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Harned SP, Bernard AM, Salinas‐de‐León P, Mehlrose MR, Suarez J, Robles Y, Bessudo S, Ladino F, López Garo A, Zanella I, Feldheim KA, Shivji MS. Genetic population dynamics of the critically endangered scalloped hammerhead shark ( Sphyrna lewini) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9642. [PMID: 36619714 PMCID: PMC9797937 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, is a Critically Endangered, migratory species known for its tendency to form iconic and visually spectacular large aggregations. Herein, we investigated the population genetic dynamics of the scalloped hammerhead across much of its distribution in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), ranging from Costa Rica to Ecuador, focusing on young-of-year animals from putative coastal nursery areas and adult females from seasonal aggregations that form in the northern Galápagos Islands. Nuclear microsatellites and partial mitochondrial control region sequences showed little evidence of population structure suggesting that scalloped hammerheads in this ETP region comprise a single genetic stock. Galápagos aggregations of adults were not comprised of related individuals, suggesting that kinship does not play a role in the formation of the repeated, annual gatherings at these remote offshore locations. Despite high levels of fisheries exploitation of this species in the ETP, the adult scalloped hammerheads here showed greater genetic diversity compared with adult conspecifics from other parts of the species' global distribution. A phylogeographic analysis of available, globally sourced, mitochondrial control region sequence data (n = 1818 sequences) revealed that scalloped hammerheads comprise three distinct matrilines corresponding to the three major world ocean basins, highlighting the need for conservation of these evolutionarily unique lineages. This study provides the first view of the genetic properties of a scalloped hammerhead aggregation, and the largest sample size-based investigation of population structure and phylogeography of this species in the ETP to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P. Harned
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Andrea M. Bernard
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Pelayo Salinas‐de‐León
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA,Charles Darwin Research StationCharles Darwin FoundationGalápagos IslandsEcuador
| | - Marissa R. Mehlrose
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
| | - Jenifer Suarez
- Direccion Parque Nacional GalápagosDepartamento de Ecosistemas MarinosIslas GalápagosEcuador
| | - Yolani Robles
- Universidad de Panamá, Centro Regional Universitario de VeraguasSan Martín de PorresPanama
| | - Sandra Bessudo
- Fundacion Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas MarinosBogotáColombia
| | - Felipe Ladino
- Fundacion Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas MarinosBogotáColombia
| | - Andrés López Garo
- Asociación Conservacionista Misión Tiburon, Playas del CocoCarrilloGuanacasteCosta Rica
| | - Ilena Zanella
- Asociación Conservacionista Misión Tiburon, Playas del CocoCarrilloGuanacasteCosta Rica
| | - Kevin A. Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and EvolutionField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Mahmood S. Shivji
- Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center and Guy Harvey Research InstituteNova Southeastern UniversityDania BeachFloridaUSA
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Biogeography of the coastal fishes of the Socotra Archipelago: Challenging current ecoregional concepts. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267086. [PMID: 35486578 PMCID: PMC9053782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Socotra Archipelago, located in the eastern Gulf of Aden, has a unique marine environment, which combines tropical and ‘pseudo-temperate’ elements. An updated species inventory recently considered its coastal fish diversity the highest among Arabian ecoregions, necessitating to re-assess the ichthyogeographic position of the island group. The main aim of this study is to describe the distributional biogeography of its coastal fish fauna in relation to contemporary ichthyogeographic and ecoregional concepts. Inferences are drawn with regard to the marine biogeographic arrangement and ecoregional partitioning of the Arabian region. The main datasets comprise eight and twenty selected families including 404 and 898 species, respectively, from Arabian ecoregions. The Socotra Archipelago has close affinities to a putative ecoregion in the eastern Gulf of Aden that extends to southern Oman. It is more closely related to the Arabian Sea coast of Oman than to ecoregions in the Red Sea and a putative ecoregion in the western Gulf of Aden. The Gulf of Aden does not represent a consistent ecoregion in ichthyogeographic terms, because its eastern and western parts are less closely related to one another than to other ecoregions. The Socotra Archipelago and the eastern Gulf of Aden should therefore not be assigned to a joined province with Red Sea ecoregions. The coastal fish faunas of the southern Red Sea have close affinities with those of the western Gulf of Aden. The Arabian/Persian Gulf is least related to the other Arabian ecoregions. The authors posit the Socotra Archipelago as a distinct ecoregion, either on its own or in combination with affiliated mainland areas. This best reflects the ichthyogeographic data and the exceptionally high levels of fish and overall marine diversity. Two alternative ecoregional delineations are proposed, serving as working hypotheses for onward research.
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Sort M, Manuzzi A, Jiménez-Mena B, Ovenden JR, Holmes BJ, Bernard AM, Shivji MS, Meldrup D, Bennett MB, Nielsen EE. Come together: calibration of tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) microsatellite databases for investigating global population structure and assignment of historical specimens. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-021-01197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Fields AT, Fischer GA, Shea SKH, Zhang H, Feldheim KA, Chapman DD. DNA Zip‐coding: identifying the source populations supplying the international trade of a critically endangered coastal shark. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - H. Zhang
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Tai Po Hong Kong
| | - K. A. Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution The Field Museum Chicago IL USA
| | - D. D. Chapman
- Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
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Berumen ML, Roberts MB, Sinclair-Taylor TH, DiBattista JD, Saenz-Agudelo P, Isari S, He S, Khalil MT, Hardenstine RS, Tietbohl MD, Priest MA, Kattan A, Coker DJ. Fishes and Connectivity of Red Sea Coral Reefs. CORAL REEFS OF THE RED SEA 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05802-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Almojil D, Cliff G, Spaet JLY. Weak population structure of the Spot-tail shark Carcharhinus sorrah and the Blacktip shark C. limbatus along the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, and South Africa. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9536-9549. [PMID: 30377521 PMCID: PMC6194305 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in demand for shark meat and fins has placed shark populations worldwide under high fishing pressure. In the Arabian region, the spot-tail shark Carcharhinus sorrah and the Blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus are among the most exploited species. In this study, we investigated the population genetic structure of C. sorrah (n = 327) along the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula and of C. limbatus (n = 525) along the Arabian coasts, Pakistan, and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, using microsatellite markers (15 and 11 loci, respectively). Our findings support weak population structure in both species. Carcharhinus sorrah exhibited a fine structure, subdividing the area into three groups. The first group comprises all samples from Bahrain, the second from the UAE and Yemen, and the third from Oman. Similarly, C. limbatus exhibited population subdivision into three groups. The first group, comprising samples from Bahrain and Kuwait, was highly differentiated from the second and third groups, comprising samples from Oman, Pakistan, the UAE, and Yemen; and South Africa and the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, respectively. Population divisions were supported by pairwise F ST values and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), but not by STRUCTURE. We suggest that the mostly low but significant pairwise F ST values in our study are suggestive of fine population structure, which is possibly attributable to behavioral traits such as residency in C. sorrah and site fidelity and philopatry in C. limbatus. However, for all samples obtained from the northern parts of the Gulf (Bahrain and/or Kuwait) in both species, the higher but significant pairwise F ST values could possibly be a result of founder effects during the Tethys Sea closure. Based on DAPC and F ST results, we suggest each population to be treated as independent management unit, as conservation concerns emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geremy Cliff
- KwaZulu‐Natal Shark BoardUmhlanga, South Africa and School of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Julia L. Y. Spaet
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Red Sea Research CenterDivision of Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwalSaudi Arabia
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Kolmann MA, Elbassiouny AA, Liverpool EA, Lovejoy NR. DNA barcoding reveals the diversity of sharks in Guyana coastal markets. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A fundamental challenge for both sustainable fisheries and biodiversity protection in the Neotropics is the accurate determination of species identity. The biodiversity of the coastal sharks of Guyana is poorly understood, but these species are subject to both artisanal fishing as well as harvesting by industrialized offshore fleets. To determine what species of sharks are frequently caught and consumed along the coastline of Guyana, we used DNA barcoding to identify market specimens. We sequenced the mitochondrial co1 gene for 132 samples collected from six markets, and compared our sequences to those available in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) and GenBank. Nearly 30% of the total sample diversity was represented by two species of Hammerhead Sharks (Sphyrna mokarran and S. lewini), both listed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Other significant portions of the samples included Sharpnose Sharks (23% - Rhizoprionodon spp.), considered Vulnerable in Brazilian waters due to unregulated gillnet fisheries, and the Smalltail Shark (17% - Carcharhinus porosus). We found that barcoding provides efficient and accurate identification of market specimens in Guyana, making this study the first in over thirty years to address Guyana’s coastal shark biodiversity.
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Bester-van der Merwe AE, Bitalo D, Cuevas JM, Ovenden J, Hernández S, da Silva C, McCord M, Roodt-Wilding R. Population genetics of Southern Hemisphere tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus): Intercontinental divergence and constrained gene flow at different geographical scales. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184481. [PMID: 28880905 PMCID: PMC5589243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus Linnaeus, 1758) is a temperate, coastal hound shark found in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans. In this study, the population structure of Galeorhinus galeus was determined across the entire Southern Hemisphere, where the species is heavily targeted by commercial fisheries, as well as locally, along the South African coastline. Analysis was conducted on a total of 185 samples using 19 microsatellite markers and a 671 bp fragment of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. Across the Southern Hemisphere, three geographically distinct clades were recovered, including one from South America (Argentina, Chile), one from Africa (all the South African collections) and an Australia-New Zealand clade. Nuclear data revealed significant population subdivisions (FST = 0.192 to 0.376, p<0.05) indicating limited gene flow for tope sharks across ocean basins. Marked population connectivity was however evident across the Indian Ocean based on Bayesian clustering analysis. More locally in South Africa, F-statistics and multivariate analysis supported moderate to high gene flow across the Atlantic/Indian Ocean boundary (FST = 0.035 to 0.044, p<0.05), with exception of samples from Struisbaai and Port Elizabeth which differed significantly from the rest. Discriminant and Bayesian clustering analysis indicated admixture in all sampling populations, decreasing from west to east, corroborating possible restriction to gene flow across regional oceanographic barriers. Mitochondrial sequence data recovered seven haplotypes (h = 0.216, π = 0.001) for South Africa, with one major haplotype shared by 87% of the individuals and at least one private haplotype for each sampling location except Port Elizabeth. As with many other coastal shark species with cosmopolitan distribution, this study confirms the lack of both historical dispersal and inter-oceanic gene flow while also implicating contemporary factors such as oceanic currents and thermal fronts to drive local genetic structure of G. galeus on a smaller spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphne Bitalo
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Juan M. Cuevas
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), División Zoología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jennifer Ovenden
- Molecular Fisheries Laboratory, Queensland Government, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sebastián Hernández
- Sala de Colecciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for International Programs, Veritas University, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Charlene da Silva
- Fisheries Research, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Meaghen McCord
- South African Shark Conservancy, Old Harbour Museum, Hermanus, South Africa
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