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Mull CG, Pennell MW, Yopak KE, Dulvy NK. Maternal investment evolves with larger body size and higher diversification rate in sharks and rays. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2773-2781.e3. [PMID: 38843829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Across vertebrates, live bearing evolved at least 150 times from ancestral egg laying into diverse forms and degrees of prepartum maternal investment.1,2 A key question is how reproductive diversity arose and whether reproductive diversification underlies species diversification.3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 To test this, we evaluate the most basal jawed vertebrates: the sharks, rays, and chimaeras, which have one of the greatest ranges of reproductive and ecological diversity among vertebrates.2,12 We reconstruct the sequence of reproductive mode evolution across a phylogeny of 610 chondrichthyans.13 We reveal egg laying as ancestral, with live bearing evolving at least seven times. Matrotrophy evolved at least 15 times, with evidence of one reversal. In sharks, transitions to live bearing and matrotrophy are more prevalent in larger-bodied tropical species. Further, the evolution of live bearing is associated with a near doubling of the diversification rate, but there is only a small increase associated with the appearance of matrotrophy. Although pre-copulatory sexual selection is associated with increased rates of speciation in teleosts,3 sexual size dimorphism in chondrichthyans does not appear to be related to sexual selection,14,15 and instead we find increased rates of speciation associated with the colonization of novel habitats. This highlights a potential key difference between chondrichthyans and other fishes, specifically a slower rate of evolution of reproductive isolation following speciation, suggesting different rate-limiting mechanisms for diversification between these clades.16 The chondrichthyan diversification and radiation, particularly throughout shallow tropical shelf seas and oceanic pelagic habitats, appear to be associated with the evolution of live bearing and proliferation of a wide range of maternal investment in developing offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Mull
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Integrated Fisheries Lab, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Matthew W Pennell
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology and UNCW Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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2
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Armada-Tapia S, Castillo-Geniz JL, Victoria-Cota N, Arce-Valdés LR, Enríquez-Paredes LM. First evidence of multiple paternity in the blue shark (Prionace glauca). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:528-531. [PMID: 36401786 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paternity (MP) is defined as the behaviour in which females successfully mate with multiple males leading to offspring from different sires within the same litter. MP seems to be frequent and an evolutionary advantage in elasmobranchs. Here the authors report for the first time the occurrence of MP in the cosmopolitan blue shark Prionace glauca L. The evidence, gathered via microsatellite genotyping of pregnant females and their embryos, suggests that MP is very frequent in this species. Knowledge of MP in P. glauca should help describe more precisely its reproductive biology and contribute to the management of its populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Armada-Tapia
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - José Leonardo Castillo-Geniz
- Centro Regional de Investigación Acuícola y Pesquera, Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Nelva Victoria-Cota
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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3
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Torres Y, Charvet P, Faria VV, de Castro ALF. Evidence of multiple paternity for the endemic Xingu River stingray. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1315-1318. [PMID: 35292972 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paternity (MP) is a phenomenon observed for more than 30 elasmobranch species. The Batoidea is more specious than the Selachii, but only three studies of MP have been conducted on batoids. The occurrence of MP in freshwater stingrays was tested using microsatellite markers, which were developed for Potamotrygon leopoldi. Six mothers and their litters were genotyped, providing the first evidence of MP for Potamotrygonidae, with an MP frequency of 33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Torres
- Marine Vertebrate Evolution and Conservation Lab - EvolVe, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Patricia Charvet
- Marine Vertebrate Evolution and Conservation Lab - EvolVe, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vicente V Faria
- Marine Vertebrate Evolution and Conservation Lab - EvolVe, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Andrey L F de Castro
- Molecular Ecology & Ichthyology Lab, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil
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4
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Clements ON, Leurs G, Witbaard R, Pen I, Verkuil YI, Govers LL. Growth, maturity, and diet of the pearl whipray ( Fontitrygon margaritella) from the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12894. [PMID: 35282275 PMCID: PMC8908892 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pearl whipray Fontitrygon margaritella (Compagno & Roberts, 1984) is a common elasmobranch in coastal western African waters. However, knowledge on their life-history and trophic ecology remains limited. Therefore, we aimed to determine the growth, maturity and diet of F. margaritella from the Bijagós Archipelago in Guinea-Bissau. Growth was modelled with: von Bertalanffy, Gompertz and logistic functions. Model selection revealed no model significantly outperformed another. The sampled age ranged from less than 1 to 7 years (1.8 ± 1.9 cm, mean ± standard deviation) and size (disc width) ranged from 12.2 to 30.6 cm (18.7 ± 5.2 cm). Size-at-maturity was estimated at 20.3 cm (95% CI [18.8-21.8 cm]) for males and 24.3 cm for females (95% CI [21.9-26.5 cm]), corresponding ages of 2.2 and 3.9 years. The diet differed significantly among young-of-the-year (YOY), juveniles and adults (p = 0.001). Diet of all life stages consisted mainly of crustaceans (27.4%, 28.5%, 33.3%) and polychaetes (12.5%, 26.7%, 20.3%), for YOY, juveniles and adults respectively. This study shows that F. margaritella is relatively fast-growing, matures early and experiences ontogenetic diet shifts. These results contribute to status assessments and conservation efforts of F. margaritella and closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen N. Clements
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Leurs
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Witbaard
- Department of Estuarine & Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Ido Pen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Theoretical Research in Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne I. Verkuil
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura L. Govers
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Texel, The Netherlands
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5
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Lyons K, Kacev D, Mull CG. An inconvenient tooth: Evaluating female choice in multiple paternity using an evolutionarily and ecologically important vertebrate clade. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1574-1593. [PMID: 33586211 PMCID: PMC8251896 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding mating systems is a pillar of behavioural ecology, placing the complex interactions between females and males into a reproductive context. The field of multiple paternity, the phenomenon whereby many sires contribute to an individual litter, has traditionally viewed females as passive players in a male–male competitive framework. With the emergence of feminist perspectives in ecological fields, novel alternative mechanisms and evolutionary theories across invertebrate and vertebrate taxa recognize females are active stakeholders in the reproductive process. Despite their evolutionary significance, ecological diversity and myriad reproductive modes, elasmobranch (sharks, skates and rays) research lags behind other fields regarding complex biological processes, such as multiple paternity which is often ascribed to convenience polyandry. Here, we layout hypotheses and resynthesize multiple paternity literature from a female and life history perspective to highlight how alternative mechanisms influence the predominance of multiple paternity across elasmobranchs. We draw upon parallels in other invertebrate and vertebrate taxa to demonstrate how female elasmobranchs can influence multiple paternity outcomes that benefit their reproductive success. Our article challenges dogma that has resulted from years of dismissing the female perspective as important and provides a framework for future advancement using more holistic approaches to studying mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dovi Kacev
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA
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6
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Smith KL, Feldheim K, Carlson JK, Wiley TR, Taylor SS. Female philopatry in smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata: conservation and management implications. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Lamarca F, Vianna M, Vilasboa A. The first reproductive parameters and evidence of multiple paternity in one new spiny dogfish species, Squalus albicaudus (Squaliformes, Squalidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:1268-1272. [PMID: 32725818 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding elasmobranch reproductive biology is necessary for species conservation. Multiple paternity (MP) has been reported for elasmobranchs, and this study investigates the reproductive aspects and mating system (paternity genetic analyses) for Squalus albicaudus. Thirteen pregnant females were analysed concerning reproductive parameters, and the mating system was assessed for nine females and their litters. The study found a mean fecundity of 2.84 pups per litter without correlation between total female length and the number of embryos per litter. One litter showed evidence of MP, indicating the presence of polyandrous behaviour of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lamarca
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- IMAN - Instituto Museu Aquario Marinho do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson Vilasboa
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Sandoval-Castillo J. Conservation genetics of elasmobranchs of the Mexican Pacific Coast, trends and perspectives. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2019; 83:115-157. [PMID: 31606069 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most critical threats to biodiversity is the high extinction rate driven by human activities. Reducing extinction rates requires the implementation of conservation programmes based on robust scientific data. Elasmobranchs are important ecological components of the ocean, and several species sustain substantial economic activities. Unfortunately, elasmobranchs are one of the most threatened and understudied animal taxa. The Mexican Pacific Coast (MPC) is a region with high elasmobranch diversity and is the seat of major elasmobranch fisheries. But it is also a developing region with several conservation and management challenges which require national and international attention. Here, we review the conservation genetics literature of elasmobranchs from the MPC. We present a synthesis of the works using samples from the region and emphasize the main gaps and biases in these data. In addition, we discuss the benefits and challenges of generating genomic information to improve the management and conservation of an elasmobranch biodiversity hotspot in a developing country. We found 47 elasmobranch genetic articles that cover <30% of the elasmobranch diversity in the region. These studies mainly used mitochondrial DNA sequences to analyse the genetic structure of commercially important and abundant species of the order Carcharhiniformes. Some of these papers also assessed mating systems, demographic parameters, and taxonomic uncertainties, all of which are important topics for efficient management decisions. In terms of conservation genetics, elasmobranchs from the MPC remain understudied. However, high-throughput sequencing technologies have increased the power and accessibility of genomic tools, even in developing countries such as Mexico. The tools described here provide information relevant for biodiversity conservation. Therefore, we strongly suggest that investment in genomic research will assist implementation of efficient management strategies. In time, this will reduce the extinction risk of the unique elasmobranch biodiversity from the MPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo
- Molecular Ecology Lab, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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9
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Lyons K, Wynne-Edwards KE. Legacy polychlorinated biphenyl contamination impairs male embryonic development in an elasmobranch with matrotrophic histotrophy, the round stingray (Urobatis halleri). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2904-2911. [PMID: 30125983 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chemical exposure can result in overall reductions in reproductive success. Using the round stingray (Urobatis halleri) as an elasmobranch model with internal gestation, we measured female fecundity and embryo growth from postovulation to near parturition to test the hypothesis that environmental polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination would impair reproductive success. Two sites were sampled from southern California, USA: the mainland site was exposed to legacy PCB contamination (with low exposure to other anthropogenic contaminants), and the offshore reference site at Catalina Island was a separate population with low anthropogenic influence. Contaminant-exposed embryos weighed less at each stage of development than reference embryos, while accumulating proportionately more liver mass over development. Furthermore, environmental contamination negatively affected male embryos more than female embryos. The present study is the first study to demonstrate a negative effect of contaminant exposure on elasmobranch embryo growth, with probable fitness costs later in life. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2904-2911. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kady Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Boulton RA, Zuk M, Shuker DM. An Inconvenient Truth: The Unconsidered Benefits of Convenience Polyandry. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:904-915. [PMID: 30376988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyandry, or multiple mating by females with different males, is commonplace. One explanation is that females engage in convenience polyandry, mating multiple times to reduce the costs of sexual harassment. Although the logic underlying convenience polyandry is clear, and harassment often seems to influence mating outcomes, it has not been subjected to as thorough theoretical or empirical attention as other explanations for polyandry. We re-examine here convenience polyandry in the light of new studies demonstrating previously unconsidered benefits of polyandry. We suggest that true convenience polyandry is likely to be a fleeting phenomenon, even though it can profoundly shape mating-system evolution via potential feedback loops between resistance to males and the costs and benefits of mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boulton
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK; Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK.
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - David M Shuker
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
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Dzyuba V, Ninhaus-Silveira A, Kahanec M, Veríssimo-Silveira R, Rodina M, Holt WV, Dzyuba B. Sperm motility in ocellate river stingrays: evidence for post-testicular sperm maturation and capacitation in Chondrichthyes. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Dzyuba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice; Vodnany Czech Republic
| | - A. Ninhaus-Silveira
- Neotropical Ichthyology Laboratory - LINEO; Department of Biology and Zootechnics; Ilha Solteira School of Engineering; São Paulo State University; Ilha Solteira SP Brazil
| | - M. Kahanec
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice; Vodnany Czech Republic
| | - R. Veríssimo-Silveira
- Neotropical Ichthyology Laboratory - LINEO; Department of Biology and Zootechnics; Ilha Solteira School of Engineering; São Paulo State University; Ilha Solteira SP Brazil
| | - M. Rodina
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice; Vodnany Czech Republic
| | - W. V. Holt
- Department of Human Metabolism; Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - B. Dzyuba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice; Vodnany Czech Republic
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Lyons K, Chabot CL, Mull CG, Paterson Holder CN, Lowe CG. Who's My Daddy? Considerations for the influence of sexual selection on multiple paternity in elasmobranch mating systems. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5603-5612. [PMID: 28808540 PMCID: PMC5551082 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyandry resulting in multiply-sired litters has been documented in the majority of elasmobranch species examined to date. Although commonly observed, reasons for this mating system remain relatively obscure, especially in batoids. The round stingray (Urobatis halleri) is an abundant, well-studied elasmobranch distributed throughout the northeastern Pacific that we used to explore hypotheses regarding multiple paternity in elasmobranchs. Twenty mid- to late-term pregnant females were sampled off the coast of southern California and their litters analyzed for the occurrence of multiple paternity using five nuclear microsatellite loci. In addition, embryo sizes and their position within the female reproductive system (i.e., right or left uterus) were recorded and used to make inferences for patterns of ovulation. Multiple paternity was observed in 90% of litters and male reproductive success within litters was relatively even among sires. High variability in testes mass was observed suggesting that sperm competition is high in this species, although male reproductive success per litter appeared to be relatively even. Using embryo size as a proxy for fertilization, females were found to exhibit a variety of ovulation patterns that could function to limit a male's access to eggs and possibly promote high rates of multiple paternity. Our study highlights that elasmobranch mating systems may be more varied and complex than presumed and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kady Lyons
- California State University, Long BeachLong BeachCAUSA
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