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Yu Q, Wang Z, Li Z, Liu X, Oteng Agyeman F, Wang X. Hierarchical Structure of Depression Knowledge Network and Co-word Analysis of Focus Areas. Front Psychol 2022; 13:920920. [PMID: 35664156 PMCID: PMC9160970 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporarily, depression has become a common psychiatric disorder that influences people's life quality and mental state. This study presents a systematic review analysis of depression based on a hierarchical structure approach. This research provides a rich theoretical foundation for understanding the hot spots, evolutionary trends, and future related research directions and offers further guidance for practice. This investigation contributes to knowledge by combining robust methodological software for analysis, including Citespace, Ucinet, and Pajek. This paper employed the bibliometric methodology to analyze 5,000 research articles concerning depression. This current research also employed the BibExcel software to bibliometrically measure the keywords of the selected articles and further conducted a co-word matrix analysis. Additionally, Pajek software was used to conduct a co-word network analysis to obtain a co-word network diagram of depression. Further, Ucinet software was utilized to calculate K-core values, degree centrality, and mediated centrality to better present the research hotspots, sort out the current status and reveal the research characteristics in the field of depression with valuable information and support for subsequent research. This research indicates that major depressive disorder, anxiety, and mental health had a high occurrence among adolescents and the aged. This present study provides policy recommendations for the government, non-governmental organizations and other philanthropic agencies to help furnish resources for treating and controlling depression orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Yu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- College of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Jingjiang College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xinxing Wang
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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2
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Li K, Long J, Deng W, Cheng B, Wang J. Electroconvulsive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A retrospective study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1040443. [PMID: 36440390 PMCID: PMC9682229 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic mental diseases such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are associated with a high disability rate. Some patients still do not improve their symptoms even with adequate cognitive-behavioral therapy and drug treatment. In the treatment of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is not considered a neuromodulation modality with sufficient evidence. OBJECTIVE This retrospective study aimed to determine the efficacy and associated risk factors of ECT in OCD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 21 OCD patients who underwent ECT at a high-volume center in China between January 2009 and December 2020. The demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients were assessed using descriptive statistics. Based on Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale, patients were categorized into response and non-response groups. Clinical and demographic characteristics of two groups of patients were compared. RESULTS An analysis of 21 patients was conducted. In total, 12 patients (57.1%) responded to ECT, 11 patients (52.4%) reported side effects, and an average of 7 ECT sessions were administered. In terms of demographic, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. It is noteworthy that the non-response group reported more depression and schizophrenia related disorders comorbidities than the response group (χ2 = 6.252, P = 0.041). CONCLUSION The effectiveness of ECT in treating OCD is limited, especially in patients with refractory symptoms. Comorbidity with other mental disorders may affect the efficacy of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bochao Cheng
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaojian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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3
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Yahya AS, Khawaja S. Electroconvulsive therapy for refractory anxiety disorders. PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pnp.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Saeed Yahya
- Dr Yahya has a special interest in ECT and is a Specialist Registrar in Psychiatry, and Dr Khawaja is a Consultant Old Age Psychiatrist and ECT clinical lead, both at North East London NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Shakil Khawaja
- Dr Yahya has a special interest in ECT and is a Specialist Registrar in Psychiatry, and Dr Khawaja is a Consultant Old Age Psychiatrist and ECT clinical lead, both at North East London NHS Foundation Trust
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4
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Ma X, Li R. Case Report: Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Comorbid With Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:706506. [PMID: 34408682 PMCID: PMC8365030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric condition that is associated with considerable morbidity, and ~90% of individuals with OCD have another psychiatric comorbidity. Patients with comorbid OCD and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have limited insight and poor psychosocial function, respond poorly to drug treatment, and have an increased risk of suicide. Modified electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been attempted to improve symptoms of OCD when drug treatment does not have a satisfactory effect. This report describes a patient who had OCD comorbid with BDD that was successfully treated with modified ECT. Although the mechanism of its effect is unclear, modified ECT may be an alternative treatment for patients with comorbid OCD and BDD. Its efficacy and mechanism of action require further investigation in a large sample of patients with these comorbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
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5
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Baumann S, Mareš T, Albrecht J, Anders M, Vochosková K, Hill M, Bulant J, Yamamotová A, Štastný O, Novák T, Holanová P, Lambertová A, Papežová H. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:717255. [PMID: 34690831 PMCID: PMC8526853 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.717255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening illness with poor treatment outcomes. Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation method, its effect in patients with AN remains unclear. Objective: This study investigated changes in maladaptive eating behavior, body mass index (BMI), and depression after 10 sessions of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Methods: In this double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 43 inpatients with AN were divided to receive either active (n = 22) or sham (n = 21) tDCS over the left DLPFC (anode F3/cathode Fp2, 2 mA for 30 min). All patients filled the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZUNG), and their BMI was measured. These values were obtained repeatedly in four stages: (1) before tDCS treatment, (2) after tDCS treatment, (3) in the follow-up after 2 weeks, and (4) in the follow-up after 4 weeks. Results: Primary outcomes (EDE-Q) based on the ANOVA results do not show any between-group differences either after the active part of the study or in the follow-up. Secondary analysis reveals a reduction in some items of EDE-Q. Compared with sham tDCS, active tDCS significantly improved self-evaluation based on body shape (p < 0.05) and significantly decreased the need of excessive control over calorie intake (p < 0.05) in the 4-week follow-up. However, the results do not survive multiple comparison correction. In both sham and active groups, the BMI values improved, albeit not significantly. Conclusion: We did not observe a significant effect of tDCS over the left DLPFC on complex psychopathology and weight recovery in patients with AN. tDCS reduced the need to follow specific dietary rules and improved body image evaluation in patients with AN. Tests with a larger sample and different positions of electrodes are needed. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03273205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Baumann
- Department of Psychotherapy, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tadeáš Mareš
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Albrecht
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Anders
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristýna Vochosková
- Department of Psychotherapy, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroid Hormones and Proteohormones, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Bulant
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Steroid Hormones and Proteohormones, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Yamamotová
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ota Štastný
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Novák
- Department of Psychotherapy, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Holanová
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Lambertová
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papežová
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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6
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McCathern AG, Mathai DS, Cho RY, Goodman WK, Storch EA. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:1029-1036. [PMID: 32684005 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1798232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychiatric disorder that can be chronic and debilitating if not properly treated. Current first-line treatments for OCD include cognitive-behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention and serotonin uptake inhibitor medications; however, these therapies are not effective for all individuals. AREAS COVERED Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) has been hypothesized to be an effective alternative for individuals with treatment-resistant OCD. dTMS has thought to be favorable due to its low side effect profile and its minimally invasive nature. EXPERT OPINION This review evaluates the current research on effectiveness of dTMS therapy for individuals with treatment-resistant OCD. This review also investigates shortcomings in current dTMS research and the hypothesized future of dTMS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis G McCathern
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S Mathai
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raymond Y Cho
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wayne K Goodman
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric A Storch
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
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Duriez P, Bou Khalil R, Chamoun Y, Maatoug R, Strumila R, Seneque M, Gorwood P, Courtet P, Guillaume S. Brain Stimulation in Eating Disorders: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2358. [PMID: 32717984 PMCID: PMC7465000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of eating disorders (EDs) is still difficult and few treatments are effective. Recently, several studies have described the important contribution of non-invasive brain stimulation (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and electroconvulsive therapy) and invasive brain stimulation (deep brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation) for ED management. This review summarizes the available evidence supporting the use of brain stimulation in ED. All published studies on brain stimulation in ED as well as ongoing trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov were examined. Articles on neuromodulation research and perspective articles were also included. This analysis indicates that brain stimulation in EDs is still in its infancy. Literature data consist mainly of case reports, cases series, open studies, and only a few randomized controlled trials. Consequently, the evidence supporting the use of brain stimulation in EDs remains weak. Finally, this review discusses future directions in this research domain (e.g., sites of modulation, how to enhance neuromodulation efficacy, personalized protocols).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France; (P.D.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Rami Bou Khalil
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon; (R.B.K.); (Y.C.)
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Yara Chamoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon; (R.B.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Redwan Maatoug
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Robertas Strumila
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatric Clinic, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Maude Seneque
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France; (P.D.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
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8
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Shilton T, Enoch-Levy A, Giron Y, Yaroslavsky A, Amiaz R, Gothelf D, Weizman A, Stein D. A retrospective case series of electroconvulsive therapy in the management of comorbid depression and anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:210-218. [PMID: 31639233 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common in anorexia nervosa (AN), associated with worse outcome and greater suicide risk. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is highly effective in the treatment of MDD refractory to antidepressive treatment. We describe a case series of female adolescents with AN receiving ECT for MDD resistant to treatment and/or with severe suicide risk. METHOD We retrospectively analyzed the files of all 30 adolescent females hospitalized in our department because of AN between 1998 and 2017 and treated with ECT. Severity of eating disorder (ED) and depressive symptoms was retrospectively assessed using the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale. RESULTS Patients were severely depressed and suicidal on admission. All were resistant to antidepressants. A significant deterioration in depression, with severe suicidality, occurred from admission to pre-ECT, with concomitant improvement in ED symptoms and increase in body mass index (BMI). Significant improvement in depressive and ED symptoms and increase in BMI occurred following ECT, continuing to discharge. Adverse effects were mostly minimal. Fifty-three percentage of the patients were rehospitalized within the first year after ECT, mostly because of deterioration of depression and attempted suicide. Several years after discharge, 46.6% of the patients had no evidence of depression, suicidality, and ED-symptomatology, and another 23% had only evidence of ED symptomatology. DISCUSSION ECT is safe and well tolerated in AN with severe comorbid treatment resistant MDD and/or with increased suicide risk. Many AN patients undergoing ECT may be remitted at long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Shilton
- Pediatric Psychosomatic Department, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Enoch-Levy
- Pediatric Psychosomatic Department, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yanai Giron
- Pediatric Psychosomatic Department, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Amit Yaroslavsky
- Pediatric Psychosomatic Department, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Revital Amiaz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatient Service, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Campus, Petach Tiqva, Israel
| | - Daniel Stein
- Pediatric Psychosomatic Department, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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9
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Pacilio RM, Livingston RK, Gordon MR. The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review and Case Report. J ECT 2019; 35:272-278. [PMID: 31764451 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the potential for safe and effective use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating eating disorders (EDs) in patients with and without comorbid psychiatric disorders. METHODS A review of the literature pertaining to the use of ECT in patients with EDs was performed through PubMed, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Search terms included "Electroconvulsive Therapy," "ECT," and "Electroshock" each combined with "Anorexia Nervosa," "Bulimia Nervosa," "Binge Eating Disorder," "Eating Disorder," "EDNOS," and "OSFED." Additionally, a case in which ECT was used in treating a patient with anorexia nervosa is presented. RESULTS Eighty-nine articles were reviewed, and 11 were selected for inclusion. These articles detailed 14 patients with active EDs who received ECT during their course of treatment. Of these patients, 13 were noted to have shown improvement in disordered eating after receiving ECT, and no adverse medical outcomes were reported. Our case detailed an additional patient who benefitted from ECT. CONCLUSIONS There are limited data supporting the use of ECT in treating EDs; however, there is evidence to support that ECT is safe in this population and has been effective in cases of patients with AN with and without psychiatric comorbidities as well as binge eating disorder. More research is needed for treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin K Livingston
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mollie R Gordon
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College Medicine, Houston, TX
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