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Landoni B, Suárez-Montes P, Habeahan RHF, Brennan AC, Pérez-Barrales R. Local climate and vernalization sensitivity predict the latitudinal patterns of flowering onset in the crop wild relative Linum bienne Mill. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:117-130. [PMID: 38482916 PMCID: PMC11161566 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The timing of flowering onset is often correlated with latitude, indicative of climatic gradients. Flowering onset in temperate species commonly requires exposure to cold temperatures, known as vernalization. Hence, population differentiation of flowering onset with latitude might reflect adaptation to the local climatic conditions experienced by populations. METHODS Within its western range, seeds from Linum bienne populations (the wild relative of cultivated Linum usitatissimum) were used to describe the latitudinal differentiation of flowering onset to determine its association with the local climate of the population. A vernalization experiment including different crop cultivars was used to determine how vernalization accelerates flowering onset, in addition to the vernalization sensitivity response among populations and cultivars. Additionally, genetic differentiation of L. bienne populations along the latitudinal range was scrutinized using microsatellite markers. KEY RESULTS Flowering onset varied with latitude of origin, with southern populations flowering earlier than their northern counterparts. Vernalization reduced the number of days to flowering onset, but vernalization sensitivity was greater in northern populations compared with southern ones. Conversely, vernalization delayed flowering onset in the crop, exhibiting less variation in sensitivity. In L. bienne, both flowering onset and vernalization sensitivity were better predicted by the local climate of the population than by latitude itself. Microsatellite data unveiled genetic differentiation of populations, forming two groups geographically partitioned along latitude. CONCLUSIONS The consistent finding of latitudinal variation across experiments suggests that both flowering onset and vernalization sensitivity in L. bienne populations are under genetic regulation and might depend on climatic cues at the place of origin. The association with climatic gradients along latitude suggests that the climate experienced locally drives population differentiation of the flowering onset and vernalization sensitivity patterns. The genetic population structure suggests that past population history could have influenced the flowering initiation patterns detected, which deserves further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Landoni
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Rocío Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Botany Department, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Speck A, Trouvé JP, Enjalbert J, Geffroy V, Joets J, Moreau L. Genetic Architecture of Powdery Mildew Resistance Revealed by a Genome-Wide Association Study of a Worldwide Collection of Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:871633. [PMID: 35812909 PMCID: PMC9263915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.871633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases of flax and is particularly prejudicial to its yield and oil or fiber quality. This disease, caused by the obligate biotrophic ascomycete Oïdium lini, is progressing in France. Genetic resistance of varieties is critical for the control of this disease, but very few resistance genes have been identified so far. It is therefore necessary to identify new resistance genes to powdery mildew suitable to the local context of pathogenicity. For this purpose, we studied a worldwide diversity panel composed of 311 flax genotypes both phenotyped for resistance to powdery mildew resistance over 2 years of field trials in France and resequenced. Sequence reads were mapped on the CDC Bethune reference genome revealing 1,693,910 high-quality SNPs, further used for both population structure analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWASs). A number of four major genetic groups were identified, separating oil flax accessions from America or Europe and those from Asia or Middle-East and fiber flax accessions originating from Eastern Europe and those from Western Europe. A number of eight QTLs were detected at the false discovery rate threshold of 5%, located on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 13, and 14. Taking advantage of the moderate linkage disequilibrium present in the flax panel, and using the available genome annotation, we identified potential candidate genes. Our study shows the existence of new resistance alleles against powdery mildew in our diversity panel, of high interest for flax breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Geffroy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johann Joets
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurence Moreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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3
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Hoque A, Fiedler JD, Rahman M. Genetic diversity analysis of a flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) global collection. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:557. [PMID: 32795254 PMCID: PMC7430851 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A sustainable breeding program requires a minimum level of germplasm diversity to provide varied options for the selection of new breeding lines. To maximize genetic gain of the North Dakota State University (NDSU) flax breeding program, we aimed to increase the genetic diversity of its parental stocks by incorporating diverse genotypes. For this purpose, we analyzed the genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and population sub-structure of 350 globally-distributed flax genotypes with 6200 SNP markers. Results All the genotypes tested clustered into seven sub-populations (P1 to P7) based on the admixture model and the output of neighbor-joining (NJ) tree analysis and principal coordinate analysis were in line with that of structure analysis. The largest sub-population separation arose from a cluster of NDSU/American genotypes with Turkish and Asian genotypes. All sub-populations showed moderate genetic diversity (average H = 0.22 and I = 0.34). The pairwise Fst comparison revealed a great degree of divergence (Fst > 0.25) between most of the combinations. A whole collection mantel test showed significant positive correlation (r = 0.30 and p < 0.01) between genetic and geographic distances, whereas it was non-significant for all sub-populations except P4 and P5 (r = 0.251, 0.349 respectively and p < 0.05). In the entire collection, the mean linkage disequilibrium was 0.03 and it decayed to its half maximum within < 21 kb distance. Conclusions To maximize genetic gain, hybridization between NDSU stock (P5) and Asian individuals (P6) are potentially the best option as genetic differentiation between them is highest (Fst > 0.50). In contrast, low genetic differentiation between P5 and P2 may enhance the accumulation of favorable alleles for oil and fiber upon crossing to develop dual purpose varieties. As each sub-population consists of many genotypes, a Neighbor-Joining tree and kinship matrix assist to identify distantly related genotypes. These results also inform genotyping decisions for future association mapping studies to ensure the identification of a sufficient number of molecular markers to tag all linkage blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahasanul Hoque
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Jason D Fiedler
- Cereal Crops Research, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Mukhlesur Rahman
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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4
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Zhang J, Qi Y, Wang L, Wang L, Yan X, Dang Z, Li W, Zhao W, Pei X, Li X, Liu M, Tan M, Wang L, Long Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Dang Z, Zheng H, Liu T. Genomic Comparison and Population Diversity Analysis Provide Insights into the Domestication and Improvement of Flax. iScience 2020; 23:100967. [PMID: 32240956 PMCID: PMC7114909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Flax has been cultivated for its oil and fiber for thousands of years. However, it remains unclear how the modifications of agronomic traits occurred on the genetic level during flax cultivation. In this study, we conducted genome-wide variation analyses on multiple accessions of oil-use, fiber-use, landraces, and pale flax to identify the genomic variations during flax cultivation. Our findings indicate that, during flax domestication, genes relevant to flowering, dehiscence, oil production, and plant architecture were preferentially selected. Furthermore, regardless of origins, the improvement of the modern oil-use flax preceded that of the fiber-use flax, although the dual selection on oil-use and fiber-use characteristics might have occurred in the early flax domestication. We also found that the expansion of MYB46/MYB83 genes may have contributed to the unique secondary cell wall biosynthesis in flax and the directional selections on MYB46/MYB83 may have shaped the morphological profile of the current oil-use and fiber-use flax. Assemblies of genomes, including oil-use flax, fiber-use flax and pale flax Comparative genomic analysis between pale flax and cultivated flax Dual-selection mode on oil-use and fiber-use characteristics might be existing Expansion and selection of MYB46/MYB83 may shape the morphological profile of flax
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Yanni Qi
- Institute of Crop Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Institute of Crop Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Xingchu Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhao Dang
- Institute of Crop Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Institute of Crop Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Crop Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinwu Pei
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuming Li
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Meilian Tan
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Long
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanhai Dang
- Institute of Crop Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | | | - Touming Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Sudarshan GP, Kulkarni M, Akhov L, Ashe P, Shaterian H, Cloutier S, Rowland G, Wei Y, Selvaraj G. QTL mapping and molecular characterization of the classical D locus controlling seed and flower color in Linum usitatissimum (flax). Sci Rep 2017; 7:15751. [PMID: 29146906 PMCID: PMC5691222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The flowers of flax (linseed) are blue-hued, ephemeral and self-pollinating, and the seeds are typically brown. A century-old interest in natural yellow seed variants and a historical model point to recessive alleles in B1, D and G loci being responsible, but the functional aspects had remained unknown. Here, we characterized the "D" locus by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and identified a FLAVONOID 3'5' HYDROXYLASE (F3'5'H) gene therein. It does not belong to the F3'5'H clade, but resembles biochemically characterized F3'Hs (flavonoid 3' hydroxylase) but without F3'H activity. The genome lacks other F3'H or F3'H-like genes. The apparent neo-functionalization from F3'H is associated with a Thr498 → Ser498 substitution in a substrate recognition site (SRS). The yellow seed and white flower phenotypes of the classical d mutation was found to be due to one nucleotide deletion that would truncate the deduced product and remove three of the six potential SRS, negatively impacting delphinidin synthesis. Delphinidin is sporadic in angiosperms, and flax has no known pollination syndrome(s) with functional pollinator group(s) that are attracted to blue flowers, raising questions on the acquisition of F3'5'H. The appearance of d allele is suggestive of the beginning of the loss of F3'5'H in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurudatt Pavagada Sudarshan
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
- Bayer CropScience, Crop Analytics Morrisville, TECHIII 407 Davis Drive, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Manoj Kulkarni
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Leonid Akhov
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Paula Ashe
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hamid Shaterian
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Gordon Rowland
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Agriculture Building, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Gopalan Selvaraj
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada.
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6
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Choudhary SB, Sharma HK, Kumar AA, Maruthi RT, Mitra J, Chowdhury I, Singh BK, Karmakar PG. SSR and morphological trait based population structure analysis of 130 diverse flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) accessions. C R Biol 2017; 340:65-75. [PMID: 28188068 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 130 flax accessions of diverse morphotypes and worldwide origin were assessed for genetic diversity and population structure using 11 morphological traits and microsatellite markers (15 gSSRs and 7 EST-SSRs). Analysis performed after classifying these accessions on the basis of plant height, branching pattern, seed size, Indian/foreign origin into six categories called sub-populations viz. fibre type exotic, fibre type indigenous, intermediate type exotic, intermediate type indigenous, linseed type exotic and linseed type indigenous. The study assessed different diversity indices, AMOVA, population structure and included a principal coordinate analysis based on different marker systems. The highest diversity was exhibited by gSSR markers (SI=0.46; He=0.31; P=85.11). AMOVA based on all markers explained significant difference among fibre type, intermediate type and linseed type populations of flax. In terms of variation explained by different markers, EST-SSR markers (12%) better differentiated flax populations compared to morphological (9%) and gSSR (6%) markers at P=0.01. The maximum Nei's unbiased genetic distance (D=0.11) was observed between fibre type and linseed type exotic sub-populations based on EST-SSR markers. The combined structure analysis by using all markers grouped Indian fibre type accessions (63.4%) in a separate cluster along with the Indian intermediate type (48.7%), whereas Indian accessions (82.16%) of linseed type constituted an independent cluster. These findings were supported by the results of the principal coordinate analysis. Morphological markers employed in the study found complementary with microsatellite based markers in deciphering genetic diversity and population structure of the flax germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan Choudhary
- ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Hariom Kumar Sharma
- ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Arroju Anil Kumar
- ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Rangappa Thimmaiah Maruthi
- ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Jiban Mitra
- ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Isholeena Chowdhury
- ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Binay Kumar Singh
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pran Gobinda Karmakar
- ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
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Thambugala D, Duguid S, Loewen E, Rowland G, Booker H, You FM, Cloutier S. Genetic variation of six desaturase genes in flax and their impact on fatty acid composition. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:2627-41. [PMID: 23928861 PMCID: PMC3782649 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids praised for their health benefits. In this study, the extent of the genetic variability of genes encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD), and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) and 3 (FAD3) was determined by sequencing the six paralogous genes from 120 flax accessions representing a broad range of germplasm including some EMS mutant lines. A total of 6 alleles for sad1 and sad2, 21 for fad2a, 5 for fad2b, 15 for fad3a and 18 for fad3b were identified. Deduced amino acid sequences of the alleles predicted 4, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 isoforms, respectively. Allele frequencies varied greatly across genes. Fad3a, with 110 SNPs and 19 indels, and fad3b, with 50 SNPs and 5 indels, showed the highest levels of genetic variations. While most of the SNPs and all the indels were silent mutations, both genes carried nonsense SNP mutations resulting in premature stop codons, a feature not observed in sad and fad2 genes. Some alleles and isoforms discovered in induced mutant lines were absent in the natural germplasm. Correlation of these genotypic data with fatty acid composition data of 120 flax accessions phenotyped in six field experiments revealed statistically significant effects of some of the SAD and FAD isoforms on fatty acid composition, oil content and iodine value. The novel allelic variants and isoforms identified for the six desaturases will be a resource for the development of oilseed flax with unique and useful fatty acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushika Thambugala
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Scott Duguid
- Morden Research Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Unit 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Evelyn Loewen
- Morden Research Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Unit 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Gordon Rowland
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Helen Booker
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Frank M. You
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9 Canada
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9 Canada
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8
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Thambugala D, Duguid S, Loewen E, Rowland G, Booker H, You FM, Cloutier S. Genetic variation of six desaturase genes in flax and their impact on fatty acid composition. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:2627-2641. [PMID: 23928861 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2161-2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids praised for their health benefits. In this study, the extent of the genetic variability of genes encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD), and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) and 3 (FAD3) was determined by sequencing the six paralogous genes from 120 flax accessions representing a broad range of germplasm including some EMS mutant lines. A total of 6 alleles for sad1 and sad2, 21 for fad2a, 5 for fad2b, 15 for fad3a and 18 for fad3b were identified. Deduced amino acid sequences of the alleles predicted 4, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 isoforms, respectively. Allele frequencies varied greatly across genes. Fad3a, with 110 SNPs and 19 indels, and fad3b, with 50 SNPs and 5 indels, showed the highest levels of genetic variations. While most of the SNPs and all the indels were silent mutations, both genes carried nonsense SNP mutations resulting in premature stop codons, a feature not observed in sad and fad2 genes. Some alleles and isoforms discovered in induced mutant lines were absent in the natural germplasm. Correlation of these genotypic data with fatty acid composition data of 120 flax accessions phenotyped in six field experiments revealed statistically significant effects of some of the SAD and FAD isoforms on fatty acid composition, oil content and iodine value. The novel allelic variants and isoforms identified for the six desaturases will be a resource for the development of oilseed flax with unique and useful fatty acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushika Thambugala
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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