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Zollinger L, Potworowski EF. Thymic microenvironment: selective activities of soluble and insoluble components. Scand J Immunol 2008; 6:1369-74. [PMID: 305109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1977.tb00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two components of the thymic microenvironment have been separated, and their biological properties have been studied. The first component, soluble thymic factor (STF), after injection into syngeneic recipients, provoked a temporary decrease in thymic weight on day 7, concomitant with an increase in the level of T cells in lymph nodes (but not in the spleen), followed by a general hypertrophy of lymph nodes peaking on day 21. In contrast, after the injection of the second component, insoluble thymic fraction (ITF), there was an increase in the number of prothymocytes in the thymic subcapsulary cortex, followed by general thymic hypertrophy on days 14 and 21. STF is believed to trigger a selective migration of lymph-node-seeking T cells from the thymus, whereas ITF seems to play a role in the differentiation step preceding that imparted by STF.
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Grinblat J, Schauenstein K, Saltz E, Trainin N, Globerson A. Regulatory effects of thymus humoral factor on T cell growth factor in aging mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1983; 22:209-18. [PMID: 6605463 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(83)90077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of thymus humoral factor (THF) on T cell growth factor (TCGF) production by T cells and the association between splenic macrophages and T cells from young (2-3 months) and old (20-24 months) mice in this respect were studied. Splenocytes were divided into three groups: stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A); preincubated with THF and then stimulated with Con A; or stimulated with Con A and thereafter incubated with THF. These cells were then examined for production of TCGF. Cells treated with Con A and THF as described above were passed on nylon wool to enrich T cell populations and added to mitogen-sensitized (Con A or lipopolysaccharide) adherent splenocytes of old and young mice in the following combinations: young adherent and young T cells; young adherent and old T cells; old adherent and young T cells; and old adherent and old T cells. The results demonstrated that: (A) cells of old mice produced less TCGF than the young; (B) preincubation of splenocytes or nylon-wool enriched T cells with THF increased the production of TCGF consistently in young mice, whereas in the old a significant increase was observed only in some cases; (C) depressed TCGF activity was observed when treatment with THF to splenocytes or nylon-wool enriched T cells from young and old mice was performed after Con A stimulation, and this was also more pronounced in the young; (D) the reduced level of TCGF in the old seemed to be related to a lesion in the T cell compartment, since adherent cells from old and young mouse spleens could support TCGF production by T cells from young mice and not from old.
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Paquette M, Potworowski EF. Development of three Thy 1 + cell populations induced by distinct thymic stromal elements. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1983; 7:151-158. [PMID: 6132844 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(83)90063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thymectomized, X-irradiated mice, reconstituted with T cell-deprived bone marrow, were treated for 10 weeks with various thymic stromal fractions. Their splenocytes were then assayed for Thy 1 antigen. Three Thy 1 + populations were identified: cells of population 1 were found in mice treated with a membrane extract of thymic stroma. They had a high Thy 1 concentration which could be reduced (Population 2) after incubation with a thymic hormone preparation (STF). Population 3 was also composed of high Thy 1 cells but these were induced by STF treatment in vivo and could not be further differentiated into low Thy 1 cells.
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Dabrowski MP, Dabrowska-Bernstein BK, Brzosko WJ, Babiuch L, Kassur B. Immunotherapy of patients with chronic virus B hepatitis. I. Maturation of human T-lymphocytes under influence of calf thymic hormone. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1980; 16:297-307. [PMID: 6967384 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(80)90135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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5
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Zollinger L, Potworowski EF, Rabourdin A, Prévost C, Paquette M. Regluating factors in helper T-cell maturation. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1980; 2:259-69. [PMID: 6969244 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(80)90055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of soluble and insoluble thymic fractions (STF and ITF, respectively) on the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was tested at different times after injection in mice. In normal mice, a temporary increase in the number of plaque forming cells (PFCs) was observed after injecting either ITF and STF, this increase being more prolonged when both fractions were injected together. In thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice repopulated with syngeneic untreated bone marrow, full reconstitution of T helper function was achieved only if both ITF and SFT were injected, partial reconstitution being obtained when either of these fractions was administered alone. In thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice repopulated with T-depleted bone marrow, reconstitution of the T helper function was only achieved when both ITF and SFT were administered. These results show that ITF and STF together constitute all the essential elements of the thymic microenvironment necessary to support the entire differentiation process of prethymic precurosors into helper T cells.
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Leino A, Soppi E. Effect of thymosin on PHA and Con A responses by fetal lamb lymphocytes. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1979; 13:136-45. [PMID: 455801 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(79)90057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kaplan J, Peterson WD. Detection of human T-lymphocyte antigens (HTLA antigens) on thymosin-inducible T-cell precursors. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1978; 9:436-42. [PMID: 306330 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(78)90140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Varsano I, Schonfeld TM, Matoth Y, Shohat B, Englander T, Rotter V, Trainin N. Severe disseminated adenovirus infection successfully treated with a thymic humoral factor, THF. Acta Paediatr 1977; 66:329-31. [PMID: 194457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1977.tb07902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus and other usually benign viral infections may occasionally be associated with severe fulminant disease, often accompanied by acute acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Thymic humoral factor derived from calf thymuses has been demonstrated to have the capacity to restore the immunocompetence of immature, incompetent T cells. This factor was used in the treatment of a 3 1/2-year-old boy who was critically ill with an adenovirus infection and presented evidence of immunocellular deficiency. Within less than 48 hours after the institution of treatment with thymic humoral factor there was a dramatic, progressive clinical improvement, with restoration of the cellular immunocompetence. It is suggested that thymic humoral factor may be beneficial in the treatment of severe viral infections associated with depressed cellular immunocompetence.
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Globerson A. In vitro approach to development of immune reactivity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1976; 75:1-43. [PMID: 797530 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66530-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Kook AI, Yakir Y, Trainin N. Isolation and partial chemical characterization of THF, a thymus hormone involved in immune maturation of lymphoid cells. Cell Immunol 1975; 19:151-7. [PMID: 241491 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(75)90301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Rotter V, Trainin N. Increased mitogenic reactivity of normal spleen cells to T lectins induced by thymus humoral factor (THF). Cell Immunol 1975; 16:413-21. [PMID: 1090382 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(75)90130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Cohen GH, Hopper JA, Goldstein AL. Thymosin-induced differentiation of murine thymocytes in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 249:145-53. [PMID: 165764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calf thymosin is shown to enhance the one-way MLR of CBA thymocytes cultured with allogeneic mitomycin-C- treated C57BL/J6 spleen cells. Thymosin does not enhance the one-way MLR of CBA thymocytes cultured with syngeneic mitomucin-C-treated spleen cells. Based on this finding we present a relatively simple, rapid and quantitative in vitro microculture hioassay for inducers of T-cell differentiation and propose that thymosin treatment, when accompanied by antigen presentation, induces the two-step maturational sequence of pre-T yields T1 yields T2.
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Umiel T, Trainin N. Increased reactivity of responding cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction by a thymic humoral factor. Eur J Immunol 1975; 5:85-8. [PMID: 135681 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A thymic humoral factor (THF) induces competence in a certain sector of the lymphoid cell population. The target cell for THF activity was studied using the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Cells from various lymphoid tissues (responding cells) were preincubated in THF for 1 hour and then mixed with mitomycin-C-treated cells (stimulating cells). The results obtained indicate that THF increases MLC competence of lymphocytes from spleen and thymus origin of intact mice and that of spleen of thymus-deprived mice. In contrast, no enhancing effect in the MLC response by THF could be observed when bone marrow-derived spleen cells, cortisone-resistant thymocytes or lymph node cells were used as responding cells. These results confirm our hypothesis that THF leads to differentiation of young thymus-derived (T) cells, promoting them to maturation and thus to the acquisition of full immune competence.
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Response of human fetal lymphocytes in xenogeneic mixed leukocyte culture: Phylogenetic and ontogenetic aspects. Immunogenetics 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01564067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Friedman D, Keiser V, Globerson A. Reactivation of immunocompetence in spleen cells of aged mice. Nature 1974; 251:545-7. [PMID: 4154045 DOI: 10.1038/251545a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Trainin N, Levo Y, Rotter V. Resistance to hydrocortisone conferred upon thymocytes by a thymic humoral factor. Eur J Immunol 1974; 4:634-7. [PMID: 4154201 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kook AI, Trainin N. Hormone-like activity of a thymus humoral factor on the induction of immune competence in lymphoid cells. J Exp Med 1974; 139:193-207. [PMID: 4148648 PMCID: PMC2139502 DOI: 10.1084/jem.139.1.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments reported here were performed to understand the mechanism by which THF increases the immunocompetence of spleen cells from NTx mice. Dibutyryl cAMP or substances which increase intracellular levels of cAMP in lymphocytes such as Poly(A:U), theophylline, or PGE(2) were shown to mimic the effect of THF and confer reactivity in an in vitro GvH response to spleen cells from NTx mice. Flufenamic acid, an antagonist to PGE(2), was shown to inhibit the induction of competence by this substance. It was found that THF induces competence by activating membranal adenyl cyclase which leads to a rise in intracellular cAMP in thymus-derived cells only. These biochemical changes occur before antigenic stimulation and are unrelated to antigenic challenge. These findings indicate that THF exerts its effect via cAMP and are in agreement with the concepts which permit to classify THF as a thymus hormone.
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Wekerle H, Cohen IR, Feldman M. Thymus reticulum cell cultures confer T cell properties on spleen cells from thymus-deprived animals. Eur J Immunol 1973; 3:745-8. [PMID: 4544457 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Carnaud C, Ilfeld D, Brook I, Trainin N. Increased reactivity of mouse spleen cells sensitized in vitro against syngeneic tumor cells in the presence of a thymic humoral factor. J Exp Med 1973; 138:1521-32. [PMID: 4543457 PMCID: PMC2139458 DOI: 10.1084/jem.138.6.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Unprimed mouse spleen cells cultured in vitro on syngeneic tumor cell monolayers have been previously shown to become specifically sensitized and to mediate cytotoxicity against the same type of tumor cells. This complete in vitro system of cell-mediated response has been presently used to test the effect of a thymic humoral factor (THF) upon the differentiation process leading to the generation of specifically committed lymphocytes. Culture media were supplemented with 2% THF during either the sensitization or effector phase, or both phases of the reaction. Whereas the addition of THF during both phases or during sensitization only resulted in a significant increase in the cytotoxicity index, THF added during the effector phase was ineffective. The behavior of unsensitized spleen cells and of spleen cells sensitized against nonrelated transplantation antigens remained unmodified by THF. After showing that the entire reaction is mediated by lymphocytes of thymic origin, THF was directly tested on T or B spleen cells. It was found that only T cells reacted to THF by an increased cytotoxic capacity, while B cells remained inactive after addition of THF. It was therefore concluded that THF activates a postthymic population of lymphoid cells, transforming them into fully competent lymphocytes.
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Pitcher PM. Rapid latex-screening test for urine F.D.P. Lancet 1973; 1:1319-20. [PMID: 4126108 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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