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Haram LE, Carlton JT, Centurioni L, Choong H, Cornwell B, Crowley M, Egger M, Hafner J, Hormann V, Lebreton L, Maximenko N, McCuller M, Murray C, Par J, Shcherbina A, Wright C, Ruiz GM. Extent and reproduction of coastal species on plastic debris in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:687-697. [PMID: 37069334 PMCID: PMC10172146 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-01997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
We show that the high seas are colonized by a diverse array of coastal species, which survive and reproduce in the open ocean, contributing strongly to its floating community composition. Analysis of rafting plastic debris in the eastern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre revealed 37 coastal invertebrate taxa, largely of Western Pacific origin, exceeding pelagic taxa richness by threefold. Coastal taxa, including diverse taxonomic groups and life history traits, occurred on 70.5% of debris items. Most coastal taxa possessed either direct development or asexual reproduction, possibly facilitating long-term persistence on rafts. Our results suggest that the historical lack of available substrate limited the colonization of the open ocean by coastal species, rather than physiological or ecological constraints as previously assumed. It appears that coastal species persist now in the open ocean as a substantial component of a neopelagic community sustained by the vast and expanding sea of plastic debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey E Haram
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA.
| | - James T Carlton
- Coastal & Ocean Studies Program, Williams College and Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic, CT, USA
| | - Luca Centurioni
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Henry Choong
- Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendan Cornwell
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthias Egger
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hafner
- International Pacific Research Center, School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Verena Hormann
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Nikolai Maximenko
- International Pacific Research Center, School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Megan McCuller
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Cathryn Murray
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jenny Par
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Andrey Shcherbina
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cynthia Wright
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory M Ruiz
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
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Mladineo I, Hrabar J, Trumbić Ž, Manousaki T, Tsakogiannis A, Taggart JB, Tsigenopoulos CS. Community Parameters and Genome-Wide RAD-Seq Loci of Ceratothoa oestroides Imply Its Transfer between Farmed European Sea Bass and Wild Farm-Aggregating Fish. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020100. [PMID: 33494355 PMCID: PMC7912605 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild fish assemblages that aggregate within commercial marine aquaculture sites for feeding and shelter have been considered as a primary source of pathogenic parasites vectored to farmed fish maintained in net pens at an elevated density. In order to evaluate whether Ceratothoa oestroides (Isopoda, Cymothoidae), a generalist and pestilent isopod that is frequently found in Adriatic and Greek stocks of farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), transfers between wild and farmed fish, a RAD-Seq (restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing)-mediated genetic screening approach was employed. The double-digest RAD-Seq of 310 C. oestroides specimens collected from farmed European sea bass (138) and different wild farm-aggregating fish (172) identified 313 robust SNPs that evidenced a close genetic relatedness between the “wild” and “farmed” genotypes. ddRAD-Seq proved to be an effective method for detecting the discrete genetic structuring of C. oestroides and genotype intermixing between two populations. The parasite prevalence in the farmed sea bass was 1.02%, with a mean intensity of 2.0 and mean abundance of 0.02, while in the wild fish, the prevalence was 8.1%; the mean intensity, 1.81; and the mean abundance, 0.15. Such differences are likely a consequence of human interventions during the farmed fish’s rearing cycle that, nevertheless, did not affect the transfer of C. oestroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Mladineo
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Aquaculture, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Aquaculture, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Željka Trumbić
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Tereza Manousaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (T.M.); (A.T.); (C.S.T.)
| | - Alexandros Tsakogiannis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (T.M.); (A.T.); (C.S.T.)
| | - John B. Taggart
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK;
| | - Costas S. Tsigenopoulos
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (T.M.); (A.T.); (C.S.T.)
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