1
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Scro AK, Bojko J, Behringer DC. Symbiotic survey of the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) from the Gulf coast of Florida, USA. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108019. [PMID: 37956857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The bay scallop Argopecten irradians supported a commercial fishery in Florida but their population declined and the fishery closed in 1994. A recreational fishery remains open along the west coast of Florida despite continued threats from overfishing and a changing environment. Disease is among those threats, as it is for bivalve fisheries globally. We examined the relationship between bay scallop population density, its symbiotic microbiome, and geographic location. We focused on three sites within the range of Florida's recreational scallop fishery: St. Joseph Bay (northern extent), offshore of the Steinhatchee River (central), and offshore of Hernando County (southern extent). The study was conducted prior to the seasonal opening of the fishery to minimize the impact of fishing on our results. We also sampled caged scallops that are used for restocking in St. Joseph Bay to assess the effect of artificially high density and confinement on the scallop pathobiome. Using a combination of traditional histological methods, molecular diagnostics, and metagenomics, a suite of 15 symbionts were identified. Among them, RNA-seq data revealed four novel + ssRNA viral genomes: three picorna-like viruses and one hepe-like virus. The DNA-seq library revealed a novel Mycoplasma species. Histological evaluation revealed that protozoan, helminth and crustacean infections were common in A. irradians. These potential pathogens add to those already known for A. irradians and underscores the risk they pose to the fishery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail K Scro
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA; Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory, Roger Williams University, 1 Old Ferry Rd, Bristol, RI 02809, USA
| | - Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, UK
| | - Donald C Behringer
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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2
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Glidden CK, Field LC, Bachhuber S, Hennessey SM, Cates R, Cohen L, Crockett E, Degnin M, Feezell MK, Fulton‐Bennett HK, Pires D, Poirson BN, Randell ZH, White E, Gravem SA. Strategies for managing marine disease. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2643. [PMID: 35470930 PMCID: PMC9786832 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) has increased in wildlife populations in recent years and is expected to continue to increase with global environmental change. Marine diseases are relatively understudied compared with terrestrial diseases but warrant parallel attention as they can disrupt ecosystems, cause economic loss, and threaten human livelihoods. Although there are many existing tools to combat the direct and indirect consequences of EIDs, these management strategies are often insufficient or ineffective in marine habitats compared with their terrestrial counterparts, often due to fundamental differences between marine and terrestrial systems. Here, we first illustrate how the marine environment and marine organism life histories present challenges and opportunities for wildlife disease management. We then assess the application of common disease management strategies to marine versus terrestrial systems to identify those that may be most effective for marine disease outbreak prevention, response, and recovery. Finally, we recommend multiple actions that will enable more successful management of marine wildlife disease emergencies in the future. These include prioritizing marine disease research and understanding its links to climate change, improving marine ecosystem health, forming better monitoring and response networks, developing marine veterinary medicine programs, and enacting policy that addresses marine and other wildlife diseases. Overall, we encourage a more proactive rather than reactive approach to marine wildlife disease management and emphasize that multidisciplinary collaborations are crucial to managing marine wildlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Glidden
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurel C. Field
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Silke Bachhuber
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Robyn Cates
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Lesley Cohen
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Elin Crockett
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Michelle Degnin
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Maya K. Feezell
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Devyn Pires
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Zachary H. Randell
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Erick White
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Sarah A. Gravem
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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3
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Abstract
Contamination of oysters with a variety of viruses is one key pathway to trigger outbreaks of massive oyster mortality as well as human illnesses, including gastroenteritis and hepatitis. Much effort has gone into examining the fate of viruses in contaminated oysters, yet the current state of knowledge of nonlinear virus-oyster interactions is not comprehensive because most studies have focused on a limited number of processes under a narrow range of experimental conditions. A framework is needed for describing the complex nonlinear virus-oyster interactions. Here, we introduce a mathematical model that includes key processes for viral dynamics in oysters, such as oyster filtration, viral replication, the antiviral immune response, apoptosis, autophagy, and selective accumulation. We evaluate the model performance for two groups of viruses, those that replicate in oysters (e.g., ostreid herpesvirus) and those that do not (e.g., norovirus), and show that this model simulates well the viral dynamics in oysters for both groups. The model analytically explains experimental findings and predicts how changes in different physiological processes and environmental conditions nonlinearly affect in-host viral dynamics, for example, that oysters at higher temperatures may be more resistant to infection by ostreid herpesvirus. It also provides new insight into food treatment for controlling outbreaks, for example, that depuration for reducing norovirus levels is more effective in environments where oyster filtration rates are higher. This study provides the foundation of a modeling framework to guide future experiments and numerical modeling for better prediction and management of outbreaks. IMPORTANCE The fate of viruses in contaminated oysters has received a significant amount of attention in the fields of oyster aquaculture, food quality control, and public health. However, intensive studies through laboratory experiments and in situ observations are often conducted under a narrow range of experimental conditions and for a specific purpose in their respective fields. Given the complex interactions of various processes and nonlinear viral responses to changes in physiological and environmental conditions, a theoretical framework fully describing the viral dynamics in oysters is warranted to guide future studies from a top-down design. Here, we developed a process-based, in-host modeling framework that builds a bridge for better communications between different disciplines studying virus-oyster interactions.
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4
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Giménez-Romero À, Grau A, Hendriks IE, Matias MA. Modelling parasite-produced marine diseases: The case of the mass mortality event of Pinna nobilis. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Janssen K, Bijma P. The economic value of R 0 for selective breeding against microparasitic diseases. Genet Sel Evol 2020; 52:3. [PMID: 32005099 PMCID: PMC6993466 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-020-0526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microparasitic diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses. Genetic improvement of resistance to microparasitic diseases in breeding programs is desirable and should aim at reducing the basic reproduction ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0. Recently, we developed a method to derive the economic value of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 for macroparasitic diseases. In epidemiological models for microparasitic diseases, an animal’s disease status is treated as infected or not infected, resulting in a definition of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 that differs from that for macroparasitic diseases. Here, we extend the method for the derivation of the economic value of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 to microparasitic diseases. Methods When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0} \le 1$$\end{document}R0≤1, the economic value of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 is zero because the disease is very rare. When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0. is higher than 1, genetic improvement of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 can reduce expenditures on vaccination if vaccination induces herd immunity, or it can reduce production losses due to disease. When vaccination is used to achieve herd immunity, expenditures are proportional to the critical vaccination coverage, which decreases with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0. The effect of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 on losses is considered separately for epidemic and endemic disease. Losses for epidemic diseases are proportional to the probability and size of major epidemics. Losses for endemic diseases are proportional to the infected fraction of the population at the endemic equilibrium. Results When genetic improvement reduces expenditures on vaccination, expenditures decrease with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 at an increasing rate. When genetic improvement reduces losses in epidemic or endemic diseases, losses decrease with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 at an increasing rate. Hence, in all cases, the economic value of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 increases as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 decreases towards 1. Discussion \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 and its economic value are more informative for potential benefits of genetic improvement than heritability estimates for survival after a disease challenge. In livestock, the potential for genetic improvement is small for epidemic microparasitic diseases, where disease control measures limit possibilities for phenotyping. This is not an issue in aquaculture, where controlled challenge tests are performed in dedicated facilities. If genetic evaluations include infectivity, genetic gain in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 can be accelerated but this would require different testing designs. Conclusions When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0} \le 1$$\end{document}R0≤1, its economic value is zero. The economic value of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 is highest at low values of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0 and approaches zero at high values of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}}_{0}$$\end{document}R0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Janssen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Piter Bijma
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Lu TH, Yang YF, Chen CY, Wang WM, Liao CM. Quantifying the impact of temperature variation on birnavirus transmission dynamics in hard clams Meretrix lusoria. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:57-68. [PMID: 31691318 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility of hard clams Meretrix lusoria to birnavirus (BV) infections caused by temperature variations, from a mechanistic perspective, has rarely been explored. We used a deterministic susceptible-infectious-mortality (SIM) model to derive temperature-dependent key epidemiologic parameters based on data sets of viral infections in hard clams subjected to acute temperature changes. To parameterize seasonal pattern dependence, we estimated monthly based cumulative mortality and basic reproduction numbers (R0 ) between 1997 and 2017 by way of statistical analysis. Two alternative disease control models were also proposed to assess status of controlled temperature-mediated BV infection by using, respectively, control reproduction number (RC )-control line criterion and removal strategy-based control measure. We showed that based on RC -control strategy, when temperatures ranged from 15 to 26.8°C, proportion of susceptible hard clams removed should be at least 0.22%. Based on removal-control strategy, we found that by limiting pond water temperature to 25-30°C, together with increased removal rates and periods to remove hard clams, it is better to remove hard clams from June and August to reduce both mortality rate and spread of BV. Our results can be used to monitor BV transmission potential in hard clams that will contribute to government control strategy to eradicate future BV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fei Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yun Chen
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Min Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Rodríguez JP, Ghanbarnejad F, Eguíluz VM. Particle velocity controls phase transitions in contagion dynamics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6463. [PMID: 31015505 PMCID: PMC6478726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions often require the proximity between particles. The movement of particles, thus, drives the change of the neighbors which are located in their proximity, leading to a sequence of interactions. In pathogenic contagion, infections occur through proximal interactions, but at the same time, the movement facilitates the co-location of different strains. We analyze how the particle velocity impacts on the phase transitions on the contagion process of both a single infection and two cooperative infections. First, we identify an optimal velocity (close to half of the interaction range normalized by the recovery time) associated with the largest epidemic threshold, such that decreasing the velocity below the optimal value leads to larger outbreaks. Second, in the cooperative case, the system displays a continuous transition for low velocities, which becomes discontinuous for velocities of the order of three times the optimal velocity. Finally, we describe these characteristic regimes and explain the mechanisms driving the dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge P Rodríguez
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca, E-07122, Spain.
| | - Fakhteh Ghanbarnejad
- Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany.
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, 34151, Italy.
| | - Víctor M Eguíluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca, E-07122, Spain
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8
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Kirk D, Luijckx P, Stanic A, Krkošek M. Predicting the Thermal and Allometric Dependencies of Disease Transmission via the Metabolic Theory of Ecology. Am Nat 2019; 193:661-676. [PMID: 31002572 DOI: 10.1086/702846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) provides a general framework of allometric and thermal dependence that may be useful for predicting how climate change will affect disease spread. Using Daphnia magna and a microsporidian gut parasite, we conducted two experiments across a wide thermal range and fitted transmission models that utilize MTE submodels for transmission parameters. We decomposed transmission into contact rate and probability of infection and further decomposed probability of infection into a product of gut residence time (GRT) and per-parasite infection rate of gut cells. Contact rate generally increased with temperature and scaled positively with body size, whereas infection rate had a narrow hump-shaped thermal response and scaled negatively with body size. GRT increased with host size and was longest at extreme temperatures. GRT and infection rate inside the gut combined to create a 3.5 times higher probability of infection for the smallest relative to the largest individuals. Small temperature changes caused large differences in transmission. We also fit several alternative transmission models to data at individual temperatures. The more complex models-parasite antagonism or synergism and host heterogeneity-did not substantially improve the fit to the data. Our results show that transmission rate is the product of several distinct thermal and allometric functions that can be predicted continuously across temperature and host size using the MTE.
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9
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Groner ML, Burge CA, Cox R, Rivlin ND, Turner M, Van Alstyne KL, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Bucci J, Staudigel P, Friedman CS. Oysters and eelgrass: potential partners in a high pCO 2 ocean. Ecology 2018; 99:1802-1814. [PMID: 29800484 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting the health and physiology of marine organisms and altering species interactions. Ocean acidification (OA) threatens calcifying organisms such as the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. In contrast, seagrasses, such as the eelgrass Zostera marina, can benefit from the increase in available carbon for photosynthesis found at a lower seawater pH. Seagrasses can remove dissolved inorganic carbon from OA environments, creating local daytime pH refugia. Pacific oysters may improve the health of eelgrass by filtering out pathogens such as Labyrinthula zosterae (LZ), which causes eelgrass wasting disease (EWD). We examined how co-culture of eelgrass ramets and juvenile oysters affected the health and growth of eelgrass and the mass of oysters under different pCO2 exposures. In Phase I, each species was cultured alone or in co-culture at 12°C across ambient, medium, and high pCO2 conditions, (656, 1,158 and 1,606 μatm pCO2 , respectively). Under high pCO2 , eelgrass grew faster and had less severe EWD (contracted in the field prior to the experiment). Co-culture with oysters also reduced the severity of EWD. While the presence of eelgrass decreased daytime pCO2 , this reduction was not substantial enough to ameliorate the negative impact of high pCO2 on oyster mass. In Phase II, eelgrass alone or oysters and eelgrass in co-culture were held at 15°C under ambient and high pCO2 conditions, (488 and 2,013 μatm pCO2 , respectively). Half of the replicates were challenged with cultured LZ. Concentrations of defensive compounds in eelgrass (total phenolics and tannins), were altered by LZ exposure and pCO2 treatments. Greater pathogen loads and increased EWD severity were detected in LZ exposed eelgrass ramets; EWD severity was reduced at high relative to low pCO2 . Oyster presence did not influence pathogen load or EWD severity; high LZ concentrations in experimental treatments may have masked the effect of this treatment. Collectively, these results indicate that, when exposed to natural concentrations of LZ under high pCO2 conditions, eelgrass can benefit from co-culture with oysters. Further experimentation is necessary to quantify how oysters may benefit from co-culture with eelgrass, examine these interactions in the field and quantify context-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Groner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, USA
| | - Ruth Cox
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Natalie D Rivlin
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21202, USA
| | - Mo Turner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
| | - Kathryn L Van Alstyne
- Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, 1900 Shannon Point Rd., Anacortes, Washington, 98221, USA
| | - Sandy Wyllie-Echeverria
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Rd., Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA.,Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, 2 John Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 00802, USA
| | - John Bucci
- School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Rd., Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - Philip Staudigel
- Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida, 33149, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, 620 University Rd., Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA.,School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St., Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA
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10
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Abstract
To put marine disease impacts in context requires a broad perspective on the roles infectious agents have in the ocean. Parasites infect most marine vertebrate and invertebrate species, and parasites and predators can have comparable biomass density, suggesting they play comparable parts as consumers in marine food webs. Although some parasites might increase with disturbance, most probably decline as food webs unravel. There are several ways to adapt epidemiological theory to the marine environment. In particular, because the ocean represents a three-dimensional moving habitat for hosts and parasites, models should open up the spatial scales at which infective stages and host larvae travel. In addition to open recruitment and dimensionality, marine parasites are subject to fishing, filter feeders, dose-dependent infection, environmental forcing, and death-based transmission. Adding such considerations to marine disease models will make it easier to predict which infectious diseases will increase or decrease in a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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