1
|
Hinckley A, Sanchez-Donoso I, Comas M, Camacho-Sanchez M, Hawkins MTR, Hasan NH, Leonard JA. Challenging ecogeographical rules: Phenotypic variation in the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) along tropical elevational gradients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268213. [PMID: 35714073 PMCID: PMC9205479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules were defined to describe macroecological patterns across latitudinal gradients. Bergmann observed a positive association between body size and latitude for endothermic species while Allen described shorter appendages as latitude increases. Almost two centuries later, there is still ongoing discussion about these patterns. Temperature, the common variable in these two rules, varies predictably across both latitude and elevation. Although these rules have been assessed extensively in mammals across latitude, particularly in regions with strong seasonality, studies on tropical montane mammals are scarce. We here test for these patterns and assess the variation of several other locomotory, diet-associated, body condition, and thermoregulatory traits across elevation in the Mountain Treeshrew (Tupaia montana) on tropical mountains in Borneo. Based on morphological measurements from both the field and scientific collections, we found a complex pattern: Bergmann’s rule was not supported in our tropical mountain system, since skull length, body size, and weight decreased from the lowest elevations (<1000 m) to middle elevations (2000–2500 m), and then increased from middle elevations to highest elevations. Allen’s rule was supported for relative tail length, which decreased with elevation, but not for ear and hindfoot length, with the former remaining constant and the latter increasing with elevation. This evidence together with changes in presumed diet-related traits (rostrum length, zygomatic breadth and upper tooth row length) along elevation suggest that selective pressures other than temperature, are playing a more important role shaping the morphological variation across the distribution of the Mountain Treeshrew. Diet, food acquisition, predation pressure, and/or intra- and inter-specific competition, are some of the potential factors driving the phenotypic variation of this study system. The lack of variation in body condition might suggest local adaptation of this species across its elevational range, perhaps due to generalist foraging strategies. Finally, a highly significant temporal effect was detected in several traits but not in others, representing the first phenotypic variation temporal trends described on treeshrews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlo Hinckley
- Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH); (JAL)
| | - Ines Sanchez-Donoso
- Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Mar Comas
- Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Miguel Camacho-Sanchez
- Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA), Alcalá del Río, Seville, Spain
| | - Melissa T. R. Hawkins
- Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Noor Haliza Hasan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer A. Leonard
- Conservation & Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail: (AH); (JAL)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Andriamihaja CF, Ramarosandratana AV, Grisoni M, Jeannoda VH, Besse P. Drivers of population divergence and species differentiation in a recent group of indigenous orchids ( Vanilla spp.) in Madagascar. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2681-2700. [PMID: 33767829 PMCID: PMC7981232 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With over 25,000 species, orchids are among families with remarkable high rate of diversification. Since Darwin's time, major advances attributed the exceptional diversity of orchids to plant-pollinator interactions. However, unraveling the processes and factors that determine the phenotypic and genotypic variation of natural orchid populations remains a challenge. Here, we assessed genetic population structure and floral differentiation in recently diverged leafless Vanilla species in a world biodiversity hotspot, Madagascar, using seven microsatellite loci and 26 morphometric variables. Additionally, analyses were performed to test for the occurrence of any patterns of isolation by distance, isolation by environment, and isolation by adaptation and to detect possible physical barriers that might have caused genetic discontinuities between populations. Positive inbreeding coefficients detected in 22 populations were probably due to the presence of null alleles, geitonogamy and/or some admixture (sympatric species). In contrast, the only high-altitude population showed an important rate of clonality leading to heterozygote excess. Genetic diversity was maximum in western populations, suggesting a postglacial colonization to the north and south. Clustering analyses identified seven genetic groups characterized by specific floral traits that matched five botanical descriptions in the literature. A contribution of montane refugia and river barriers on population differentiation was detected. We also detected combined effects of IBD/IBE and IBE/IBA on genetic differentiation and suggested this pattern is more likely determined by ecological isolation, although pollinator-mediated divergent selection could not be ruled out for some of the species. Overall, this study provides further insights on speciation in orchids, a group for which Madagascar shows one of the world's highest level of endemism and confirms the importance of the peculiar biogeography of the island in shaping species differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathucia F. Andriamihaja
- Université de la RéunionUMR PVBMTSt PierreFrance
- Department of Plant Biology and EcologyUniversity of AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen Z, Feijó A, Cheng J, Du Y, Ge D, Xia L, Yang Q. Explaining mammalian abundance and elevational range size with body mass and niche characteristics. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent work on tropical montane small mammals and birds has shown that abundance–elevational range size relationships (i.e., the relationship between abundance of a species and its elevational range size) can be manifested in a number of distinct generalized patterns. To understand why different patterns occur, one first must understand the causal mechanisms behind patterns of interspecific variation in species abundance and elevational range size. Using small mammal data along five elevational gradients in Southwest China, we assessed the relative importance of body mass, niche position (i.e., how typical the environmental conditions in which a species occurs are of the full set of conditions under consideration) and niche breadth in explaining the interspecific variation in mean abundance of species of small mammals, and elevational range size. Niche position and niche breadth were calculated using outlying mean index analysis based on 24 environmental variables. The relative importance of body mass, niche position, and niche breadth, in explaining the mean abundance and elevational range size of species were examined using phylogenetic regression and phylogenetic path analyses. Along each of five elevational gradients, body mass maintained a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) relationship both with mean abundance and elevational range size when the effects of phylogeny were taken into account. Niche position had a negative effect on mean abundance and elevational range size (species with a niche position close to edge environmental conditions were rarer and had smaller elevational range sizes) across five gradients (significant negative effect: three gradients for mean abundance; five gradients for elevational range size). Conversely, a positive effect of niche breadth on mean abundance and elevational range size was observed consistently, yet the effect was significant only for some gradients (mean abundance: two gradients; elevational range size: four gradients). Our study suggests that niche position and niche breadth both are good predictors of abundance and elevational range size of montane small mammals; niche position and niche breadth therefore play a strong role in the formation of abundance–elevational range size relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Anderson Feijó
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jilong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanbao Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Qisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chien WM, Chang CT, Chiang YC, Hwang SY. Ecological Factors Generally Not Altitude Related Played Main Roles in Driving Potential Adaptive Evolution at Elevational Range Margin Populations of Taiwan Incense Cedar ( Calocedrus formosana). Front Genet 2020; 11:580630. [PMID: 33262787 PMCID: PMC7686793 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.580630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Population diversification can be shaped by a combination of environmental factors as well as geographic isolation interacting with gene flow. We surveyed genetic variation of 243 samples from 12 populations of Calocedrus formosana using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and scored a total of 437 AFLP fragments using 11 selective amplification primer pairs. The AFLP variation was used to assess the role of gene flow on the pattern of genetic diversity and to test environments in driving population adaptive evolution. This study found the relatively lower level of genetic diversity and the higher level of population differentiation in C. formosana compared with those estimated in previous studies of conifers including Cunninghamia konishii, Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana, and Taiwania cryptomerioides occurring in Taiwan. BAYESCAN detected 26 FST outlier loci that were found to be associated strongly with various environmental variables using multiple univariate logistic regression, latent factor mixed model, and Bayesian logistic regression. We found several environmentally dependent adaptive loci with high frequencies in low- or high-elevation populations, suggesting their involvement in local adaptation. Ecological factors, including relative humidity and sunshine hours, that are generally not altitude related could have been the most important selective drivers for population divergent evolution in C. formosana. The present study provides fundamental information in relation to adaptive evolution and can be useful for assisted migration program of C. formosana in the future conservation of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chien
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Chang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Hwang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parker LD, Hawkins MTR, Camacho-Sanchez M, Campana MG, West-Roberts JA, Wilbert TR, Lim HC, Rockwood LL, Leonard JA, Maldonado JE. Little genetic structure in a Bornean endemic small mammal across a steep ecological gradient. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4074-4090. [PMID: 32911576 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Janzen's influential "mountain passes are higher in the tropics" hypothesis predicts restricted gene flow and genetic isolation among populations spanning elevational gradients in the tropics. Few studies have tested this prediction, and studies that focus on population genetic structure in Southeast Asia are particularly underrepresented in the literature. Here, we test the hypothesis that mountain treeshrews (Tupaia montana) exhibit limited dispersal across their broad elevational range which spans ~2,300 m on two peaks in Kinabalu National Park (KNP) in Borneo: Mt Tambuyukon (MT) and Mt Kinabalu (MK). We sampled 83 individuals across elevations on both peaks and performed population genomics analyses on mitogenomes and single nucleotide polymorphisms from 4,106 ultraconserved element loci. We detected weak genetic structure and infer gene flow both across elevations and between peaks. We found higher genetic differentiation on MT than MK despite its lower elevation and associated environmental variation. This implies that, contrary to our hypothesis, genetic structure in this system is not primarily shaped by elevation. We propose that this pattern may instead be the result of historical processes and limited upslope gene flow on MT. Importantly, our results serve as a foundational estimate of genetic diversity and population structure from which to track potential future effects of climate change on mountain treeshrews in KNP, an important conservation stronghold for the mountain treeshrew and other montane species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian D Parker
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Melissa T R Hawkins
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Miguel Camacho-Sanchez
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Michael G Campana
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jacob A West-Roberts
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tammy R Wilbert
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haw Chuan Lim
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Larry L Rockwood
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Leonard
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús E Maldonado
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feijó A, Ge D, Wen Z, Xia L, Yang Q. Divergent adaptations in resource‐use traits explain how pikas thrive on the roof of the world. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Feijó
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhixin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phenotypic variability and environmental tolerance shed light on nine-banded armadillo Nearctic invasion. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|