binge Eating Behavior: A Critical Examination of Theory and Empirical Literature. Health Psychol Res 2013; 1:e19. [PMID: 26973904 PMCID: PMC4768578 DOI: 10.4081/hpr.2013.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to expand the understanding of binge eating by reviewing the role of aspects of negative affect. Specifically, this paper will present evidence for further investigation of the bearing that anxiety may have in binge eating development and maintenance. A comprehensive review of the literature regarding the relation of binge eating and anxiety was performed. Valuable contributions have been made to the binge eating literature regarding some aspects of negative affect (i.e., depression); however, outside of bulimia nervosa studies, much of the theoretical and empirical binge eating research to date has not directly addressed the role of anxiety. Research supports expansion of investigations of negative emotionality and binge eating to include specific study of anxiety. Greater inclusivity and specificity in the unique contributions of various negative emotions may further the development of temporal models and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri - Saint Louis , St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kamila S White
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri - Saint Louis , St. Louis, MO, USA
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Nandrino JL, Berna G, Hot P, Dodin V, Latrée J, Decharles S, Sequeira H. Cognitive and physiological dissociations in response to emotional pictures in patients with anorexia. J Psychosom Res 2012; 72:58-64. [PMID: 22200524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that patients with anorexia may express dissociated cognitive and physiological reactivities to emotional stimuli. The present research aimed to compare subjective and autonomic responses to pleasant, unpleasant and neutral scenes during a categorization task and an activation rating task in anorexic (AN), alexithymic (AL), depressed (DEP) and control participants (CONT). The participants first categorized pictures according to their emotional valence, followed by a rating of their activation level, concomitant with the recording of skin conductance responses (SCRs). Main findings showed that the AN patients presented major difficulty in categorizing pictures, particularly neutral ones. Contrary to the AL participants, this difficulty did not induce significant increases of SCR amplitude in the AN patients. In the second task, the AN patients rated the intensity of activation of unpleasant pictures higher than the AL participants and that of pleasant ones higher than the AL and CONT participants. In addition, no significant linear correlation was observed between the intensity of activation ratings and SCR amplitude in the AN, AL or DEP participants contrarily to what was observed for control participants. This lack of relation suggests a non-specific disconnection between physiological and cognitive self-reported responses to emotional stimuli. Our results highlight a specific form of emotional processing in the AN patients distinct from that observed in alexithymia or depression and characterized by a dissociation between cognitive and physiological responses. This kind of disconnection could be associated with emotional regulation processes and may benefit the AN patients by lowering the psychological stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Nandrino
- URECA EA1059 Université Lille Nord de France, 59653 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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9
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Jenkins PE, O'Connor H. Discerning thoughts from feelings: the cognitive-affective division in eating disorders. Eat Disord 2012; 20:144-58. [PMID: 22364345 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2012.654058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This article delineates the phenomenon of "cognitive-affective division" in eating disorders, used to refer to the difficulty some patients face in translating what they "think" cognitively to what they "feel" emotionally. A clinical description of cognitive-affective division is first presented, drawing on existing research, before moving on to discuss psychological theories that might shed some light on this often-seen but seldom understood phenomenon. These include the role of emotion awareness and alexithymia, cognitive and emotional development, and neuropsychological theories. We discuss implications for treatment and further research of the cognitive-affective division in eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Jenkins
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Van den Eynde F, Guillaume S, Broadbent H, Stahl D, Campbell IC, Schmidt U, Tchanturia K. Neurocognition in bulimic eating disorders: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 124:120-40. [PMID: 21477100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Van den Eynde F, Guillaume S, Broadbent H, Stahl D, Campbell IC, Schmidt U, Tchanturia K. Neurocognition in bulimic eating disorders: a systematic review. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the literature on neurocognition comparing people with a bulimic eating disorder in the acute phase of the illness with healthy controls (HC). METHOD The review follows the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) statement guidelines. Three databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched combining the search terms 'bulimic disorder', 'bulimia nervosa (BN)', 'binge-eating disorder (BED)' with terms referring to cognitive domains (e.g. 'executive functions'). RESULTS Thirty-seven studies on people with BN and four on people with BED were selected for review. Overall, sample sizes were relatively small [bulimic disorders: median and range 22 (12-83); HC: 27 (13-172)]. The diversity in methodology precluded a meta-analytical approach. People with a bulimic disorder did not present with a clear neurocognitive profile. Inclusion of salient, disorder-related stimuli (e.g. body weight/shape words) in the neurocognitive paradigms tended to generate differences between people with a bulimic disorder and HC. CONCLUSION Neurocognition in bulimic eating disorders is under researched, and the available evidence is inconclusive. This review outlines strategies for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Van den Eynde
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
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The socio-emotional processing stream in Anorexia Nervosa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:970-88. [PMID: 21070808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The significance of socio-emotional factors in development and maintenance of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) has been noted, but the literature is poorly integrated without clear models guiding research or treatment. This systematic review retrieved experimental studies of social-cognitive or affective processing in AN and categorised them using Ochsner's "Social-Emotional Processing Stream." Ochsner's "Processing Stream", based on healthy data, comprises five constructs: (1) acquisition of and (2) recognition and response to social-affective stimuli, (3) low-level and (4) high-level mental state inference and (5) context-sensitive emotion regulation. Thirty-seven experimental studies in Anorexia Nervosa were identified, mapping on to four of the five constructs (not Construct 3). A meta-analysis of nine affect recognition studies was conducted. AN patients demonstrated impairments in each of the four domains with preliminary reports that some difficulties are trait-like, and others ameliorate following recovery. Socio-emotional data was integrated with previous reports of neural abnormalities to generate an AN specific model of socio-emotional processing. Additional research is required for further definition and to translate experimental findings into clinical practice.
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Harrison A, Sullivan S, Tchanturia K, Treasure J. Emotional functioning in eating disorders: attentional bias, emotion recognition and emotion regulation. Psychol Med 2010; 40:1887-1897. [PMID: 20102669 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal processes, anxiety and emotion regulation difficulties form a key part of conceptual models of eating disorders (EDs), such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), but the experimental findings to support this are limited. METHOD The Reading the Mind in the Eyes task, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and a computerized pictorial (angry and neutral faces) Stroop task were administered to 190 women [50 with AN, 50 with BN and 90 healthy controls (HCs)]. RESULTS Those with an ED showed attentional biases to faces in general (medium effect), but specifically to angry faces over neutral faces (large effect) compared to HCs. The ED group also reported significantly higher emotion regulation difficulties (large effect) than HCs. There was a small difference between the ED and HC groups for the emotion recognition task (small-medium effect), particularly in the restricting AN (RAN) group. Depression and attentional bias to faces significantly predicted emotion regulation difficulties in a regression model. CONCLUSIONS The data provide support for conceptualizations of EDs that emphasize the role of emotional functioning in the development and maintenance of EDs. Further research will concentrate on exploring whether these findings are state or trait features of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harrison
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
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Legenbauer T, Maul B, Rühl I, Kleinstäuber M, Hiller W. Memory bias for schema-related stimuli in individuals with bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychol 2010; 66:302-16. [PMID: 20099307 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) have a memory bias in relation to explicit memory (cued and free recall vs. verbal and pictorial recognition tasks). Twenty-five participants diagnosed with BN and 27 normal controls (NC) were exposed to body-related, food-related, and neutral TV commercials, and then recall and recognition rates were assessed. Poorer recognition and recall of body-related stimuli was found for BN in comparison to NC, suggesting a memory bias. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies, along with suggestions as to how future studies can gain more insight into dysfunctions in information processing that can lead to the maintenance of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Legenbauer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL Clinic Dortmund, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Dortmund, Germany.
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Leary MR, Terry ML, Batts Allen A, Tate EB. The concept of ego threat in social and personality psychology: is ego threat a viable scientific construct? PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2009; 13:151-64. [PMID: 19648508 DOI: 10.1177/1088868309342595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although widely invoked as an explanation for psychological phenomena, ego threat has been conceptualized and induced in a variety of ways. Most contemporary research conceptualizes ego threat as a threat to a person's self-image or self-esteem, but experimental operationalizations of ego threat usually confound threats to self-esteem with threats to public image or decreased control over negative events, leading to an inability to distinguish the effects of threats to people's personal egos from threats to public image or threats to feelings of control. This article reviews research on ego threat, discusses experimental manipulations that confound ego threat with other processes, and makes recommendations regarding the use of ego threat as a construct in personality and social psychology.
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Wray AM, Freund RA, Dougher MJ. A behavior-analytic account of cognitive bias in clinical populations. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2009; 32:29-49. [PMID: 22478512 PMCID: PMC2686991 DOI: 10.1007/bf03392174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive bias refers to a well-established finding that individuals who suffer from certain clinical problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, etc.) selectively attend to, remember, and interpret events relevant to their condition. Although a body of literature exists that has tried to examine this phenomenon, most existing explanations are mentalistic and mediational. In this paper we offer a behavior-analytic account of cognitive bias, its development, and how it may contribute to maintenance of clinical problems. This account is based on establishing operations or motivating events, verbal processes, and relational responding. Clinical and future research implications are also discussed.
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