1
|
Burke DJ, Carrino-Kyker SR, Hoke AJ, Galloway E, Martin D, Chick L. Effects of the nematode Litylenchus crenatae subsp. mccannii and beech leaf disease on leaf fungal and bacterial communities on Fagus grandifolia (American beech). Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0014224. [PMID: 38775476 PMCID: PMC11218624 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00142-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Beech leaf disease (BLD) is a newly emerging disease in North America that affects American beech (Fagus grandifolia). It is increasingly recognized that BLD is caused by a subspecies of the anguinid nematode Litylenchus crenatae subsp. mccannii (hereafter L. crenatae), which is likely native to East Asia. How nematode infestation of leaves affects the leaf microbiome and whether changes in the microbiome could contribute to BLD symptoms remain uncertain. In this study, we examined bacterial and fungal communities associated with the leaves of F. grandifolia across nine sites in Ohio and Pennsylvania that were either symptomatic or asymptomatic for BLD and used qPCR to measure relative nematode infestation levels. We found significantly higher levels of infestation at sites visibly symptomatic for BLD. Low levels of nematode infestation were also observed at asymptomatic sites, which suggests that nematodes can be present without visible symptoms evident. Bacterial and fungal communities were significantly affected by sampling site and symptomology, but only fungal communities were affected by nematode presence alone. We found many significant indicators of both bacteria and fungi related to symptoms of BLD, with taxa generally occurring in both asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves, suggesting that microbes are not responsible for BLD but could act as opportunistic pathogens. Of particular interest was the fungal genus Erysiphe, which is common in the Fagaceae and is reported to overwinter in buds-a strategy consistent with L. crenatae. The specific role microbes play in opportunistic infection of leaves affected by L. crenatae will require additional study. IMPORTANCE Beech leaf disease (BLD) is an emerging threat to American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and has spread quickly throughout the northeastern United States and into southern Canada. This disease leads to disfigurement of leaves and is marked by characteristic dark, interveinal banding, followed by leaf curling and drop in more advanced stages. BLD tends to especially affect understory leaves, which can lead to substantial thinning of the forest understory where F. grandifolia is a dominant tree species. Understanding the cause of BLD is necessary to employ management strategies that protect F. grandifolia and the forests where it is a foundation tree species. Current research has confirmed that the foliar nematode Litylenchus crenatae subsp. mccannii is required for BLD, but whether other organisms are involved is currently unknown. Here, we present a study that investigated leaf-associated fungi and bacteria of F. grandifolia to understand more about how microorganisms may contribute to BLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Danielle Martin
- The United States Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lacy Chick
- The Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jahn LV, Carrino-Kyker SR, Burke DJ. Interannual variation in spring weather conditions as a driver of spring wildflower coverage: a 15-year perspective from an old-growth temperate forest. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad078. [PMID: 38111607 PMCID: PMC10727473 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Spring ephemerals are wildflowers found in temperate deciduous forests that typically display aboveground shoots for a period of 2 months or less. Early spring, before the canopy leaves out, marks the beginning of the aboveground growth period where ephemerals acquire nutrients and resources via aboveground tissues. Several studies have shown that spring ephemeral reproduction is affected by spring temperature, but few have looked at how weather conditions of the current and previous seasons, including precipitation and temperature, influence aboveground growth. Here, we examine the response of a spring ephemeral community in a temperate hardwood forest to weather conditions during their current and previous growing seasons. For 15 years we estimated percent cover of each species within our community. We highlighted five dominant spring ephemerals within this community: wild leek (Allium tricoccum), cutleaf toothwort (Cardamine concatenata), spring beauty (Claytonia virginica), squirrel corn (Dicentra canadensis) and trout lily (Erythronium americanum). We compared changes in cover on both a community and species level from 1 year to the next with average precipitation and temperature of the year of measurement as well as the year prior. We found precipitation and temperature influence a change in cover at the community and species level, but the strength of that influence varies by species. There were few significant correlations between plant cover in the current year and temperature and precipitation in the 30 days preceding measurement. However, we found significant correlations between plant cover and precipitation and temperature during the previous spring; precipitation and cover change were positively correlated, whereas temperature and cover change were negatively correlated. Overall, cooler, wetter springs lead to an increase in aboveground cover the next year. Learning how individual species within a forest plant community respond to weather conditions is a crucial part of understanding how plant communities will respond to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia V Jahn
- The Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Road, Kirtland OH, USA
| | | | - David J Burke
- The Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Road, Kirtland OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bashian-Victoroff C, Brown A, Loyd AL, Carrino-Kyker SR, Burke DJ. Beech Leaf Disease Severity Affects Ectomycorrhizal Colonization and Fungal Taxa Composition. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040497. [PMID: 37108950 PMCID: PMC10146144 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Beech leaf disease (BLD) is an emerging forest infestation affecting beech trees (Fagus spp.) in the midwestern and northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. BLD is attributed to the newly recognized nematode Litylenchus crenatae subsp. mccannii. First described in Lake County, Ohio, BLD leads to the disfigurement of leaves, canopy loss, and eventual tree mortality. Canopy loss limits photosynthetic capacity, likely impacting tree allocation to belowground carbon storage. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are root symbionts, which rely on the photosynthesis of autotrophs for nutrition and growth. Because BLD limits tree photosynthetic capacity, ECM fungi may receive less carbohydrates when associating with severely affected trees compared with trees without BLD symptoms. We sampled root fragments from cultivated F. grandifolia sourced from two provenances (Michigan and Maine) at two timepoints (fall 2020 and spring 2021) to test whether BLD symptom severity alters colonization by ectomycorrhizal fungi and fungal community composition. The studied trees are part of a long-term beech bark disease resistance plantation at the Holden Arboretum. We sampled from replicates across three levels of BLD symptom severity and compared fungal colonization via visual scoring of ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance. Effects of BLD on fungal communities were determined through high-throughput sequencing. We found that ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance was significantly reduced on the roots of individuals of the poor canopy condition resulting from BLD, but only in the fall 2020 collection. We found significantly more ectomycorrhizal root tips from root fragments collected in fall 2020 than in spring 2021, suggesting a seasonal effect. Community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi was not impacted by tree condition but did vary between provenances. We found significant species level responses of ectomycorrhizal fungi between levels of both provenance and tree condition. Of the taxa analyzed, two zOTUs had significantly lower abundance in high-symptomatology trees compared with low-symptomatology trees. These results provide the first indication of a belowground effect of BLD on ectomycorrhizal fungi and contribute further evidence to the role of these root symbionts in studies of tree disease and forest pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Brown
- The Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Road, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| | - Andrew L Loyd
- Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, 13768 Hamilton Rd., Charlotte, NC 28278, USA
| | | | - David J Burke
- The Holden Arboretum, 9500 Sperry Road, Kirtland, OH 44094, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bonato Asato AE, Wirth C, Eisenhauer N, Hines J. On the phenology of soil organisms: Current knowledge and future steps. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10022. [PMID: 37113518 PMCID: PMC10126832 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenology is the study of timing of periodic activities in biological life cycles. It describes an inherent component of ecosystem dynamics, and shifts in biological activity have been increasingly recognized as an indicator of global change. Although phenology is mainly studied above the ground, major ecosystem processes, such as decomposition, mineralization, and nutrient cycling, are soil-dependent. Therefore, the phenology of soil organisms is a crucial, but understudied, aspect of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. We performed a systematic review of 96 studies, which reported 228 phenological observations, to evaluate the current knowledge of soil microbial and animal phenology. Despite the increasing number of soil phenology reports, most research is still concentrated in a few countries (centered in the Northern Hemisphere) and taxa (microbiota), with significant gaps in the most diverse regions of the globe (i.e., tropics) and important taxa (e.g., ants, termites, and earthworms). Moreover, biotic predictors (e.g., biodiversity and species interactions) have rarely been considered as possible drivers of soil organisms' phenology. We present recommendations for future soil phenology research based on an evaluation of the reported geographical, taxonomic, and methodologic trends that bias current soil phenology research. First, we highlight papers that depict good soil phenology practice, either regarding the research foci, methodological approaches, or results reporting. Then, we discuss the gaps, challenges, and opportunities for future research. Overall, we advocate that focusing both on highly diverse ecosystems and key soil organisms, while testing for the direct and indirect effects of biodiversity loss and climatic stressors, could increase our knowledge of soil functioning and enhance the accuracy of predictions depicting the effects of global change on terrestrial ecosystem functioning as a whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Bonato Asato
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wan P, Zhang N, Li Y, Li S, Li FM, Cui Z, Zhang F. Reducing plant pathogens could increase crop yields after plastic film mulching. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160615. [PMID: 36464048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil fungi are closely associated with crop growth in agricultural ecosystems through processes such as nutrient uptake and pathogenesis. Plastic film mulching (PM) plays a dominant role in increasing crop yields in dryland agriculture worldwide. The functional guilds of soil fungi under PM and their effects on crops remain unclear. In this study, we explored the absolute abundance, diversity, community composition, and functional guilds of soil fungi after short-term (2 years) and long-term (10 years) mulching experiments. Short-term mulching caused a 37 %-51 % decrease in absolute fungal abundance owing to abrupt changes in the microenvironment. The response of the fungal community to PM varied with sites, with the effect being more pronounced under poor hydrothermal conditions (314 mm). The abundance of potential fungal pathogens decreased under PM; for example, Gibberella (maize ear rot) abundance was 45 % and 72 % lower under short- and long-term mulching, respectively, when compared with that in control. In contrast, the abundance of plant biocontrol fungi increased under PM; for instance, Glomeromycota abundance increased twofold under long-term mulching. Although PM did not alter the complexity and stability of fungal co-occurrence network, competition among fungi increased in the absence of sufficient carbon (C) sources. Long-term mulching reduced phytopathogen guilds by 12 %-77 % and increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) guilds by 89 %-94 %. Structural equation modeling suggested that PM altered fungal functional guilds mainly by shaping the structure of the fungal community, and fungal pathogens decreased with increased AMF functional guilds, inducing higher maize yields. These results showed for the first time, from a microbial perspective, that pathogens reduction owing to PM could explain 4.4 % of maize yield variation, providing theoretical guidance to accomplish sustainability of continuous maize mulching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingxing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yufei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Shiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Feng-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zengtuan Cui
- General Station of Gansu Cultivated Land Quality Construction and Protection, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Z, Xu G, Tian D, Lin Q, Ma S, Xing A, Xu L, Shen H, Ji C, Zheng C, Wang X, Fang J. Does Forest Soil Fungal Community Respond to Short-Term Simulated Nitrogen Deposition in Different Forests in Eastern China? J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010053. [PMID: 36675875 PMCID: PMC9864950 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition has changed plants and soil microbes remarkably, which deeply alters the structures and functions of terrestrial ecosystems. However, how forest fungal diversity, community compositions, and their potential functions respond to N deposition is still lacking in exploration at a large scale. In this study, we conducted a short-term (4-5 years) experiment of artificial N addition to simulated N deposition in five typical forest ecosystems across eastern China, which includes tropical montane rainforest, subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, temperate deciduous broadleaved forest, temperate broadleaved and conifer mixed forest, and boreal forest along a latitudinal gradient from tropical to cold temperature zones. Fungal compositions were identified using high-throughput sequencing at the topsoil layer. The results showed that fungal diversity and fungal community compositions among forests varied apparently for both unfertilized and fertilized soils. Generally, soil fungal diversity, communities, and their potential functions responded sluggishly to short-term N addition, whereas the fungal Shannon index was increased in the tropical forest. In addition, environmental heterogeneity explained most of the variation among fungal communities along the latitudinal gradient. Specifically, soil C: N ratio and soil water content were the most important factors driving fungal diversity, whereas mean annual temperature and microbial nutrient limitation mainly shaped fungal community structure and functional compositions. Topsoil fungal communities in eastern forest ecosystems in China were more sensitive to environmental heterogeneity rather than short-term N addition. Our study further emphasized the importance of simultaneously evaluating soil fungal communities in different forest types in response to atmospheric N deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyue Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gexi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Di Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (X.W.)
| | - Quanhong Lin
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suhui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aijun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Longchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Haihua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chengjun Ji
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengyang Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (X.W.)
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen J, Shi Z, Liu S, Zhang M, Cao X, Chen M, Xu G, Xing H, Li F, Feng Q. Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080807. [PMID: 36012795 PMCID: PMC9410234 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi play an integral and essential role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions. The understanding of altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity remains relatively unclear. Mountains provide an open, natural platform for studying how the soil fungal community responds to climatic variability at a short altitude distance. Using the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique, we examined soil fungal community composition and diversity among seven vegetation types (dry valley shrub, valley-mountain ecotone broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine shrub meadow, alpine meadow) along a 2582 m altitude gradient in the alpine–gorge region on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Ascomycota (47.72%), Basidiomycota (36.58%), and Mortierellomycota (12.14%) were the top three soil fungal dominant phyla in all samples. Soil fungal community composition differed significantly among the seven vegetation types along altitude gradients. The α-diversity of soil total fungi and symbiotic fungi had a distinct hollow pattern, while saprophytic fungi and pathogenic fungi showed no obvious pattern along altitude gradients. The β-diversity of soil total fungi, symbiotic fungi, saprophytic fungi, and pathogenic fungi was derived mainly from species turnover processes and exhibited a significant altitude distance-decay pattern. Soil properties explained 31.27−34.91% of variation in soil fungal (total and trophic modes) community composition along altitude gradients, and the effects of soil nutrients on fungal community composition varied by trophic modes. Soil pH was the main factor affecting α-diversity of soil fungi along altitude gradients. The β-diversity and turnover components of soil total fungi and saprophytic fungi were affected by soil properties and geographic distance, while those of symbiotic fungi and pathogenic fungi were affected only by soil properties. This study deepens our knowledge regarding altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity, and confirms that the effects of soil properties on soil fungal community composition and diversity vary by trophic modes along altitude gradients in the alpine–gorge region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
| | - Zuomin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Shun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
| | - Xiangwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
| | - Gexi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
| | - Hongshuang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
| | - Feifan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (M.Z.); (X.C.); (M.C.); (G.X.); (H.X.); (F.L.)
- Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County 623100, China
| | - Qiuhong Feng
- Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wolińska A, Podlewski J, Słomczewski A, Grządziel J, Gałązka A, Kuźniar A. Fungal Indicators of Sensitivity and Resistance to Long-Term Maize Monoculture: A Culture-Independent Approach. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:799378. [PMID: 35046921 PMCID: PMC8761758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.799378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although fungi are regarded as very important components of soils, the knowledge of their community in agricultural (monocultural) soils is still limited. This indicates that soil fungal communities are investigated less intensively than bacteria. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to evaluate the fungal mycobiome structure in monoculture soils in a culture-independent approach. Firstly, the study was conducted to identify the core mycobiome composition and its variability at different stages of the maize growing season (spring, summer, and autumn). Secondly, we identified and recommended fungal indicators of both sensitivity and resistance to long-term maize monoculture. Two neighboring fields from the Potulicka Foundation area were selected for the study: K20 sown with a Gorzow mixture (intercropping mixture) to improve soil quality after a maize monoculture in 2020 and K21, where long-term (over 30 years) monoculture cultivation was continued. The basic chemical features [acidity, redox potential, total organic carbon (TOC), and moisture] of soils were determined, fungal genetic diversity was assessed by ITS next generation sequencing (NGS) analyses, and biodiversity indices were calculated. The results of the NGS technique facilitated recognition and classification of the fungal mycobiome to the taxonomic genus level and changes in the fungal structure in the three periods (spring, summer, and autumn) were assessed. It was evidenced that the mycobiome composition was dependent on both the seasons and the agricultural practices. It was also found that even a 1-year break in the monoculture in favor of an intercropping mixture improved soil properties thus contributing to higher biodiversity. Mortierella was recommended as a potential indicator of sensitivity to long-term maize cultivation, whereas Solicoccozyma and Exophiala were proposed as indicators of resistance to long-term maize cultivation. We proved that the precision farming principles applied on the Potulicka Foundation farm had a very positive effect on fungal biodiversity, which was high even in the long-term maize monoculture field. Therefore, the monoculture cultivation carried out in this way does not induce biological degradation of monoculture soils but preserves their good biological quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wolińska
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Jarosław Grządziel
- Department of Agriculture Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Pulawy, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Gałązka
- Department of Agriculture Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Pulawy, Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kuźniar
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martinović T, Odriozola I, Mašínová T, Doreen Bahnmann B, Kohout P, Sedlák P, Merunková K, Větrovský T, Tomšovský M, Ovaskainen O, Baldrian P. Temporal turnover of the soil microbiome composition is guild-specific. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2726-2738. [PMID: 34595822 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although spatial and temporal variation are both important components structuring microbial communities, the exact quantification of temporal turnover rates of fungi and bacteria has not been performed to date. In this study, we utilised repeated resampling of bacterial and fungal communities at specific locations across multiple years to describe their patterns and rates of temporal turnover. Our results show that microbial communities undergo temporal change at a rate of 0.010-0.025 per year (in units of Sorensen similarity), and the change in soil is slightly faster in fungi than in bacteria, with bacterial communities changing more rapidly in litter than soil. Importantly, temporal development differs across fungal guilds and bacterial phyla with different ecologies. While some microbial guilds show consistent responses across regional locations, others show site-specific development with weak general patterns. These results indicate that guild-level resolution is important for understanding microbial community assembly, dynamics and responses to environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinović
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Mašínová
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Doreen Bahnmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sedlák
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Merunková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Tomšovský
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tedersoo L, Anslan S, Bahram M, Drenkhan R, Pritsch K, Buegger F, Padari A, Hagh-Doust N, Mikryukov V, Gohar D, Amiri R, Hiiesalu I, Lutter R, Rosenvald R, Rähn E, Adamson K, Drenkhan T, Tullus H, Jürimaa K, Sibul I, Otsing E, Põlme S, Metslaid M, Loit K, Agan A, Puusepp R, Varik I, Kõljalg U, Abarenkov K. Regional-Scale In-Depth Analysis of Soil Fungal Diversity Reveals Strong pH and Plant Species Effects in Northern Europe. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1953. [PMID: 33013735 PMCID: PMC7510051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbiome has a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning, yet little is known about its build-up from local to regional scales. In a multi-year regional-scale survey involving 1251 plots and long-read third-generation sequencing, we found that soil pH has the strongest effect on the diversity of fungi and its multiple taxonomic and functional groups. The pH effects were typically unimodal, usually both direct and indirect through tree species, soil nutrients or mold abundance. Individual tree species, particularly Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, and Populus x wettsteinii, and overall ectomycorrhizal plant proportion had relatively stronger effects on the diversity of biotrophic fungi than saprotrophic fungi. We found strong temporal sampling and investigator biases for the abundance of molds, but generally all spatial, temporal and microclimatic effects were weak. Richness of fungi and several functional groups was highest in woodlands and around ruins of buildings but lowest in bogs, with marked group-specific trends. In contrast to our expectations, diversity of soil fungi tended to be higher in forest island habitats potentially due to the edge effect, but fungal richness declined with island distance and in response to forest fragmentation. Virgin forests supported somewhat higher fungal diversity than old non-pristine forests, but there were no differences in richness between natural and anthropogenic habitats such as parks and coppiced gardens. Diversity of most fungal groups suffered from management of seminatural woodlands and parks and thinning of forests, but especially for forests the results depended on fungal group and time since partial harvesting. We conclude that the positive effects of tree diversity on overall fungal richness represent a combined niche effect of soil properties and intimate associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Anslan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Allar Padari
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Niloufar Hagh-Doust
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vladimir Mikryukov
- Chair of Forest Management Planning and Wood Processing Technologies, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Daniyal Gohar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rasekh Amiri
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Hiiesalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reimo Lutter
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raul Rosenvald
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elisabeth Rähn
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalev Adamson
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiia Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.,Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hardi Tullus
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Jürimaa
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivar Sibul
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eveli Otsing
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergei Põlme
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marek Metslaid
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaire Loit
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ahto Agan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rasmus Puusepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inge Varik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Kõljalg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kessy Abarenkov
- Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lance AC, Burke DJ, Hausman CE, Burns JH. High‐throughput sequencing provides insight into manipulated soil fungal community structure and diversity during temperate forest restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Lance
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
| | - David J. Burke
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
- Holden Arboretum 9500 Sperry Road Kirtland OH 44094 U.S.A
| | | | - Jean H. Burns
- Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|