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Resende DISP, Jesus A, Sousa Lobo JM, Sousa E, Cruz MT, Cidade H, Almeida IF. Up-to-Date Overview of the Use of Natural Ingredients in Sunscreens. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030372. [PMID: 35337168 PMCID: PMC8949675 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoprotective skincare segment is in high demand to meet consumer concerns on UV-induced skin damage, with a recent trend towards sunscreen alternatives with a natural origin. In this study, the use of natural ingredients, either from terrestrial or marine origin, in a panel of 444 sunscreen commercial formulations (2021) was analyzed. Ingredients from terrestrial organisms represent the large majority found in the analyzed sunscreen formulations (48%), whereas marine ingredients are present only in 13% of the analyzed products. A deeper analysis regarding the most prevalent families of ingredients from terrestrial and marine organisms used as top ingredients is also presented, as well as their mechanisms of action. This study provides an up-to-date overview of the sunscreen market regarding the use of natural ingredients, which is of relevance for scientists involved in the development of new sunscreens to identify opportunities for innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. S. P. Resende
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Jesus
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M. Sousa Lobo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428-689 (E.S.); +351-220-428-621 (I.F.A.)
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428-689 (E.S.); +351-220-428-621 (I.F.A.)
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Ford AT, Feuerhelm E. Effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on pigment dispersion in chromatophores of the common sand shrimp, Crangon crangon: repeated experiments paint an inconclusive picture. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1368-1376. [PMID: 32857222 PMCID: PMC7581581 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of antidepressants in the environment are starting to generate considerable interest due to the fact that neurotransmitters influence a range of biological processes. Crypsis is an important behavioural and physiological response in many crustaceans modulated by monoamine and pigment dispersing/concentrating hormones. This study aimed to develop a test methodology and investigate the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine, on a chromatophore index and overall carapace 'darkness' in the common sand shrimp Crangon crangon. Adult shrimp were exposed for either 1 h, 1 day or 1 week across a range of nominal fluoxetine concentrations (10 ng/L, 100 ng/L and 1000 ng/L) and the chromatophore index or carapace percentage 'darkness' was recorded following 30 min on white and black substrates. These experiments were repeated three times using different specimens. Animals became significantly darker (~20%) on darker background and lighter on light backgrounds as one might expect. However, time periods over which the animals were recorded had a significant impact on the colouration suggesting habituation to laboratory conditions. Fluoxetine exposure came up as a significant factor in two of the three trials for the chromatophore index but the results was inconsistent between trials. There was a high degree of correlation between the chromatophore index and the percentage darkness analyses however, there was no significant effects for fluoxetine exposure with the percentage darkness data. We conclude that the effects on antidepressants on colour change remain inconclusive from these experiments and we discuss potential areas to improve the repeatability of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, UK.
| | - Eleanor Feuerhelm
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, PO4 9LY, UK
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Bashevkin SM, Christy JH, Morgan SG. Costs and compensation in zooplankton pigmentation under countervailing threats of ultraviolet radiation and predation. Oecologia 2020; 193:111-123. [PMID: 32314044 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary responses to opposing directions of natural selection include trade-offs, where the phenotype balances selective forces, and compensation, where other traits reduce the impact of one selective force. Zooplankton pigmentation protects from ultraviolet radiation (UVR) but attracts visual predators. This trade-off is understudied in the ocean where planktonic larvae in surface waters face ubiquitous UVR and visual predation threats. We tested whether crab larvae can behaviorally reduce UVR risk through downward swimming or expansion of photoprotective chromatophores. Then we examined whether more pigmented larvae are more heavily predated by silverside fish under natural sunlight in the tropics in three UVR treatments (visible light, visible + UVA, visible + UVA + UVB). Lastly, we tested the behavioral chromatophore response of larvae to predation threats in two light treatments. Armases ricordi avoided surface waters after exposure to sunlight with UVR. Armases ricordi, Armases americanum, and Eurypanopeus sp. consistently expanded chromatophores in UVR or visible light, while Mithraculus sculptus and Mithraculus coryphe showed no response. Fish preferred pigmented larvae on sunnier days in visible light lacking UVR. Lastly, both M. coryphe and M. sculptus unexpectedly expanded chromatophores in fish cues, but responses were inconsistent over trials and across light treatments. The more consistent larval responses to UVR than to predator cues and the lack of predator preferences in natural light conditions suggest that UVR may have a stronger influence on pigmentation than predation. This study improves our understanding of planktonic adaptation to countervailing selection caused by visual predation and exposure to UVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Bashevkin
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, 2099 Westshore Rd, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA, 94923, USA. .,Delta Science Program, Delta Stewardship Council, 980 9th St. Suite 1500, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA.
| | - John H Christy
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Steven G Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, 2099 Westshore Rd, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA, 94923, USA
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Bashevkin SM, Dibble CD, Dunn RP, Hollarsmith JA, Ng G, Satterthwaite EV, Morgan SG. Larval dispersal in a changing ocean with an emphasis on upwelling regions. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Bashevkin
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- Delta Science Program Delta Stewardship Council 980 9th Street, Suite 1500 Sacramento California 95814 USA
| | - Connor D. Dibble
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
| | - Robert P. Dunn
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Institute & Department of Biology San Diego State University 4165 Spruance Road San Diego California 92182 USA
| | - Jordan A. Hollarsmith
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Gabriel Ng
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Erin V. Satterthwaite
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara 735 State Street, Suite 300 Santa Barbara California USA
- Future Earth School of Global Environmental Sustainability Colorado State University 108 Johnson Drive Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Steven G. Morgan
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616 USA
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute and Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Davis 2099 Westshore Road, P.O. Box 247 Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
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Bashevkin SM, Christy JH, Morgan SG. Adaptive specialization and constraint in morphological defences of planktonic larvae. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Bashevkin
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis Bodega Bay CA USA
| | - John H. Christy
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá República de Panamá
| | - Steven G. Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis Bodega Bay CA USA
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