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Moore JH, Gibson L, Amir Z, Chanthorn W, Ahmad AH, Jansen PA, Mendes CP, Onuma M, Peres CA, Luskin MS. The rise of hyperabundant native generalists threatens both humans and nature. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1829-1844. [PMID: 37311559 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In many disturbed terrestrial landscapes, a subset of native generalist vertebrates thrives. The population trends of these disturbance-tolerant species may be driven by multiple factors, including habitat preferences, foraging opportunities (including crop raiding or human refuse), lower mortality when their predators are persecuted (the 'human shield' effect) and reduced competition due to declines of disturbance-sensitive species. A pronounced elevation in the abundance of disturbance-tolerant wildlife can drive numerous cascading impacts on food webs, biodiversity, vegetation structure and people in coupled human-natural systems. There is also concern for increased risk of zoonotic disease transfer to humans and domestic animals from wildlife species with high pathogen loads as their abundance and proximity to humans increases. Here we use field data from 58 landscapes to document a supra-regional phenomenon of the hyperabundance and community dominance of Southeast Asian wild pigs and macaques. These two groups were chosen as prime candidates capable of reaching hyperabundance as they are edge adapted, with gregarious social structure, omnivorous diets, rapid reproduction and high tolerance to human proximity. Compared to intact interior forests, population densities in degraded forests were 148% and 87% higher for wild boar and macaques, respectively. In landscapes with >60% oil palm coverage, wild boar and pig-tailed macaque estimated abundances were 337% and 447% higher than landscapes with <1% oil palm coverage, respectively, suggesting marked demographic benefits accrued by crop raiding on calorie-rich food subsidies. There was extreme community dominance in forest landscapes with >20% oil palm cover where two pig and two macaque species accounted for >80% of independent camera trap detections, leaving <20% for the other 85 mammal species >1 kg considered. Establishing the population trends of pigs and macaques is imperative since they are linked to cascading impacts on the fauna and flora of local forest ecosystems, disease and human health, and economics (i.e., crop losses). The severity of potential negative cascading effects may motivate control efforts to achieve ecosystem integrity, human health and conservation objectives. Our review concludes that the rise of native generalists can be mediated by specific types of degradation, which influences the ecology and conservation of natural areas, creating both positive and detrimental impacts on intact ecosystems and human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Moore
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Luke Gibson
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zachary Amir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Wirong Chanthorn
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Jatujak District, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Abdul Hamid Ahmad
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708 PB, Netherlands
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Calebe P Mendes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Manabu Onuma
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onagava, Tsukuba-City, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Instituto Juruá, R. Ajuricaba, 359 - Aleixo, Manaus, 69083-020, Brazil
| | - Matthew Scott Luskin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Wang G, Gao J, Ma Z, Liu Y, Wang M, Xing D, Li C, Guo X, Zhao T, Jiang Y, Dong Y, Zhang H, Zhao T. Population genetic characteristics of Aedes aegypti in 2019 and 2020 under the distinct circumstances of dengue outbreak and the COVID-19 pandemic in Yunnan Province, China. Front Genet 2023; 14:1107893. [PMID: 36968606 PMCID: PMC10033842 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Since Aedes aegypti invaded Yunnan Province in 2002, its total population has continued to expand. Shi et al. used microsatellite and mitochondrial molecular markers to study the Ae. aegypti populations in Yunnan Province in 2015 and 2016, found that it showed high genetic diversity and genetic structure. However, there are few studies on the population genetic characteristics of Ae. aegypti in Yunnan Province under different levels of human intervention. This study mainly used two common types of molecular markers to analyze the genetic characteristics of Ae. aegypti, revealing the influence of different input, prevention and control pressures on the genetic diversity and structure of this species. Understanding the genetic characteristics of Ae. aegypti populations and clarifying the diversity, spread status, and source of invasion are essential for the prevention, control and elimination of this disease vector.Methods: We analyzed the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 22 populations sampled in Yunnan Province in 2019 and 17 populations sampled in 2020 through nine microsatellite loci and COI and ND4 fragments of mitochondrial DNA. In 2019, a total of 22 natural populations were obtained, each containing 30 samples, a total of 660 samples. In 2020, a total of 17 natural populations were obtained. Similarly, each population had 30 samples, and a total of 510 samples were obtained.Results: Analysis of Ae. aegypti populations in 2019 and 2020 based on microsatellite markers revealed 67 and 72 alleles, respectively. The average allelic richness of the populations in 2019 was 3.659, while that in 2020 was 3.965. The HWE analysis of the 22 populations sampled in 2019 revealed significant departure only in the QSH-2 population. The 17 populations sampled in 2020 were all in HWE. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) values were 0.546 and 0.545, respectively, showing high polymorphism. The average observed heterozygosity of the 2019 and 2020 populations was 0.538 and 0.514, respectively, and the expected average heterozygosity was 0.517 and 0.519, showing high genetic diversity in all mosquito populations. By analyzing the COI and ND4 fragments in the mitochondrial DNA of Ae. aegypti, the populations sampled in 2019 had a total of 10 COI haplotypes and 17 ND4 haplotypes. A total of 20 COI haplotypes were found in the populations sampled in 2020, and a total of 24 ND4 haplotypes were obtained. STRUCTURE, UPGMA and DAPC cluster analyses and a network diagram constructed based on COI and ND4 fragments showed that the populations of Ae. aegypti in Yunnan Province sampled in 2019 and 2020 could be divided into two clusters. At the beginning of 2020, due to the impact of COVID-19, the flow of goods between the port areas of Yunnan Province and neighboring countries was reduced, and the sterilization was more effective when goods enter the customs, leading to different immigration pressures on Ae. aegypti population in Yunnan Province between 2019 and 2020, the source populations of the 2019 and 2020 populations changed. Mantel test is generally used to detect the correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance, the analysis indicated that population geographic distance and genetic distance had a moderately significant correlation in 2019 and 2020 (2019: p < 0.05 R2 = 0.4807, 2020: p < 0.05 R2 = 0.4233).Conclusion:Ae. aegypti in Yunnan Province maintains a high degree of genetic diversity. Human interference is one reason for the changes in the genetic characteristics of this disease vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tongyan Zhao
- *Correspondence: Hengduan Zhang, ; Tongyan Zhao,
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Baruzzi C, Snow NP, Vercauteren KC, Strickland BK, Arnoult JS, Fischer JW, Glow MP, Lavelle MJ, Smith BA, Steakley D, Lashley MA. Estimating body mass of wild pigs ( Sus scrofa) using body morphometrics. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9853. [PMID: 36911312 PMCID: PMC9994471 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are invading many areas globally and impacting biodiversity and economies in their non-native range. Thus, wild pigs are often targeted for eradication efforts. Age- and sex-specific body measurements are important for informing these eradication efforts because they reflect body condition, resource availability, and fecundity, which are common indicators of population trajectory. However, body mass is often difficult to collect, especially on large individuals that require specialized equipment or multiple people to weigh. Measurements that can be rapidly taken by a single land or wildlife manager on any size wild pig without aid from specialized equipment would be beneficial if they accurately infer wild pig body mass. Our goals were to assess whether morphometric measurements could accurately predict wild pig body mass, and to provide tools to directly input these measures and estimate wild pig body mass. Using linear models, we quantified the relationship between body mass and morphometric measurements (i.e., body length, chest girth, ear length, eye to snout length, hindfoot length, shoulder length, and tail length) from a subset (n = 102) of wild pigs culled at the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Mississippi, USA. We evaluated separate models for each individual morphometric measurement. We then used the model coefficients to develop equations to predict wild pig body mass. We validated these equations predicting body mass of 1592 individuals collected across eight areas in Australia, Guam, and the USA for cross-validation. Each developed equation remained accurate when cross-validated across regions. Body length, chest girth, and shoulder length were the morphometrics that best predicted wild pig body mass. Our analyses indicated it is possible to use the presented equations to infer wild pig body mass from simple metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Baruzzi
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, North Florida Research and Education Center University of Florida Quincy Florida USA.,Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA
| | - Nathan P Snow
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | - Bronson K Strickland
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA
| | - Jacques S Arnoult
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA
| | - Justin W Fischer
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Michael P Glow
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Michael J Lavelle
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Benjamin A Smith
- National Wildlife Research Center USDA/APHIS Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Daryl Steakley
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi USA
| | - Marcus A Lashley
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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Biological invasions disrupt activity patterns of native wildlife: An example from wild pigs. FOOD WEBS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lamperty T, Chiok WX, Khoo MDY, Amir Z, Baker N, Chua MAH, Chung YF, Chua YK, Koh JJ, Lee BPY, Lum SKY, Mendes CP, Ngiam J, ODempsey A, Png KGC, Sophie AR, Tan L, Teo R, Thomas N, Tianjiao L, Tze‐Ming BL, Loo AHB, Wardle DA, Luskin MS. Rewilding in Southeast Asia: Singapore as a case study. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Lamperty
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington, DC USA
| | - Wen Xuan Chiok
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Max D. Y. Khoo
- National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore
| | - Zachary Amir
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | | | - Marcus A. H. Chua
- Department of Biological Science National University of Singapore Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Fei Chung
- National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic Singapore
| | - Yen Kheng Chua
- National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore
| | - Joshua J.‐M. Koh
- Department of Biological Science National University of Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Shawn K. Y. Lum
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Calebe P. Mendes
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- Natural Sciences & Science Education National Institute of Education Singapore
| | - Jonathan Ngiam
- National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore
| | | | - Kenny G. C. Png
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Adia R. Sophie
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Lorraine Tan
- National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore
| | - Robert Teo
- National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore
| | - Noel Thomas
- National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore
| | - Li Tianjiao
- National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore
| | | | | | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Matthew Scott Luskin
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- Forest Global Earth Observatory—Center for Tropical Forest Science Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Seattle Washington, DC USA
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
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Figueroa CE, Acosta DB, Mac Allister ME, Merele M, Fernández GP, Carpinetti BN, Winter M, Abate S, Barandiaran S, Merino ML. Patterns of genetic variation on wild pig ( Sus scrofa) populations over a complete range of the species in Argentina. MAMMALIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2021-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In Argentina, wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are represented by wild boars and feral pigs. These populations inhabit a wide territory due to natural dispersion and human translocation. Previous studies in other countries have detected crossbreeding between the different morphotypes, even with domestic pigs. This crossing can lead to introgression of improved traits in the wild population, which would increase the invasive potential and, therefore, the damage to native ecosystems. The aim of this work was to obtain the patterns of genetic variability throughout its current distribution in Argentina, in order to elucidate genetic relationships between wild boar and feral pig populations through the molecular marker control region. For this purpose, studies of genetic variability and population structure were carried out using 377 sequences from Argentinian wild pigs. The high values of haplotype and nucleotide diversity (Hd = 0.866 and π = 0.00959) obtained, and the cluster analyses (SAMOVA and BAPS) could indicate mixing between wild pigs and/or with domestic pigs. The star-like shapes observed in the haplotype network and neutral tests (Fu’s Fs and Tajima’s D) are consistent with a recent population expansion, supporting previous reports that indicate crossbreeding increases invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ezequiel Figueroa
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA-CICPBA)/Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencias del Noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), UNNOBA-UNSAdA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Pergamino , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Diana Belén Acosta
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA-CICPBA)/Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencias del Noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), UNNOBA-UNSAdA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Pergamino , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Matias Exequiel Mac Allister
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA-CICPBA)/Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencias del Noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), UNNOBA-UNSAdA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Pergamino , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Matías Merele
- Universidad Nacional de La Rioja , La Rioja , Argentina
| | - Gabriela Paula Fernández
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA-CICPBA)/Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencias del Noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), UNNOBA-UNSAdA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Pergamino , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Bruno Nicolás Carpinetti
- Gestión Ambiental/Ecología, Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Administración, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche , Florencio Varela , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Marina Winter
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro-Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Rio Negro (CONICET-UNRN) , Viedma , Río Negro , Argentina
| | - Sergio Abate
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro-Sede Atlántica, Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Rio Negro (CONICET-UNRN) , Viedma , Río Negro , Argentina
| | - Soledad Barandiaran
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mariano Lisandro Merino
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA-CICPBA)/Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencias del Noroeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA-CONICET), UNNOBA-UNSAdA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Pergamino , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA) , La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Mangan AM, Piaggio AJ, Bodenchuk MJ, Pierce CF, Smyser TJ. Rooting Out Genetic Structure of Invasive Wild Pigs in Texas. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Mangan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Antoinette J. Piaggio
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Michael J. Bodenchuk
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services P.O. Box 690170 San Antonio TX 78269 USA
| | - Courtney F. Pierce
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
| | - Timothy J. Smyser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center 4101 LaPorte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521 USA
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