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Sorel MH, Murdoch AR, Zabel RW, Kamphaus CM, Buhle ER, Scheuerell MD, Converse SJ. Effects of population density and environmental conditions on life-history prevalence in a migratory fish. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10087. [PMID: 37234292 PMCID: PMC10206029 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual variation in life-history traits can have important implications for the ability of populations to respond to environmental variability and change. In migratory animals, flexibility in the timing of life-history events, such as juvenile emigration from natal areas, can influence the effects of population density and environmental conditions on habitat use and population dynamics. We evaluated the functional relationships between population density and environmental covariates and the abundance of juveniles expressing different life-history pathways in a migratory fish, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), in the Wenatchee River basin in Washington State, USA. We found that the abundance of younger emigrants from natal streams was best described by an accelerating or near-linear function of spawners, whereas the abundance of older emigrants was best described by a decelerating function of spawners. This supports the hypothesis that emigration timing varies in response to density in natal areas, with younger-emigrating life-history pathways comprising a larger proportion of emigrants when densities of conspecifics are high. We also observed positive relationships between winter stream discharge and abundance of younger emigrants, supporting the hypothesis that habitat conditions can also influence the prevalence of different life-history pathways. Our results suggest that early emigration, and a resultant increase in the use of downstream rearing habitats, may increase at higher population densities and with greater winter precipitation. Winter precipitation is projected to increase in this system due to climate warming. Characterizing relationships between life-history prevalence and environmental conditions may improve our understanding of species habitat requirements and is a first step in understanding the dynamics of species with diverse life-history strategies. As environmental conditions change-due to climate change, management, or other factors-resultant life-history changes are likely to have important demographic implications that will be challenging to predict when life-history diversity is not accounted for in population models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Sorel
- Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Richard W. Zabel
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AssociationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Eric R. Buhle
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries ServiceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AssociationSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Mt. Hood EnvironmentalSandyOregonUSA
| | - Mark D. Scheuerell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sarah J. Converse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences & School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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2
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Penney HD, Keefe DG, Perry RC, Purchase CF. Evidence of hatch-time based growth compensation in the early life history of two salmonid fishes. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9636. [PMID: 36540076 PMCID: PMC9755820 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial body size can indicate quality within-species, with large size increasing the likelihood of survival. However, some populations or individuals may have body size disadvantages due to spatial/temporal differences in temperature, photoperiod, or food. Across-populations, animals often have locally adapted physiology to compensate for relatively poor environmental influences on development and growth, while within-population individual behavioral adjustments can increase food intake after periods of deprivation and provide opportunities to catch up (growth compensation). Previous work has shown that growth compensation should include within-population differences related to short growing seasons due to delayed hatch time. We tested the hypothesis that individual fish that hatch later grow faster than those that hatch earlier. The relative magnitude of such a response was compared with growth variation among populations. We sampled young of the year Arctic charr and brook trout from five rivers in northern Labrador. Daily increments from otoliths were used to back-calculate size to a common age and calculate growth rates. Supporting the hypothesis, older fish were not larger at capture than younger fish because animals that hatched later grew faster, which may indicate age-based growth compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. Penney
- Department of BiologyMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Donald G. Keefe
- Department of Fisheries, Forestry and AgricultureGovernment of Newfoundland and LabradorNewfoundland and LabradorCorner BrookCanada
| | - Robert C. Perry
- Department of Fisheries, Forestry and AgricultureGovernment of Newfoundland and LabradorNewfoundland and LabradorCorner BrookCanada,Department of EnvironmentGovernment of YukonWhitehorseYukonCanada
| | - Craig F. Purchase
- Department of BiologyMemorial UniversitySt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
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3
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Beck SV, Räsänen K, Kristjánsson BK, Skúlason S, Jónsson ZO, Tsinganis M, Leblanc CA. Variation in egg size and offspring phenotype among and within seven Arctic charr morphs. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9427. [PMID: 36267683 PMCID: PMC9577412 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects have the potential to alter early developmental processes of offspring and contribute to adaptive diversification. Egg size is a major contributor to offspring phenotype, which can influence developmental trajectories and potential resource use. However, to what extent intraspecific variation in egg size facilitates evolution of resource polymorphism is poorly understood. We studied multiple resource morphs of Icelandic Arctic charr, ranging from an anadromous morph-with a phenotype similar to the proposed ancestral phenotype-to sympatric morphs that vary in their degree of phenotypic divergence from the ancestral anadromous morph. We characterized variation in egg size and tested whether egg size influenced offspring phenotype at early life stages (i.e., timing of- and size at- hatching and first feeding [FF]). We predicted that egg size would differ among morphs and be less variable as morphs diverge away from the ancestral anadromous phenotype. We also predicted that egg size would correlate with offspring size and developmental timing. We found morphs had different egg size, developmental timing, and size at hatching and FF. Egg size increased as phenotypic proximity to the ancestral anadromous phenotype decreased, with larger eggs generally giving rise to larger offspring, especially at FF, but egg size had no effect on developmental rate. The interaction between egg size and the environment may have a profound impact on offspring fitness, where the resulting differences in early life-history traits may act to initiate and/or maintain resource morphs diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V. Beck
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland,Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland,Department of Biology and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | | | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland,Icelandic Museum of Natural HistoryReykjavíkIceland
| | - Zophonías O. Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Markos Tsinganis
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Camille A. Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland
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4
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Yamada H, Wada S. Morphological evolution reduces downstream displacement in juvenile landlocked salmon. Evolution 2021; 75:1850-1861. [PMID: 34080690 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe flooding often leads to downstream displacement of aquatic animals. Despite this, many salmonid populations persist in habitats located upstream of tall barriers, such as artificial check dams and/or natural waterfalls, that completely block fishes from returning to the upstream areas after flooding. The evolution of such populations may be affected by spatial sorting due to differential rates of downstream displacement. This study examined whether a morphological trait (increased body depth) that allows individuals to better maintain their position during flooding has evolved in juvenile amago salmon Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae inhabiting above-barrier habitats in two rivers. In both rivers, juveniles collected at the stations with multiple downstream barriers had deeper bodies than those collected at other stations. Similar differences were found in juveniles reared in a common-garden experiment. Field experiments with natural flooding also indicated that deep bodies help juveniles resist downstream displacement. These results consistently suggest that juveniles in some above-barrier habitats have evolved deep bodies to resist downstream displacement due to flooding. Our study is the first to show the evolutionary outcomes of passive spatial sorting during severe climate events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Laboratory of Marine Biology, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan
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5
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Rahman MM, Kundu S, Biswas P, Parvez MS, Rouf MA, Asaduzzaman S, Debnath S, Rahman MM, Asaduzzaman M. Influence of maternal weight, age, larval feeding and their interactions on the hatchery outcomes of an Indian major carp (Labeo rohita, Hamilton 1822). AQUACULTURE REPORTS 2021; 19:100633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
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6
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Sturrock AM, Carlson SM, Wikert JD, Heyne T, Nusslé S, Merz JE, Sturrock HJW, Johnson RC. Unnatural selection of salmon life histories in a modified riverscape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1235-1247. [PMID: 31789453 PMCID: PMC7277499 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Altered river flows and fragmented habitats often simplify riverine communities and favor non-native fishes, but their influence on life-history expression and survival is less clear. Here, we quantified the expression and ultimate success of diverse salmon emigration behaviors in an anthropogenically altered California river system. We analyzed two decades of Chinook salmon monitoring data to explore the influence of regulated flows on juvenile emigration phenology, abundance, and recruitment. We then followed seven cohorts into adulthood using otolith (ear stone) chemical archives to identify patterns in time- and size-selective mortality along the migratory corridor. Suppressed winter flow cues were associated with delayed emigration timing, particularly in warm, dry years, which was also when selection against late migrants was the most extreme. Lower, less variable flows were also associated with reduced juvenile and adult production, highlighting the importance of streamflow for cohort success in these southernmost populations. While most juveniles emigrated from the natal stream as fry or smolts, the survivors were dominated by the rare few that left at intermediate sizes and times, coinciding with managed flows released before extreme summer temperatures. The consistent selection against early (small) and late (large) migrants counters prevailing ecological theory that predicts different traits to be favored under varying environmental conditions. Yet, even with this weakened portfolio, maintaining a broad distribution in migration traits still increased adult production and reduced variance. In years exhibiting large fry pulses, even marginal increases in their survival would have significantly boosted recruitment. However, management actions favoring any single phenotype could have negative evolutionary and demographic consequences, potentially reducing adaptability and population stability. To recover fish populations and support viable fisheries in a warming and increasingly unpredictable climate, coordinating flow and habitat management within and among watersheds will be critical to balance trait optimization versus diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Sturrock
- Center for Watershed SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Stephanie M. Carlson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Tim Heyne
- California Department of Fish and WildlifeLa GrangeCAUSA
| | - Sébastien Nusslé
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Joseph E. Merz
- Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCAUSA
- Cramer Fish SciencesWest SacramentoCAUSA
| | - Hugh J. W. Sturrock
- Department of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Rachel C. Johnson
- Center for Watershed SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
- Fisheries Ecology DivisionSouthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceSanta CruzCAUSA
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7
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Leblanc CA, Horri K, Skúlason S, Benhaim D. Subtle temperature increase can interact with individual size and social context in shaping phenotypic traits of a coldwater fish. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213061. [PMID: 30917136 PMCID: PMC6436715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and individual egg size have been long studied in the development of fishes because of their direct effects on individual fitness. Here we studied the combined effects of three important factors for fish development, i.e. egg size, social environment and water temperature. Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a coldwater fish known to be phenotypically plastic, was used to investigate how these factors may affect growth and foraging behaviour of juvenile fish in a benign environment. We accounted for the social environment during early development by comparing fish raised in groups and in isolation. We examined the effect of egg size and a 2 °C difference on foraging behaviour, activity and growth a few weeks after first feeding. Growth trajectories of fish originating from large and small eggs were similar within each temperature: larger fish coming large eggs were at all time larger than smaller fish. There was no indication that small fish raised at a higher temperature grew faster than larger fish raised at a lower temperature. A 2 °C difference in temperature affected the behaviour of fish differently according to body size and/or social context. The foraging probability difference between fish raised in groups and fish briefly isolated was higher at 4.5 °C than at 6.5 °C for both size fish. Finally, there was no repeatability in foraging behaviour and mobility for isolated individuals. These results highlight the importance of small changes in temperature when evaluating growth and behaviour of fishes, and reveal the importance of considering the interaction of temperature with other factors, e.g. individual size and social environment, especially at early stages of development in fishes. We discuss these findings in the context of rapid changes in temperature and how temperature and its interaction with other factors may affect the phenotypes, ecology and evolution of coldwater fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, Saudárkrókur, Iceland
- * E-mail:
| | - K. Horri
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Centre Manche Mer du Nord, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, INERIS, URCA, ULH, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, Le Havre, France
| | - S. Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, Saudárkrókur, Iceland
| | - D. Benhaim
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, Saudárkrókur, Iceland
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8
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Beck SV, Räsänen K, Ahi EP, Kristjánsson BK, Skúlason S, Jónsson ZO, Leblanc CA. Gene expression in the phenotypically plastic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus): A focus on growth and ossification at early stages of development. Evol Dev 2018; 21:16-30. [PMID: 30474913 PMCID: PMC9285049 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression during development shapes the phenotypes of individuals. Although embryonic gene expression can have lasting effects on developmental trajectories, few studies consider the role of maternal effects, such as egg size, on gene expression. Using qPCR, we characterize relative expression of 14 growth and/or skeletal promoting genes across embryonic development in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). We test to what extent their relative expression is correlated with egg size and size at early life‐stages within the study population. We predict smaller individuals to have higher expression of growth and skeletal promoting genes, due to less maternal resources (i.e., yolk) and prioritization of energy toward ossification. We found expression levels to vary across developmental stages and only three genes (Mmp9, Star, and Sgk1) correlated with individual size at a given developmental stage. Contrary to our hypothesis, expression of Mmp9 and Star showed a non‐linear relationship with size (at post fertilization and hatching, respectively), whilst Sgk1 was higher in larger embryos at hatching. Interestingly, these genes are also associated with craniofacial divergence of Arctic charr morphs. Our results indicate that early life‐stage variation in gene expression, concomitant to maternal effects, can influence developmental plasticity and potentially the evolution of resource polymorphism in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V Beck
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, Háskólinn á Hólum, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland.,Institute of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ehsan P Ahi
- Institute of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, Graz, Austria
| | - Bjarni K Kristjánsson
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, Háskólinn á Hólum, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, Háskólinn á Hólum, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - Zophonías O Jónsson
- Institute of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Camille A Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, Háskólinn á Hólum, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
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9
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Self KE, Schreck CB, Cogliati KM, Billman EJ, Noakes DLG. Egg size and growth in steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 93:465-468. [PMID: 30051474 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of egg size on early development and growth of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were recorded for more than 200 days following hatching. Fish from smaller eggs hatched sooner and at a smaller size than fish from larger eggs, but fish from smaller eggs showed consistently higher growth rates than fish from larger eggs. Since many life-history attributes appear to be determined by size or growth rate at age during the first year, egg size could be a significant predictor of important changes in the life history of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Self
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Oregon Hatchery Research Center, Alsea, Oregon
| | - Carl B Schreck
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Karen M Cogliati
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Eric J Billman
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University Idaho, Rexburg, Idaho
| | - David L G Noakes
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Oregon Hatchery Research Center, Alsea, Oregon
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10
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Cogliati KM, Unrein JR, Stewart HA, Schreck CB, Noakes DLG. Egg size and emergence timing affect morphology and behavior in juvenile Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:778-789. [PMID: 29321913 PMCID: PMC5756839 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in early life history traits often leads to differentially expressed morphological and behavioral phenotypes. We investigated whether variation in egg size and emergence timing influence subsequent morphology associated with migration timing in juvenile spring Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Based on evidence for a positive relationship between growth rate and migration timing, we predicted that fish from small eggs and fish that emerged earlier would have similar morphology to fall migrants, while fish from large eggs and individuals that emerged later would be more similar to older spring yearling migrants. We sorted eyed embryos within females into two size categories: small and large. We collected early and late‐emerging juveniles from each egg size category. We used landmark‐based geometric morphometrics and found that egg size appears to drive morphological differences. Egg size shows evidence for an absolute rather than relative effect on body morphology. Fish from small eggs were morphologically more similar to fall migrants, while fish from large eggs were morphologically more similar to older spring yearling migrants. Previous research has shown that the body morphology of fish that prefer the surface or bottom location in a tank soon after emergence also correlates with the morphological variations between wild fall and spring migrants, respectively. We found that late‐emerging fish spent more time near the surface. Our study shows that subtle differences in early life history characteristics may correlate with a diversity of future phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Cogliati
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
| | - Julia R Unrein
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
| | - Heather A Stewart
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
| | - Carl B Schreck
- U.S. Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.) Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA
| | - David L G Noakes
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA.,Oregon Hatchery Research Center Alsea OR USA
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