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Fuchs B, Helander M, Saikkonen K, Dobrev PI, Vankova R, Blande JD, Salminen JP, Luntamo N, Muola A. Plant metabolic responses to soil herbicide residues differ under herbivory in two woodland strawberry genotypes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174198. [PMID: 38914330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) to control weeds has increased exponentially in recent decades, and their residues and degradation products have been found in soils across the globe. GBH residues in soil have been shown to affect plant physiology and specialised metabolite biosynthesis, which, in turn, may impact plant resistance to biotic stressors. In a greenhouse study, we investigated the interactive effects between soil GBH residues and herbivory on the performance, phytohormone concentrations, phenolic compound concentrations and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of two woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) genotypes, which were classified as herbivore resistant and herbivore susceptible. Plants were subjected to herbivory by strawberry leaf beetle (Galerucella tenella) larvae, and to GBH residues by growing in soil collected from a field site with GBH treatments twice a year over the past eight years. Soil GBH residues reduced the belowground biomass of the susceptible genotype and the aboveground biomass of both woodland strawberry genotypes. Herbivory increased the belowground biomass of the resistant genotype and the root-shoot ratio of both genotypes. At the metabolite level, herbivory induced the emission of several VOCs. Jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and auxin concentrations were induced by herbivory, in contrast to salicylic acid, which was only induced by herbivory in combination with soil GBH residues in the resistant genotype. The concentrations of phenolic compounds were higher in the resistant genotype compared to the susceptible genotype and were induced by soil GBH residues in the resistant genotype. Our results indicate that soil GBH residues can differentially affect plant performance, phytohormone concentrations and phenolic compound concentrations under herbivore attack, in a genotype-dependent manner. Soil GBH altered plant responses to herbivory, which may impact plant resistance traits and species interactions. With ongoing agrochemical pollution, we need to consider plant cultivars with better resistance to polluted soils while maintaining plant resilience under challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fuchs
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Niko Luntamo
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Muola
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Consumer pressure and supplemental pollination mediate shrub facilitation of a native annual desert plant. Oecologia 2023; 201:489-498. [PMID: 36607452 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Shrubs are important factors in the assembly of desert plant and animal communities. By providing shelter and resources to other plants and animals, shrubs can change plant-animal interactions including those with consumers and pollinators. Here, we test the hypothesis that shrubs facilitate the reproduction of other desert plants by influencing pollination and compensation for consumer pressure. We used the known benefactor Larrea tridentata as our focal shrub species and the flowering annual Malacothrix glabrata as a potential protege in the Mojave Desert. We tested the effects of facilitation (shrub microsite), consumer pressure (both artificial folivory and florivory), and pollination (ambient or supplemented) on flower and seed production of the annual M. glabrata. We found that floral production and seed mass were similar between microsites but that pollen was limited under shrubs in the absence of any other manipulation. Plants under shrubs produced more flowers and seeds than in the open when folivory and florivory treatments were applied. Malacothrix glabrata experienced a cost to association with L. tridentata in terms of pollen limitation but plants were better able to compensate for consumer pressure under shrubs through increased flower and seed production when damaged. Therefore, association with shrubs involves a reproductive trade-off between costs to pollination and benefits to compensation for consumer pressure.
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Fuchs B, Saikkonen K, Helander M, Tian Y, Yang B, Engström MT, Salminen JP, Muola A. Legacy of agrochemicals in the circular food economy: Glyphosate-based herbicides introduced via manure fertilizer affect the yield and biochemistry of perennial crop plants during the following year. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136366. [PMID: 36113650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional agricultural practices favoring the use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) increase the risk of GBH residues ending up in animal feed, feces, and, eventually, manure. The use of poultry manure as organic fertilizer in the circular food economy increases the unintentional introduction of GBH residues into horticultural and agricultural systems, with reportedly negative effects on the growth and reproduction of crop plants. To understand the potential lasting effects of exposure to GBH residues via organic manure fertilizers, we studied strawberry (Fragaria x vescana) plant performance, yield quantity, biochemistry, folivory, phytochemistry, and soil elemental composition the year after exposure to GBH. Although plants exposed to GBH residues via manure fertilizer were, on average, 23% smaller in the year of exposure, they were able to compensate for their growth during the following growing season. Interestingly, GBH residue exposure in the previous growing season led to a trend in altered plant size preferences of folivores during the following growing season. Furthermore, the plants that had been exposed to GBH residues in the previous growing season produced 20% heavier fruits with an altered composition of phenolic compounds compared to non-exposed plants. Our results indicate that GBHs introduced via manure fertilizer following circular economy practices in one year can have effects on perennial crop plants in the following year, although GBH residues in soil have largely vanished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fuchs
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Ye Tian
- Food Sciences, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Sciences, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Marica T Engström
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Muola
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland; Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Egan PA, Muola A, Parachnowitsch AL, Stenberg JA. Pollinators and herbivores interactively shape selection on strawberry defence and attraction. Evol Lett 2021; 5:636-643. [PMID: 34917402 PMCID: PMC8645195 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite interactions between plants, herbivores, and pollinators hold fitness consequences for most angiosperms. However, little is known on how plants evolve in response-and in particular what the net selective outcomes are for traits of shared relevance to pollinators and herbivores. In this study, we manipulated herbivory ("presence" and "absence" treatments) and pollination ("open" and "hand pollination" treatments) in a full factorial common-garden experiment with woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.). This design allowed us to quantify the relative importance and interactive effects of herbivore- and pollinator-mediated selection on nine traits related to plant defence and attraction. Our results showed that pollinators imposed stronger selection than herbivores on traits related to both direct and indirect (i.e., tritrophic) defence. However, conflicting selection was imposed on inflorescence density: a trait that appears to be shared by herbivores and pollinators as a host plant signal. However, in all cases, selection imposed by one agent depended largely on the presence or ecological effect of the other, suggesting that dynamic patterns of selection could be a common outcome of these interactions in natural populations. As a whole, our findings highlight the significance of plant-herbivore-pollinator interactions as potential drivers of evolutionary change, and reveal that pollinators likely play an underappreciated role as selective agents on direct and in direct plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Egan
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSE‐23053Sweden
| | - Anne Muola
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSE‐23053Sweden
- Biodiversity UnitUniversity of TurkuTurku20014Finland
| | - Amy L. Parachnowitsch
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonNBE3B 5A3Canada
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology CentreUppsala UniversityUppsalaSE‐75236Sweden
| | - Johan A. Stenberg
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSE‐23053Sweden
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Koski TM, de Jong S, Muola A, Amby DB, Andreasson E, Stenberg JA. 'Resistance Mixtures' Reduce Insect Herbivory in Strawberry ( Fragaria vesca) Plantations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:722795. [PMID: 34630469 PMCID: PMC8494967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.722795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The transition toward more sustainable plant protection with reduced pesticide use is difficult, because there is no "silver bullet" available among nonchemical tools. Integrating several plant protection approaches may thus be needed for efficient pest management. Recently, increasing the genetic diversity of plantations via cultivar mixing has been proposed as a possible method to reduce pest damage. However, previous studies have not addressed either the relative efficiency of exploiting cultivar mixing and intrinsic plant herbivore resistance or the potential utility of combining these approaches to increase cropping security. Here, using a full factorial experiment with 60 woodland strawberry plots, we tested for the relative and combined effect of cultivar mixing and intrinsic plant resistance on herbivore damage and yield. The experiment comprised two levels of diversity ("high" with 10 varieties and "low" with two varieties) and three levels of resistance ("resistant" comprising only varieties intrinsically resistant against strawberry leaf beetle Galerucella tenella; "susceptible" with susceptible varieties only; and "resistance mixtures" with 50:50 mixtures of resistant and susceptible varieties). The experiment was carried out over two growing seasons. Use of resistant varieties either alone or intermixed with susceptible varieties in "resistance mixtures" reduced insect herbivory. Interestingly, resistant varieties not only reduced the mean damage in "resistance mixtures" by themselves being less damaged, but also protected intermixed susceptible varieties via associational resistance. The effect of higher genetic diversity was less evident, reducing herbivory only at the highest level of herbivore damage. In general, herbivory was lowest in plots with high diversity that included at least some resistant varieties and highest in low diversity plots consisting only of susceptible varieties. Despite this, no significant difference in yield (fruit biomass) was found, indicating that strawberry may be relatively tolerant. Our results demonstrate that combined use of high genetic diversity and resistant varieties can help reduce pest damage and provide a useful tool for sustainable food production. "Resistance mixtures" may be particularly useful for sensitive food crops where susceptible varieties are high yielding that could not be completely replaced by resistant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli-Marjaana Koski
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Tuuli-Marjaana Koski,
| | - Sanne de Jong
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Anne Muola
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel B. Amby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Johan A. Stenberg
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Wang M, Muola A, Anderson P, Stenberg JA. Wild strawberry shows genetic variation in tolerance but not resistance to a generalist herbivore. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13022-13029. [PMID: 33304513 PMCID: PMC7713946 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants' defenses against herbivores usually include both resistance and tolerance mechanisms. Their deployment has predominantly been studied in either single-plant genotypes or multiple genotypes exposed to single herbivores. In natural situations, however, most plants are attacked by multiple herbivores. Therefore, aims of this study were to assess and compare the effects of single and multiple herbivores on plant resistance and tolerance traits, and the consequences for overall plant performance. For this, we exposed multiple genotypes of wild woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) to jasmonic acid (JA), to mimic chewing herbivory and induce the plants' defense responses, and then introduced the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis to feed on them. We found that woodland strawberry consistently showed resistance to S. littoralis herbivory, with no significant genetic variation between the genotypes. By contrast, the studied genotypes showed high variation in tolerance, suggesting evolutionary potential in this trait. Prior JA application did not alter these patterns, although it induced an even higher level of resistance in all tested genotypes. The study provides novel information that may be useful for breeders seeking to exploit tolerance and resistance mechanisms to improve strawberry crops' viability and yields, particularly when multiple herbivores pose significant threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Wang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Anne Muola
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- Biodiversity UnitUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Johan A. Stenberg
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
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Hart‐Fredeluces G, Ticktin T. Fire, leaf harvest, and abiotic factors drive demography of an ecologically and culturally important understory plant. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Hart‐Fredeluces
- Department of Botany University of Hawai'i at Mānoa St. John 101, 3190 Maile Way Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - T. Ticktin
- Department of Botany University of Hawai'i at Mānoa St. John 101, 3190 Maile Way Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
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