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Itoh N, Ohshima Y. The dual aspects of IgD in the development of tolerance and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2022; 72:227-233. [PMID: 37010995 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-surface form of IgD is co-expressed with IgM on mature, naïve B cells as B-cell receptors. The secreted IgD antibody (Ab) is found in relatively modest concentrations in the blood and other body fluids as it has a relatively short serum half-life. IgD Abs produced in the upper-respiratory mucosa presumably participate in host defense against pathogens. The allergen-mediated cross-linkage of basophil-bound IgD Ab enhances type 2 cytokine secretion; IgD Ab may also interfere with IgE-mediated basophil degranulation, suggesting dual and opposing roles of IgD Ab in allergen sensitization and the development of allergen immune tolerance. We recently demonstrated that children with egg allergies who avoided all forms of egg have lower ovomucoid-specific IgD and IgG4 Ab levels than those who only partially avoided egg products and that different mechanisms may regulate allergen-specific IgD Ab production compared to allergen-specific IgG4 Ab production. The relationship between antigen-specific IgD Ab levels and the clinical improvement of asthma and food allergies suggests that antigen-specific IgD Ab affects the process of outgrowing allergies. We discuss the possibility that allergen-specific IgD Ab production reflects low-affinity, allergen-specific IgE production as children outgrow a food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Itoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Yusei Ohshima
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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2
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Zhang Z, Jara CJ, Singh M, Xu H, Goodnow CC, Jackson KJ, Reed JH. Human transitional and IgM low mature naïve B cells preserve permissive B-cell receptors. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:865-878. [PMID: 33988890 PMCID: PMC8453828 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The level of immunoglobulin M (IgM) displayed on the surface of peripheral blood B cells exhibits a broad dynamic range and has been associated with both development and selection. To determine whether IgM surface expression associates with distinct immunoglobulin heavy‐chain (IGH) repertoire properties, we performed deep IgM sequencing of peripheral blood transitional and mature naïve B cells in the upper and lower quartiles of surface IgM expression for 12 healthy donors. Mature naïve B cells within the lowest quartile for surface IgM expression displayed more diverse IGH features including increased complementarity‐determining region 3 length, IGHJ6 segment usage and aromatic amino acids compared with mature naïve B cells with high surface IgM. There were no differences between IGH repertoires for transitional B cells with high or low surface IgM. These findings suggest that a selection checkpoint during progression of transitional to mature naïve B cells reduces the breadth of the IGH repertoire among high surface IgM B cells but that diversity is preserved in B cells expressing low levels of surface IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christopher J Jara
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences and Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Joanne H Reed
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Nguyen TG. The therapeutic implications of activated immune responses via the enigmatic immunoglobulin D. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:107-122. [PMID: 33410368 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1861265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody and the least appreciated member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) family. Since its discovery over half a century ago, the essence of its function in the immune system has been somewhat enigmatic and less well-defined than other antibody classes. Membrane-bound IgD (mIgD) is mostly recognized as B-cell receptor (BCR) while secreted IgD (sIgD) has been recently implicated in 'arming' basophils and mast cells in mucosal innate immunity. Activations of immune responses via mIgD-BCR or sIgD by specific antigens or anti-IgD antibody thereby produce a broad and complex mix of cellular, antibody and cytokine responses from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Such broadly activated immune responses via IgD were initially deemed to potentiate and exacerbate the onset of autoimmune and allergic conditions. Paradoxically, treatments with anti-IgD antibody suppressed and ameliorated autoimmune conditions and allergic inflammations in mouse models without compromising the host's general immune defence, demonstrating a unique and novel therapeutic application for anti-IgD antibody treatment. Herein, this review endeavored to collate and summarize the evidence of the unique characteristics and features of activated immune responses via mIgD-BCR and sIgD that revealed an unappreciated immune-regulatory function of IgD in the immune system via an amplifying loop of anti-inflammatory Th2 and tolerogenic responses, and highlighted a novel therapeutic paradigm in harnessing these immune responses to treat human autoimmune and allergic conditions.
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4
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Burnett DL, Reed JH, Christ D, Goodnow CC. Clonal redemption and clonal anergy as mechanisms to balance B cell tolerance and immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:61-75. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Burnett
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Joanne H. Reed
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst NSW Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Darlinghurst NSW Australia
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5
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Gutzeit C, Chen K, Cerutti A. The enigmatic function of IgD: some answers at last. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1101-1113. [PMID: 29733429 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IgD emerged soon after IgM at the time of inception of the adaptive immune system. Despite its evolutionary conservation from fish to humans, the specific functions of IgD have only recently begun to be elucidated. Mature B cells undergo alternative mRNA splicing to express IgD and IgM receptors with identical antigenic specificity. The enigma of dual IgD and IgM expression has been tackled by several recent studies showing that IgD helps peripheral accumulation of physiologically autoreactive B cells through its functional unresponsiveness to self-antigens but prompt readiness against foreign antigens. IgD achieves this balance by attenuating IgM-mediated anergy while promoting specific responses to multimeric non-self-antigens. Additional research has clarified how and why certain mucosal B cells become plasmablasts or plasma cells specializing in IgD secretion. In particular, the microbiota has been shown to play an important role in driving class switch-mediated replacement of IgM with IgD. Secreted IgD appears to enhance mucosal homeostasis and immune surveillance by "arming" myeloid effector cells such as basophils and mast cells with IgD antibodies reactive against mucosal antigens, including commensal and pathogenic microbes. Here we will review these advances and discuss their implications in humoral immunity in human and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Gutzeit
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Studies Team (MIST), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Studies Team (MIST), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Program for Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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CXCR4 signaling and function require the expression of the IgD-class B-cell antigen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5231-5236. [PMID: 28461496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621512114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature B cells coexpress both IgM and IgD B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) classes, which are organized on the cell surface in distinct protein islands. The specific role of the IgD-BCR is still enigmatic, but it is colocalized with several other receptors on the B-cell surface, including the coreceptor CD19. Here, we report that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is also found in proximity to the IgD-BCR. Furthermore, B cells from IgD-deficient mice show defects in CXCL12-mediated CXCR4 signaling and B-cell migration, whereas B cells from IgM-deficient mice are normal in this respect. CXCR4 activation results in actin cytoskeleton remodeling and PI3K/Akt and Erk signaling in an IgD-BCR-dependent manner. The defects in CXCR4 signaling in IgD-deficient B cells can be overcome by anti-CD19 antibody stimulation that also increases CXCL12-mediated B-cell migration of normal B cells. These results show that the IgD-BCR, CD19, and CXCR4 are not only colocalized at nanometer distances but are also functionally connected, thus providing a unique paradigm of receptor signaling cross talk and function.
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7
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Sabouri Z, Perotti S, Spierings E, Humburg P, Yabas M, Bergmann H, Horikawa K, Roots C, Lambe S, Young C, Andrews TD, Field M, Enders A, Reed JH, Goodnow CC. IgD attenuates the IgM-induced anergy response in transitional and mature B cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13381. [PMID: 27830696 PMCID: PMC5109548 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-tolerance by clonal anergy of B cells is marked by an increase in IgD and decrease in IgM antigen receptor surface expression, yet the function of IgD on anergic cells is obscure. Here we define the RNA landscape of the in vivo anergy response, comprising 220 induced sequences including a core set of 97. Failure to co-express IgD with IgM decreases overall expression of receptors for self-antigen, but paradoxically increases the core anergy response, exemplified by increased Sdc1 encoding the cell surface marker syndecan-1. IgD expressed on its own is nevertheless competent to induce calcium signalling and the core anergy mRNA response. Syndecan-1 induction correlates with reduction of surface IgM and is exaggerated without surface IgD in many transitional and mature B cells. These results show that IgD attenuates the response to self-antigen in anergic cells and promotes their accumulation. In this way, IgD minimizes tolerance-induced holes in the pre-immune antibody repertoire. Self-reactive B cells that are anergic express mainly IgD, yet the function of IgD is not clear. Here the authors analyse primary B cells from mice to show that IgD signalling attenuates self-antigen induced gene expression and promotes survival of anergic B cells that might go on to reactivate to foreign antigens and mutate away from self-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sabouri
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Samuel Perotti
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Emily Spierings
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Peter Humburg
- Immunology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mehmet Yabas
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hannes Bergmann
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Carla Roots
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Samantha Lambe
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Clara Young
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - T Dan Andrews
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew Field
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Immunology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Immunology Division, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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8
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Übelhart R, Jumaa H. Autoreactivity and the positive selection of B cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2971-7. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Übelhart
- Institute of Immunology; University Hospital Ulm; Ulm Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology; University Hospital Ulm; Ulm Germany
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9
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Abstract
The development and function of B lymphocytes critically depend on the non-germline B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). In addition to the diverse antigen-recognition regions, whose coding sequences are generated by the somatic DNA rearrangement, the variety of the constant domains of the Heavy Chain (HC) portion contributes to the multiplicity of the BCR types. The functions of particular classes of the HC, particularly in the context of the membrane BCR, are not completely understood. The expression of the various classes of the HC correlates with the distinct stages of B-cell development, types of B-cell subsets, and their effector functions. In this chapter, we summarize and discuss the accumulated knowledge on the role of the μ, δ, and γ HC isotypes of the conventional and precursor BCR in B-cell differentiation, selection, and engagement with (auto)antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Surova
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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10
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Pieper K, Grimbacher B, Eibel H. B-cell biology and development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:959-71. [PMID: 23465663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells develop from hematopoietic precursor cells in an ordered maturation and selection process. Extensive studies with many different mouse mutants provided fundamental insights into this process. However, the characterization of genetic defects causing primary immunodeficiencies was essential in understanding human B-cell biology. Defects in pre-B-cell receptor components or in downstream signaling proteins, such as Bruton tyrosine kinase and B-cell linker protein, arrest development at the pre-B-cell stage. Defects in survival-regulating proteins, such as B-cell activator of the TNF-α family receptor (BAFF-R) or caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11 (CARD11), interrupt maturation and prevent differentiation of transitional B cells into marginal zone and follicular B cells. Mature B-cell subsets, immune responses, and memory B-cell and plasma cell development are disturbed by mutations affecting Toll-like receptor signaling, B-cell antigen receptor coreceptors (eg, CD19), or enzymes responsible for immunoglobulin class-switch recombination. Transgenic mouse models helped to identify key regulatory mechanisms, such as receptor editing and clonal anergy, preventing the activation of B cells expressing antibodies recognizing autoantigens. Nevertheless, the combination of susceptible genetic backgrounds with the rescue of self-reactive B cells by T cells allows the generation of autoreactive clones found in patients with many autoimmune diseases and even in those with primary immunodeficiencies. The rapid progress of functional genomic research is expected to foster the development of new tools that specifically target dysfunctional B lymphocytes to treat autoimmunity, B-cell malignancies, and immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Pieper
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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12
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Løset GÅ, Roux KH, Zhu P, Michaelsen TE, Sandlie I. Differential segmental flexibility and reach dictate the antigen binding mode of chimeric IgD and IgM: implications for the function of the B cell receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2925-34. [PMID: 14978095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mature, naive B cells coexpress IgD and IgM with identical binding sites. In this study, the binding properties of such IgM and IgD are compared to determine how size and shape may influence their ability to bind Ag and thus function as receptors. To dissect their intrinsic binding properties, recombinant IgM and IgD were produced in soluble form as monomers of the basic H(2)L(2) Ab architecture, each with two Ag binding sites. Since these sites are connected with a hinge region in IgD and structural Ig domains in IgM, the two molecules differ significantly in this region. The results show that IgD exhibited the larger angle and longer distance between its binding sites, as well as having the greater flexibility. Relative functional affinity was assessed on two antigenic surfaces with high or low epitope density, respectively. At high epitope density, IgM had a higher functional affinity for the Ag compared with IgD. The order was reversed at low epitope density due to a decrease in the functional affinity of IgM. Studies of binding kinetics showed similar association rates for both molecules. The dissociation rate, however, was slower for IgM at high epitope density and for IgD at low epitope density. Taken together, the results show that IgM and IgD with identical Ag binding regions have different Ag binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Å Løset
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Chaturvedi A, Siddiqui Z, Bayiroglu F, Rao KVS. A GPI-linked isoform of the IgD receptor regulates resting B cell activation. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:951-7. [PMID: 12244313 DOI: 10.1038/ni839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The induction of a humoral response depends upon efficient cross-linking by antigen of surface immunoglobulin on primary B lymphocytes. We demonstrate here the presence of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked isoform of membrane IgD (mIgD) receptors on murine resting B cells. This subset was constitutively localized to cell membrane raft microdomains. Its stimulation resulted in the activation of cAMP-dependent signaling pathways, which integrated with signals derived from the transmembrane mIgD receptors. This, in turn, provided a mechanism by which the activation status of the target cells could be variably regulated. Thus, by partitioning receptor activity, preimmune B cells can moderate the extent to which they are activated, depending upon the strength of the antigenic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Chaturvedi
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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14
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Preud'homme JL, Petit I, Barra A, Morel F, Lecron JC, Lelièvre E. Structural and functional properties of membrane and secreted IgD. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:871-87. [PMID: 11282392 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 35 years ago, study of an unknown immunoglobulin (Ig) in the serum from a myeloma patient led to the discovery of IgD. Subsequently, the finding that it also exists as a membrane-bound Ig stimulated a large number of studies during the 70s. Then, the interest on IgD shrank, largely because of the lack of known function of secretory IgD (secIgD) and of a stagnating knowledge of the functions of surface IgD. In the recent years, very significant advances followed the tremendous accumulation of data on the physiology of the B cell receptor, of which IgD is the major component, on the role of secIgD in normal and diseased individuals. This review, which is focused on human IgD but integrates data in the mouse and other species when needed, summarizes present data on the structure, synthesis and functions of both membrane and secIgD, IgD receptors and the involvement of IgD in various diseases, especially the hyperIgD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Preud'homme
- Immunology and Molecular Interactions (CNRS FRE 2224 - EA and IFR FR59), University Hospital and Faculty of Sciences, BP 577, 86021 Cedex, Poitiers, France.
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15
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Finkelman FD, Morris SC, Orekhova T, Mori M, Donaldson D, Reiner SL, Reilly NL, Schopf L, Urban JF. Stat6 regulation of in vivo IL-4 responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2303-10. [PMID: 10679064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although in vitro development of a Th2 response from naive CD4+ T cells is Stat6 dependent, mice immunized with a goat Ab to mouse IgD have been reported to produce a normal primary IL-4 response in Stat6-deficient mice. Experiments have now been performed with mice immunized with more conventional Ags or inoculated with nematode parasites to account for this apparent discrepancy. The ability of an immunogen to induce a primary in vivo IL-4 response in Stat6-deficient mice was found to vary directly with its ability to induce a strong type 2 cytokine-biased response in normal mice. Even immunogens, however, that induce strong primary IL-4 responses in Stat6-deficient mice induce poor memory IL-4 responses in these mice. Consistent with this, Stat6-deficient CD4+ T cells make relatively normal IL-4 responses when stimulated in vitro for 3 days with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, but poor IL-4 responses if they are later restimulated with anti-CD3. Thus, Stat6 signaling enhances primary IL-4 responses that are made as part of a type 0 cytokine response (mixed type 1 and type 2) and is required for normal development or survival of Th2 memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Finkelman
- Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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16
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Lebecque S, de Bouteiller O, Arpin C, Banchereau J, Liu YJ. Germinal center founder cells display propensity for apoptosis before onset of somatic mutation. J Exp Med 1997; 185:563-71. [PMID: 9053456 PMCID: PMC2196025 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes undergo affinity maturation of their antigen receptors within germinal centers. These anatomical structures develop in secondary lymphoid organs from the clonal expansion of a few antigen-specific founder B cells, whose isolation and characterization are reported here. Human germinal center founder cells express the naive B cell markers surface IgM and IgD as well as the germinal center B cell markers CD10 and CD38. They express low levels of Bcl-2, high levels of Fas, and undergo rapid apoptosis in culture. The smaller nonproliferating sIgM+IgD+CD38+ B cells displayed a lower level of somatic mutation in their immunoglobulin variable region genes compared with the large proliferating ones. Unmutated sIgM+IgD-CD38+ tonsillar B cells may thus represent germinal center founder cells in which the program for apoptotic cell death is triggered before the onset of somatic mutation, allowing the selection of the germline antibody repertoire at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lebecque
- Schering-Plough, Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
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