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Jin L, Wu Q, Xie S, Chen W, Duan C, Sun C, Pan Y, Lauridsen TL. Phosphorus stoichiometric homeostasis of submerged macrophytes and associations with interspecific interactions and community stability in Erhai Lake, China. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121575. [PMID: 38636121 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
According to stoichiometric homeostasis theory, eutrophication is expected to increase the dominance of submerged macrophytes with low homeostatic regulation coefficients (H) relative to those with high H values, ultimately reducing macrophyte community stability. However, empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is limited. In this study, we conducted a three-year tracking survey (seven sampling events) at 81 locations across three regions of Erhai Lake. We assessed the H values of submerged macrophyte species, revealing significant H values for phosphorus (P) and strong associations of HP values (range: 1.58-2.94) with species and community stability. Moreover, in plots simultaneously containing the dominant high-HP species, Potamogeton maackianus, and its low-HP counterpart, Ceratophyllum demersum, we explored the relationships among eutrophication, interspecific interaction shifts, and community dynamics. As the environmental P concentration increased, the dominance of P. maackianus decreased, while that of C. demersum increased. This shift coincided with reductions in community HP and stability. Our study underpins the effectiveness of H values for forecasting interspecific interactions among submerged macrophytes, thereby clarifying how eutrophication contributes to the decline in stability of the submerged macrophyte community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Qihang Wu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Shijie Xie
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Changqun Duan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Changqing Sun
- Guizhou Agricultural Science and Technology Information Institute, Guiyang, 550006, China
| | - Ying Pan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China; International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
| | - Torben L Lauridsen
- Department of Ecoscience and WATEC, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 4-6, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Shan H, Chou Q, Lv C, Tian Y, Wang H, Shi L, Wen Z, Wang W, Zhang X, Li K, Ni L, Cao T. How do the growth forms of macrophytes affect the homogeneity of nearshore and open water areas? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168165. [PMID: 37918733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophytes with different growth forms exhibit diverse functional traits and ecological functions. In natural sub-deep lakes, there are often large differences in water quality between nearshore areas with macrophytes and open water areas. However, it remains unclear whether this phenomenon can be attributed to differences in plant growth forms. Therefore, we conducted continuous monitoring for four years, both before and after the implementation of an ecological restoration project, to explore whether the change in plant growth forms caused differences in water quality between the nearshore and open water areas. The results showed that implementing ecological restoration projects proved highly effective in improving the local environment, including water physicochemical properties and biological components, in the implementation area. First, the ecological restoration project greatly altered the plant community structure in the nearshore area before and after restoration. After restoration, there was a significant increase in the biomass and distribution area of noncanopy-forming plants (including erect and rosette-forming plants), while the opposite effect was observed for canopy-forming plants. Second, the transition of macrophyte community growth forms enhanced the stability of both macrophyte communities and water physicochemical parameters. Furthermore, the reduction in canopy-forming plants facilitated a more efficient water body exchange, resulting in greater homogeneity in water quality between the nearshore and open water areas. Overall, the presence of canopy-forming plants can hinder water body exchange due to large canopy formations on the water surface. In light of these findings, it is recommended that ecological restoration projects in natural lakes should consider the functional group composition of macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qingchuan Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China..
| | - Chaochao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zihao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China..
| | - Weijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China..
| | - Kuanyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Leyi Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China..
| | - Te Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China..
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Wu Q, Xie M, Jin L, Dong H, Yuan D, Yang T, Pan Y. Water exchange unevenness alters the species dominance and community composition of submerged macrophytes in Erhai Lake and the potential mechanisms revealed by laboratory experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163624. [PMID: 37087000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Water exchange unevenness (WEU) is defined as the coefficient of variation in water exchange intensity over time. Although its influence on aquatic plant characteristics has been recently investigated, there is limited understanding regarding the effects of this hydrodynamic change on submerged vegetation. This study investigated the impacts of WEU on the species dominance and community composition of submerged macrophytes in three bays with different WEU conditions in Erhai Lake, China. Subsequently, a laboratory experiment was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects. The field investigation showed that the dominance values of submerged macrophytes were influenced by WEU. As WEU decreased, the average dominance value decreased for Vallisneria natans (by 34.54 %), Myriophyllum spicatum (16.82 %), and Hydrilla verticillata (12.84 %); showed no significant change for Potamogeton lucens; and increased for Potamogeton maackianus (14.22 %) and Ceratophyllum demersum (17.52 %). The laboratory experiment showed that lower WEU markedly inhibited the growth of V. natans, slightly inhibited that of M. spicatum, and stimulated that of P. maackianus, consistent with the field observations. The inhibitory effect was attributed to a reduced concentration of carbon dioxide in the water; adaptive strategies, i.e., plant height, biomass allocation, and root traits, were more effective for M. spicatum than for V. natans. The stimulated growth of P. maackianus was attributed to increased dissolved oxygen concentration, which promoted root growth and nutrient uptake. Our results indicate that WEU has significant effects on the growth and community characteristics of submerged macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management, Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Mingli Xie
- Instititue of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-Boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management, Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hongjuan Dong
- Education Technology Consulting Services Co., Ltd of Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Duanyang Yuan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management, Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Tianmei Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management, Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Yunnan International Cooperative Center of Plateau Lake Ecological Restoration and Watershed Management, Yunnan Think Tank of Ecological Civilization, Kunming 650091, China; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Gao Y, Wang L, Hu X, Zhang Z, Liu B, Zhang X, Wang G. Rapid adaptive responses of rosette-type macrophyte Vallisneria natans juveniles to varying water depths: The role of leaf trait plasticity. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14268-14281. [PMID: 34707853 PMCID: PMC8525151 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosette-type submerged macrophytes are widely distributed across a range of water depths in shallow lakes and play a key role in maintaining ecosystem structures and functions. However, little is known about the rapid adaptive responses of such macrophytes to variations in water depth, especially at the juvenile stage. Here, we conducted a short-term in situ mesocosm experiment, in which the juveniles of Vallisneria natans were exposed to a water depth gradient ranging from 20 to 360 cm. Twenty-two leaf-related traits were examined after 4 weeks of growth in a shallow lake. Most (18) traits of V. natans generally showed high plasticity in relation to water depth. Specifically, juveniles allocated more biomass to leaves and had higher specific leaf area, leaf length-to-width ratio, chlorophyll content, and carotenoids content in deep waters, displaying trait syndrome associated with high resource acquisition. In contrast, V. natans juveniles in shallow waters had higher leaf dry matter content, leaf soluble carbohydrate content, carotenoids per unit chlorophyll, and peroxidase activity, pertaining to resource conservation. Notably, underwater light intensity was found to be the key factor explaining the trait plasticity along the water depth gradient, and 1.30 mol photons m-2 d-1 (at 270 cm) could be the optimal irradiance level based on the total biomass of V. natans juveniles. The present study highlights the significance of leaf trait plasticity for rosette-type macrophytes in response to variations in water depth and sheds new light on the differences between trade-offs in deep- and shallow-water areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Gao
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation School of Environment Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation School of Environment Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation School of Environment Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Zhuolun Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation School of Environment Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Baogui Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation School of Environment Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Xinhou Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation School of Environment Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation School of Environment Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
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Zhao Y, Zhang S, Shu X, Yang Y, Li Y, Chen J, Pan Y, Sun S. Effects of norfloxacin on decomposition and nutrient release in leaves of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116557. [PMID: 33529893 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that antibiotic residuals affect the composition and structure of microbial communities. However, the consequences of these biological changes in terms of ecosystem function remain poorly understood, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we investigated the impacts of norfloxacin (NOR, 0, 0.5, and 8 mg L-1), a widely used antibiotic, on the microbial community structure on leaf surfaces of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans, and the corresponding variations in litter decomposition, litter nutrient release, and water properties. Results showed that after 40 days of exposure, bacterial richness consistently decreased with increasing NOR concentration, and that richness of fungi was significantly lower in treatments adding NOR than in the control treatment. Moreover, NOR shifted the community toward NOR resistant phyla and genera, especially in the bacteria community. These community shifts resulted in the inhibition of litter decomposition and nutrient release from leaf litter to system water, accompanied by increases in dissolved oxygen concentration and pH of system water. Our results indicate that, by affecting microbial communities, NOR had significant effects on litter decomposition, litter nutrient release, and water properties, highlighting the potential harmful effects of NOR on aquatic ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Xiangdi Shu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Yuejiao Yang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - JinQuan Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ying Pan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Bai G, Zhang Y, Yan P, Yan W, Kong L, Wang L, Wang C, Liu Z, Liu B, Ma J, Zuo J, Li J, Bao J, Xia S, Zhou Q, Xu D, He F, Wu Z. Spatial and seasonal variation of water parameters, sediment properties, and submerged macrophytes after ecological restoration in a long-term (6 year) study in Hangzhou west lake in China: Submerged macrophyte distribution influenced by environmental variables. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116379. [PMID: 32911268 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submerged macrophyte restoration is the key stage in the reestablishment of an aquatic ecosystem. Previous studies have paid considerable attention to the effect of multiple environmental factors on submerged macrophytes. Meanwhile, few studies have been conducted regarding the spatial and seasonal characteristics of water and sediment properties and their long-term relationship with submerged macrophytes after the implementation of the submerged macrophytes restoration project. On a monthly basis, we monitored the spatial and seasonal variation in water parameters, sediment properties, and the submerged macrophyte characteristics of West Lake in Hangzhou from August 2013 to July 2019. From these measurements, we characterized the relationship between environmental factors and submerged macrophytes. Water nutrient concentrations continuously decreased with time, and the accumulation of sediment nutrients was accelerated as the submerged macrophyte communities developed on a long-term scale. The results indicated that the difference in water parameters was due to seasonal changes and land-use types in the watershed. The differences in the sediment properties were mainly attributed to seasonal changes and changes in the flow field. Redundancy analysis showed that the influence of water nutrients on the submerged macrophyte distribution was greater than that of sediment nutrients. The result also suggested that the developed root system, high stoichiometric homeostasis coefficients of P, and compensation ability of substantial leaf tissue may lead to a large distribution of Vallisneria natans in West Lake in Hangzhou. The correlation of water parameters and sediment properties with submerged macrophytes for a long time was very important as the restoration was achieved. To ensure the stability of the aquatic ecosystem after performing the submerged macrophyte restoration, a greater emphasis must be placed on reestablishing the entire ecosystem, including the restoration of aquatic animals and fish stocks. We expect these findings to serve as a reference for researchers and government agencies in the field of aquatic ecosystem restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Pan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenhao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lingwei Kong
- Environmental Research and Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Lai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zisen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Biyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jincheng Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jin Li
- Life Science School, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
| | - Jing Bao
- Hangzhou Administration of West Lake Water Areas (The Environmental Monitoring Station of Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area) Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Shibin Xia
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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