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Breitbart ST, Agrawal AA, Wagner HH, Johnson MTJ. Urbanization and a green corridor do not impact genetic divergence in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.). Sci Rep 2023; 13:20437. [PMID: 37993590 PMCID: PMC10665382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is altering landscapes globally at an unprecedented rate. While ecological differences between urban and rural environments often promote phenotypic divergence among populations, it is unclear to what degree these trait differences arise from genetic divergence as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, little is known about how specific landscape elements, such as green corridors, impact genetic divergence in urban environments. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) urbanization, and (2) proximity to an urban green corridor influence genetic divergence in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) populations for phenotypic traits. Using seeds from 52 populations along three urban-to-rural subtransects in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, one of which followed a green corridor, we grew ~ 1000 plants in a common garden setup and measured > 20 ecologically-important traits associated with plant defense/damage, reproduction, and growth over four years. We found significant heritable variation for nine traits within common milkweed populations and weak phenotypic divergence among populations. However, neither urbanization nor an urban green corridor influenced genetic divergence in individual traits or multivariate phenotype. These findings contrast with the expanding literature demonstrating that urbanization promotes rapid evolutionary change and offer preliminary insights into the eco-evolutionary role of green corridors in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie T Breitbart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E145 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 2126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Helene H Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Tuwo M, Kuswinanti T, Nasruddin A, Tambaru E. Diverse Morphology and Anatomy of <i>Citrus</i> Spp. (Orange) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia Plantations: A Comprehensive Study. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:321-333. [PMID: 37902046 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.321.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> South Sulawesi, one of the Indonesian provinces, is a producer of oranges with various varieties grown extensively for export and domestic use. Information about the diversity of oranges is crucial for plant breeding and germplasm conservation. This study aims to analyze the diversity of oranges from several plantation centers in South Sulawesi based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Orange leaf samples were collected from five plantation locations in South Sulawesi, namely Pangkep, Sidrap, Bantaeng, North Luwu and Selayar Regencies. The morphological characteristics were identified using descriptors from the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and Tjitrosoepomo. The anatomical characteristics were identified by preparing stomata slides observed under a microscope at a magnification of 200-400x. Similarity analysis between orange varieties was conducted using the NTSYS software and presented in the form of a dendrogram. <b>Results:</b> The results of the diversity analysis of 13 orange varieties showed morphological variability in tree form and leaf shape, while anatomical characteristics showed variability in stomata size and stomata index. The similarity analysis showed that morphological characteristics formed clusters consisting of seeded selayar (SB), kaffir lime (NN), JC-selayar (JS), selayar-selayar (SS), batu (B), japansche citroen (JC) and dekopon (D) varieties, which had a 75% similarity with siam (SI) and sweet santang (SM) varieties. Meanwhile, the anatomical cluster analysis showed that the JC and SM orange varieties had a 79% similarity with the D variety. <b>Conclusion:</b> The dendrogram diagram can serve as a basis for determining desired plant traits in plant breeding activities.
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Durodola B, Blumenstein K, Terhonen E. Genetic variation of Picea abies in response to the artificial inoculation of Heterobasidion parviporum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH 2023; 142:443-453. [PMID: 36721489 PMCID: PMC9880357 DOI: 10.1007/s10342-023-01534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Norway spruce Picea abies is one of Europe's most economically important tree species. However, it is highly susceptible to the root rot fungus Heterobasidion parviporum. Climate change will benefit the pathogen as the tree host is weakened by, e.g., extended drought. Breeding can improve forest health, and several root rot genetic markers are suggested to improve the resistance of Norway spruce. This study aimed to compare the resistance (here defined as necrosis length) of Norway spruce families and genotypes against two strains of H. parviporum under different water availabilities. Our results show that the family and the genotype within the family have an impact on the necrosis length that is related to the aggressiveness of the fungal strains. Under low water conditions, the necrosis increased only in horizontal directions in phloem and sapwood. Similarly, the growth (seedling height) was not disturbed by abiotic stress (less water), indicating that the stress level (drought) was too low in this setting. The knowledge gained in this study could improve forest health in the changing climate by understanding the response of Norway spruce to pathogenic attacks under additional stress at the family level. This knowledge could be strategically used in forest breeding to improve the resistance of Norway spruce trees against root rot. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10342-023-01534-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Durodola
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Forest Pathology Research Group, Büsgen-Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Blumenstein
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Forest Pathology Research Group, Büsgen-Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Chair of Pathology of Trees, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Institute of Forestry, University of Freiburg, Bertoldstr. 17, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eeva Terhonen
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Forest Pathology Research Group, Büsgen-Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 7, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Zhao W, Dang H, Zhang T, Dong J, Chen H, Xiang W. Nutrient variation induced by rodent disturbance in Haloxylon ammodendron as a target transfer strategy. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17260-17272. [PMID: 34938506 PMCID: PMC8668756 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients form a link between herbivores and plant. This study explored the physiological and ecological response mechanism of Haloxylon ammodendron population to rodent disturbance in Gurbantunggut Desert from the perspective of nutrient cycle. Through field investigation, we quantified rodent disturbance intensity (DI) to H. ammodendron and analyzed the ecological response mechanism of H. ammodendron population to rodent disturbance from the perspective of plant and soil nutrient cycling and changes. The results indicated that moderate rodent DI (number of effective burrows = 3-6) was the maximum limit that can be tolerated by H. ammodendron; the threshold for optimal H. ammodendron response to rodent disturbance was mild (number of burrows = 1-3). Meanwhile, the rodent disturbance caused significant nutrient enrichment (e.g., organic carbon, available phosphorus, and available potassium) in the deeper soil (at 20-40 and 40-60 cm depth) and significantly reduced the soil total salt content (p < .05). Furthermore, as the DI increased, the branches of H. ammodendron showed significantly increased soluble total sugar, crude fiber, and total nitrogen contents (p < .05) but significantly decreased crude fat and crude protein contents (p < .05); these results are related to the nutritional target transfer strategy evolved by H. ammodendron for long-term resistance to rodent disturbance. The current study clarified the optimal disturbance model for mutually beneficial H. ammodendron-great gerbil relationship, on the basis of which the ecological response mechanism of H. ammodendron population to rodent disturbance in deserts was illustrated. The current study provides a scientific basis for the protection mechanisms of desert plants to rodent disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Zhao
- College of Life SciencesShihezi UniversityShihezi CityChina
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain‐basin System EcologyShihezi CityChina
| | - Hanli Dang
- College of Life SciencesShihezi UniversityShihezi CityChina
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco‐agricultureCollege of AgricultureShihezi UniversityShihezi CityChina
| | - Jianrui Dong
- College of Life SciencesShihezi UniversityShihezi CityChina
| | - Hongwei Chen
- College of Life SciencesShihezi UniversityShihezi CityChina
| | - Wenjie Xiang
- College of Life SciencesShihezi UniversityShihezi CityChina
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