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Reyes-Serratos E, Ramielle L. Santos J, Puttagunta L, Lewis SJ, Watanabe M, Gonshor A, Buck R, Befus AD, Marcet-Palacios M. Identification and characterization of calcium binding protein, spermatid-associated 1 (CABS1)# in selected human tissues and fluids. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301855. [PMID: 38753592 PMCID: PMC11098423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium binding protein, spermatid associated 1 (CABS1) is a protein most widely studied in spermatogenesis. However, mRNA for CABS1 has been found in numerous tissues, albeit with little information about the protein. Previously, we identified CABS1 mRNA and protein in human salivary glands and provided evidence that in humans CABS1 contains a heptapeptide near its carboxyl terminus that has anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, levels of an immunoreactive form of CABS1 were elevated in psychological stress. To more fully characterize human CABS1 we developed additional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to different sections of the protein and used these antibodies to characterize CABS1 in an overexpression cell lysate, human salivary glands, saliva, serum and testes using western blot, immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics approaches exploiting the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. CABS1 appears to have multiple molecular weight forms, consistent with its recognition as a structurally disordered protein, a protein with structural plasticity. Interestingly, in human testes, its cellular distribution differs from that in rodents and pigs, and includes Leydig cells, primary spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and developing spermatocytes and spermatids, Geodata suggests that CABS1 is much more widely distributed than previously recognized, including in the urogenital, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, as well as in the nervous system, immune system and other tissues. Much remains to be learned about this intriguing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Reyes-Serratos
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joy Ramielle L. Santos
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Puttagunta
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mechiko Watanabe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Robert Buck
- GB Diagnostics, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- GB Diagnostics, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - A. Dean Befus
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcelo Marcet-Palacios
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Marcet-Palacios M, Reyes-Serratos E, Gonshor A, Buck R, Lacy P, Befus AD. Structural and posttranslational analysis of human calcium-binding protein, spermatid-associated 1. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4945-4958. [PMID: 32692864 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we detected a novel biomarker in human saliva called calcium-binding protein, spermatid-associated 1 (CABS1). CABS1 protein had previously been described only in testis, and little was known of its characteristics other than it was considered a structurally disordered protein. Levels of human CABS1 (hCABS1) in saliva correlate with stress, whereas smaller sized forms of hCABS1 in saliva are associated with resilience to stress. Interestingly, hCABS1 also has an anti-inflammatory peptide sequence near its carboxyl terminus, similar to that of a rat prohormone, submandibular rat 1. We performed phylogenetic and sequence analysis of hCABS1. We found that from 72 CABS1 sequences currently annotated in the National Center for Biotechnology Information protein database, only 14 contain the anti-inflammatory domain "TxIFELL," all of which are primates. We performed structural unfoldability analysis using PONDER and FoldIndex and discovered three domains that are highly disordered. Predictions of three-dimensional structure of hCABS1 using RaptorX, IonCom, and I-TASSER software agreed with these findings. Predicted neutrophil elastase cleavage density also correlated with hCABS1 regions of high structural disorder. Ligand binding prediction identified Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Zn2+ , leucine, and thiamine pyrophosphate, a pattern observed in enzymes associated with energy metabolism and mitochondrial localization. These new observations on hCABS1 raise intriguing questions about the interconnection between the autonomic nervous system, stress, and the immune system. However, the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the complex biology of hCABS1 remain unclear. We provide a detailed in silico analysis of relevant aspects of the structure and function of hCABS1 and postulate extracellular and intracellular roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Marcet-Palacios
- Department of Medicine, Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, Biological Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduardo Reyes-Serratos
- Department of Medicine, Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Robert Buck
- Fluids iQ Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- GB Diagnostics, Kingman, Arizona
| | - Paige Lacy
- Department of Medicine, Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A D Befus
- Department of Medicine, Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Asthma is an important allergic lower-airway disease in cats affecting approximately 1% to 5% of the pet cat population. New diagnostics are being developed to help better differentiate asthma from other lower-airway diseases and improve monitoring. In addition, new treatments are being developed to help in refractory cases or in those cases in which traditional therapeutics are contraindicated. This article discusses potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of asthma. In addition, current literature investigating new diagnostic tests and therapies for feline asthma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Trzil
- IndyVet Emergency and Specialty Hospital, 5425 Victory Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46203, USA.
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Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Endocrine regulation of lung disease and inflammation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:1313-1322. [PMID: 30509139 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218816653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Sex-differences in the incidence and severity of inflammatory lung diseases have been recognized for years. Women of reproductive age are more likely to suffer from chronic lung disease, with higher mortality rates than men. Physiological changes in hormone levels such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause have been associated with lung function changes and asthma symptoms. Despite this, the roles of sex hormones in the mechanisms associated with lung diseases have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes basic and clinical studies of sex hormones as potential modulators of lung function and inflammation. The information obtained from sex-specific research on lung physiology and pathology will potentially help in the development of sex-specific therapeutics for inflammatory lung disease that may account for the hormonal status of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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Gal Y, Mazor O, Falach R, Sapoznikov A, Kronman C, Sabo T. Treatments for Pulmonary Ricin Intoxication: Current Aspects and Future Prospects. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E311. [PMID: 28972558 PMCID: PMC5666358 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor beans), is one of the most lethal toxins known, particularly if inhaled. Ricin is considered a potential biological threat agent due to its high availability and ease of production. The clinical manifestation of pulmonary ricin intoxication in animal models is closely related to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves pulmonary proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, massive neutrophil infiltration and severe edema. Currently, the only post-exposure measure that is effective against pulmonary ricinosis at clinically relevant time-points following intoxication in pre-clinical studies is passive immunization with anti-ricin neutralizing antibodies. The efficacy of this antitoxin treatment depends on antibody affinity and the time of treatment initiation within a limited therapeutic time window. Small-molecule compounds that interfere directly with the toxin or inhibit its intracellular trafficking may also be beneficial against ricinosis. Another approach relies on the co-administration of antitoxin antibodies with immunomodulatory drugs, thereby neutralizing the toxin while attenuating lung injury. Immunomodulators and other pharmacological-based treatment options should be tailored according to the particular pathogenesis pathways of pulmonary ricinosis. This review focuses on the current treatment options for pulmonary ricin intoxication using anti-ricin antibodies, disease-modifying countermeasures, anti-ricin small molecules and their various combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Ohad Mazor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
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Ritz T, Rosenfield D, St Laurent CD, Trueba AF, Werchan CA, Vogel PD, Auchus RJ, Reyes-Serratos E, Befus AD. A novel biomarker associated with distress in humans: calcium-binding protein, spermatid-specific 1 (CABS1). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R1004-R1016. [PMID: 28381457 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00393.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-binding protein spermatid-specific 1 (CABS1) is expressed in the human submandibular gland and has an anti-inflammatory motif similar to that in submandibular rat 1 in rats. Here, we investigate CABS1 in human saliva and its association with psychological and physiological distress and inflammation in humans. Volunteers participated across three studies: 1) weekly baseline measures; 2) a psychosocial speech and mental arithmetic stressor under evaluative threat; and 3) during academic exam stress. Salivary samples were analyzed for CABS1 and cortisol. Additional measures included questionnaires of perceived stress and negative affect; exhaled nitric oxide; respiration and cardiac activity; lung function; and salivary and nasal inflammatory markers. We identified a CABS1 immunoreactive band at 27 kDa in all participants and additional molecular mass forms in some participants. One week temporal stability of the 27-kDa band was satisfactory (test-retest reliability estimate = 0.62-0.86). Acute stress increased intensity of 18, 27, and 55 kDa bands; 27-kDa increases were associated with more negative affect and lower heart rate, sympathetic activity, respiration rate, and minute ventilation. In both acute and academic stress, changes in 27 kDa were positively associated with salivary cortisol. The 27-kDa band was also positively associated with VEGF and salivary leukotriene B4 levels. Participants with low molecular weight CABS1 bands showed reduced habitual stress and negative affect in response to acute stress. CABS1 is readily detected in human saliva and is associated with psychological and physiological indicators of stress. The role of CABS1 in inflammatory processes, stress, and stress resilience requires careful study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
| | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chris D St Laurent
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ana F Trueba
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.,Quito Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Chelsey A Werchan
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pia D Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eduardo Reyes-Serratos
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
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St Laurent CD, St Laurent KE, Mathison RD, Befus AD. Calcium-binding protein, spermatid-specific 1 is expressed in human salivary glands and contains an anti-inflammatory motif. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R569-75. [PMID: 25632019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00153.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are involved in the production and exocrine and endocrine secretion of biologically active proteins, polypeptides, and hormones involved in growth and differentiation, homeostasis, and digestion. We have previously studied the prohormone submandibular rat 1 (SMR1), product of the Vcsa1 gene, which is highly expressed in the testes and salivary glands of rats, and can be cleaved to produce polypeptides with analgesic, erectile function, and anti-inflammatory activities. Humans lack the Vcsa1 gene, but homologous sequences and functions for analgesia and erectile function exist in the human genes Prol1, SMR3a, and SMR3b located on the human chromosomal region close to where Vcsa1 lies in the rat. Here we show the human protein calcium-binding protein spermatid-specific 1 (CABS1) contains a similar sequence to the anti-inflammatory sequence in rat SMR1, thus CABS1 may be another human gene with homologous function to Vcsa1. Using Western blot and PCR, we discovered that the human protein CABS1, previously thought to only be expressed in the testes, is also expressed in the salivary glands and lung, in a tissue-specific manner. Peptides derived from CABS1 were tested in an in vivo mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neutrophilia and an ex vivo rat model of antigen-induced intestinal anaphylaxis and significantly reduced both neutrophil accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and antigen-induced ileal contractions, respectively. Thus human CABS1 has a peptide motif homologous to the anti-inflammatory peptide sequence of rat SMR1. Whether this similarity of CABS1 extends to the neuroendocrine regulation of the anti-inflammatory activity seen for SMR1 remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D St Laurent
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Katherine E St Laurent
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Ron D Mathison
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
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8
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Effects of the recombinant allergen rDer f 2 on neuro-endocrino-immune network in asthmatic mice. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39:294-8. [PMID: 26155138 PMCID: PMC4440009 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2014.45938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and life-threatening side effects can occur in patients receiving allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT), and recombinant allergens made from cDNA have been used in clinical trials for ten years and appear promising for SIT. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of the recombinant allergen Der f 2 (the group 2 allergen from Dermatophagoides farinae) on the neuro-endocrino-immune network in asthmatic mice. Twenty-eight mice were divided into four groups – A, B, C and D. To induce asthma, a crude extract of D. farinae was injected intraperitoneally into the mice in groups B, C and D. Later, the crude extract or recombinant allergen rDer f 2 was given to groups C and D, respectively. Normal saline was given to groups A and B. Serum corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were detected by immunoassay and the pathological change of lung tissue was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Serum CRH, ACTH, CORT, and IFN-γ were highest in healthy group A but lowest in asthma group B. Treatment with the crude extract or recombinant allergen rDer f 2 significantly attenuated this response in asthmatic mice, but there was no difference between the two treatments (p > 0.05). Serum IL-4 was elevated in asthma group B but lowest in healthy group A. Treatment with the crude extract or recombinant allergen rDer f 2 significantly attenuated this response in asthmatic mice, but there was no significant difference between the two treatments (p > 0.05). However, lung pathology as measured histologically (Underwood Score) showed that rDer f 2-treatment was significantly better than crude extract treatment (p < 0.05). In brief, recombinant allergen Der f 2 can strengthen the function of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, affect the balance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and reduce pulmonary inflammation in asthmatic mice.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of feline asthma. The authors discuss the potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of feline asthma. In addition, current literature investigating new therapies for the treatment of feline asthma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Trzil
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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10
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Layachi S, Porra L, Albu G, Trouillet N, Suhonen H, Peták F, Sevestre H, Suortti P, Sovijärvi A, Habre W, Bayat S. Role of cellular effectors in the emergence of ventilation defects during allergic bronchoconstriction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1057-64. [PMID: 23887899 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00844.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not known whether local factors within the airway wall or parenchyma may influence the emergence and spatial distribution of ventilation defects (VDs), thereby modulating the dynamic system behavior of the lung during bronchoconstriction. We assessed the relationship between the distribution of cellular effectors and the emergence of defects in regional ventilation distribution following allergen challenge. We performed high-resolution K-edge subtraction (KES) synchrotron imaging during xenon inhalation and measured the forced oscillatory input impedance in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized Brown-Norway rats (n = 12) at baseline and repeatedly following OVA challenge. Histological slices with best anatomic matching to the computed tomographic images were stained with a modified May-Grunwald Giemsa and immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal anti-rat CD68, in six rats. Slides were digitized and total cells and eosinophils were counted in the walls of bronchi and vessels randomly selected within and outside of VDs on the basis of xenon-KES images. Ventilated alveolar area decreased and ventilation heterogeneity, Newtonian resistance, tissue damping, and elastance increased following OVA challenge. Eosinophil, total cell, and CD68+ counts were significantly higher in the bronchial and vascular walls within vs. outside of the VDs. The minimal central airway diameters during OVA-induced bronchoconstriction were correlated with eosinophil (R = -0.85; P = 0.031) and total cell densities (R = -0.82; P = 0.046) in the airway walls within the poorly ventilated zones. Our findings suggest that allergic airway inflammation is locally heterogeneous and is topographically associated with the local emergence of VDs following allergen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Layachi
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne and Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
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11
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Elder ASF, Bersten AD, Saccone GTP, Dixon DL. Tripeptide feG prevents and ameliorates acute pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury in a rodent model. Chest 2013; 143:371-378. [PMID: 22846981 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synthetic tripeptide feG (D-Phe-D-Glu-Gly) is a novel pharmacologic agent that decreases neutrophil recruitment, infiltration, and activation in various animal models of inflammatory disease. We aimed to investigate the effect of feG as both a preventive treatment when administered before acute lung injury and as a therapeutic treatment administered following initiation of acute lung injury. METHODS Lung injury was assessed following prophylactic or therapeutic intratracheal feG administration in a “two-hit” rodent model of acute pancreatitis plus intratracheal lipopolysaccharide. RESULTS Following both prophylactic and therapeutic feG administration, there were significant improvements in arterial blood oxygenation and respiratory mechanics and decreased lung edema, BAL protein concentration, histologic tissue injury scores, BAL cell infiltration, and lung myeloperoxidase activity. Most indices of lung damage were reduced to baseline control values. CONCLUSIONS feG reduced leukocyte infiltration, ameliorated the severity of inflammatory damage, and restored lung function when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically in a two-hit rat model of acute pancreatitis plus intratracheal lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S F Elder
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Andrew D Bersten
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gino T P Saccone
- Department of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dani-Louise Dixon
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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12
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Elder ASF, Bersten AD, Saccone GTP, Dixon DL. Prevention and amelioration of rodent endotoxin-induced lung injury with administration of a novel therapeutic tripeptide feG. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:167-71. [PMID: 23041650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synthetic tripeptide feG is a novel pharmacological agent that decreases neutrophil recruitment, infiltration, and activation in various animal models of inflammatory disease. In human and rat cell culture models, feG requires pre-stimulation in order to decrease in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis. We aimed to investigate the effect of feG on neutrophil chemotaxis in a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury model without pre-stimulation. METHODS The efficacy of feG as both a preventative treatment, when administered before lung injury (prophylactic), or as a therapeutic treatment, administered following lung injury (therapeutic), was investigated. RESULTS Prophylactic or therapeutic feG administration significantly reduced leukocyte infiltration, ameliorated the severity of inflammatory damage, and restored lung function. feG was demonstrated to significantly decrease bronchoalveolar lavage cell infiltration, lung myeloperoxidase activity, lung oedema, histological tissue injury scores, and improve arterial blood oxygenation and respiratory mechanics. CONCLUSIONS feG reduced leukocyte infiltration, ameliorated the severity of inflammatory damage, and restored lung function when administered prophylactically or therapeutically in a rodent model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, without the need for pre-stimulation, suggesting a direct rather than indirect mechanism of action in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S F Elder
- Department of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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13
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Calenda G, Tong Y, Kanika ND, Tar MT, Suadicani SO, Zhang X, Melman A, Rougeot C, Davies KP. Reversal of diabetic vasculopathy in a rat model of type 1 diabetes by opiorphin-related peptides. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1353-9. [PMID: 21784987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00383.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes results in a myriad of vascular complications, often referred to as diabetic vasculopathy, which encompasses both microvascular [erectile dysfunction (ED), retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy] and macrovascular complications (hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction). In diabetic animals and patients with ED, there is decreased opiorphin or opiorphin-related gene expression in corporal tissue. Both opiorphin and the rat homologous peptide sialorphin are found circulating in the plasma. In the present study, we investigated if diabetes induced changes in plasma sialorphin levels and if changes in these levels could modulate the biochemistry and physiology of vascular smooth muscle. We show that circulating sialorphin levels are reduced in a rat model of type I diabetes. Intracorporal injection of plasmids expressing sialorphin into diabetic rats restores sialorphin levels to those seen in the blood of nondiabetic animals and results in both improved erectile function and blood pressure. Sialorphin modulated the ability of C-type natriuretic peptide to relax both corporal and aortic smooth muscle strips and of bradykinin to regulate intracellular calcium levels in both corporal and aortic smooth muscle cells. We have previously shown that expression of genes encoding opiorphins is increased when erectile function is improved. Our findings thus suggest that by affecting circulating levels of opiorphin-related peptides, proper erectile function is not only an indicator but also a modulator of overall vascular health of a man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calenda
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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14
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Ung P, Winkler DA. Tripeptide Motifs in Biology: Targets for Peptidomimetic Design. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1111-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1012984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Ung
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC 3169, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Parkville 3152, Australia
| | - David A. Winkler
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bag 10, Clayton South MDC 3169, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Parkville 3152, Australia
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15
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Barsoum FF. Synthesis and Molecular Modeling Studies of Anti-inflammatory Active 1H-Pyrrolizine-5-carboxamides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 344:56-65. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Reinero CR. Advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, and diagnostics and therapeutics for feline allergic asthma. Vet J 2010; 190:28-33. [PMID: 21036078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common inflammatory disease of the lower airways and is believed to be of allergic etiology in cats. As little progress has been made in establishing rigorous criteria to differentiate it from other inflammatory lower airway diseases such as chronic bronchitis, descriptions of 'asthma' in the literature have often been inaccurate, grouping this syndrome with other feline airway diseases. With the development of more sensitive and specific diagnostics, it will become easier to distinguish asthma as a disease entity. Pulmonary function testing with bronchoprovocation/bronchodilator responsiveness trials and biomarkers hold particular promise. Discrimination is of critical importance as targeted therapies for the allergic inflammatory cascade are developed and become available for therapeutic trials in pet cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Venema CM, Patterson CC. Feline asthma: what's new and where might clinical practice be heading? J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:681-92. [PMID: 20800209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline bronchial asthma is one of the most commonly diagnosed respiratory conditions of cats. Clinical signs range from intermittent wheezing and coughing, which can compromise quality of life, to episodes of severe dyspnea that can be life-threatening. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline asthma can be easily disregarded as a simplistic condition. However, much about its pathophysiology remains obscure. There is no gold standard method of diagnosis, and current approaches are associated with various limitations. Also, feline asthma is typically treated with long-term glucocorticoid therapy, which can have significant consequences. AUDIENCE Because of its prevalence, general practitioners encounter asthma regularly. Refractory cases are often managed by veterinary internists and pulmonologists. PATIENT GROUP Asthma can be diagnosed in cats of any age but is usually seen in young to middle-aged adults (mean 4 years, range 1-15 years). There is no sex predilection, but the Siamese breed appears to be overrepresented. EVIDENCE BASE While the standard clinical approach to feline asthma has changed little in recent years, new research has provided greater insight into many aspects of this complex disease and new strategies are being studied. This article reviews the current literature in order to raise awareness of how advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of feline asthma may be determining the future direction of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Venema
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, D211 Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Mathison RD, Davison JS, Befus AD, Gingerich DA. Salivary gland derived peptides as a new class of anti-inflammatory agents: review of preclinical pharmacology of C-terminal peptides of SMR1 protein. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:49. [PMID: 20920210 PMCID: PMC2955637 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The limitations of steroidal and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have prompted investigation into other biologically based therapeutics, and identification of immune selective anti-inflammatory agents of salivary origin. The traditional view of salivary glands as accessory digestive structures is changing as their importance as sources of systemically active immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory factors is recognized. Salivary gland involvement in maintenance of whole body homeostasis is regulated by the nervous system and thus constitutes a "neuroendocrine axis". The potent anti-inflammatory activities, both in vivo and in vitro, of the tripeptide Phe-Glu-Gly (FEG) are reviewed. FEG is a carboxyl terminal peptide of the prohormone SMR1 identified in the rat submandibular salivary gland, The D-isomeric form (feG) mimics the activity of its L-isomer FEG. Macropharmacologically, feG attenuates the cardiovascular and inflammatory effects of endotoxemia and anaphylaxis, by inhibition of hypotension, leukocyte migration, vascular leak, and disruption of pulmonary function and intestinal motility. Mechanistically, feG affects activated inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, by regulating integrins and inhibiting intracellular production of reactive oxygen species. Pharmacodynamically, feG is active at low doses (100 μg/kg) and has a long (9-12 hour) biological half life. As a therapeutic agent, feG shows promise in diseases characterized by over exuberant inflammatory responses such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and other acute inflammatory diseases. Arthritis, sepsis, acute pancreatitis, asthma, acute respiratory inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, and equine laminitis are potential targets for this promising therapeutic peptide. The term "Immune Selective Anti-Inflammatory Derivatives" (ImSAIDs) is proposed for salivary-derived peptides to distinguish this class of agents from corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Mathison
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Tsuchiya K, Jo T, Takeda N, Al Heialy S, Siddiqui S, Shalaby KH, Risse PA, Maghni K, Martin JG. EGF receptor activation during allergic sensitization affects IL-6-induced T-cell influx to airways in a rat model of asthma. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1590-602. [PMID: 20373517 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
EGF receptor (EGFR) is involved in cell differentiation and proliferation in airways and may trigger cytokine production by T cells. We hypothesized that EGFR inhibition at the time of allergic sensitization may affect subsequent immune reactions. Brown Norway rats were sensitized with OVA, received the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG1478 from days 0 to 7 and OVA challenge on day 14. OVA-specific IgE in serum and cytokines and chemokines in BAL were measured 24 h after challenge. To evaluate effects on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), rats were sensitized, treated with AG1478, intranasally challenged, and then AHR was assessed. Furthermore chemotactic activity of BALF for CD4(+) T cells was examined. The eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes in BAL were increased by OVA and only the lymphocytes were reduced by AG1478. OVA significantly enhanced IL-6 concentration in BAL, which was inhibited by AG1478. However AHR, OVA-specific IgE and IL-4 mRNA expression in CD4(+) T cells were not affected by AG1478. BALF from OVA-sensitized/challenged rats induced CD4(+) T-cell migration, which was inhibited by both AG1478 treatment in vivo and neutralization of IL-6 in vitro. EGFR activation during sensitization may affect the subsequent influx of CD4(+) T cells to airways, mainly mediated through IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitake Tsuchiya
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Barreto SG, Carati CJ, Schloithe AC, Mathison R, Davison JS, Toouli J, Saccone GTP. The efficacy of combining feG and galantide in mild caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Peptides 2010; 31:1076-82. [PMID: 20214943 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that galantide ameliorates mild acute pancreatitis (AP), and the salivary tripeptide analogue, feG, ameliorates severe AP in mice. In this study, we compared the efficacy of combining galantide and feG with that of the individual agents in treating mild AP induced in mice with 7-hourly caerulein injections. Galantide was co-administered with each caerulein injection commencing with the first injection. feG was co-administered with the first injection of caerulein as a single intraperitoneal injection. Combination of the agents was also administered. Control animals received galantide, feG, or saline alone. Pancreata were harvested for histological examination and estimation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Plasma enzyme activities were measured. Galantide significantly reduced AP-induced hyperenzymemia by 41-49%. The combination of galantide and feG significantly reduced AP-induced hyperenzymemia by 39-40%, whereas feG alone was without effect. Plasma enzyme activity in the control groups was comparable with pre-treatment activity. Galantide, feG, and their combination significantly reduced MPO activity by 83, 44 and 74% respectively, and % abnormal acinar cells by 32, 29 and 36% respectively. This study demonstrates for the first time the beneficial effect of feG in mild caerulein-induced AP. Moreover the data indicate that the hyperenzymemia in mild caerulein-induced AP at 12h possibly reflect a larger secretory component as compared to enzyme release due to neutrophil-mediated acinar cell damage. The effects of the treatment with both peptides indicate a possible role for galantide in modulating neutrophil chemotaxis/activation and supports the hypothesis that galantide may influence neurogenic inflammation in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savio G Barreto
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia
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21
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Eberhardt JM, DeClue AE, Reinero CR. Chronic use of the immunomodulating tripeptide feG-COOH in experimental feline asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132:175-80. [PMID: 19577809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously documented that a single dose of feG-COOH prior to allergen challenge significantly decreased eosinophilic airway inflammation in cats with experimental asthma, but did not result in complete resolution of airway inflammation. This study was undertaken to determine if a chronic (2 weeks) course of feG-COOH in experimentally asthmatic cats would induce complete remission of airway inflammation and clinical signs of asthma. Experimental asthma was induced using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) and cats were randomly selected to receive either feG-COOH (1mg/kg, PO) or saline for 2 weeks, followed by a 2-week washout period. Cats then received the alternate treatment. Aerosol challenge with BGA was performed weekly throughout the study and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were collected prior to and after each of the 2-week treatment periods. Regular use of feG-COOH had no significant effect on airway inflammation, BALF and plasma TNF bioactivity or a clinical sign compared to placebo. Regular use of feG-COOH can thus not be recommended as the sole therapy for feline allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Eberhardt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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22
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DeClue AE, Schooley E, Nafe LA, Reinero CR. feG-COOH blunts eosinophilic airway inflammation in a feline model of allergic asthma. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:457-62. [PMID: 19255722 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study investigated if feG-COOH would decrease allergen-induced airway inflammation. MATERIALS OR SUBJECTS Seven adult cats sensitised to Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) to induce an asthmatic phenotype. TREATMENT Cats were randomized to receive either feG-COOH (1 mg/kg, PO) or placebo (saline 1 ml, PO) immediately prior to BGA aerosol challenge in a cross-over design. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and airway inflammatory response assessed via inflammatory cell number and type; IL-4, IFN-gamma and nitric oxide metabolite concentrations. A paired t test was used to compare parameters with a P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS The BALF eosinophil percentage was significantly lower in asthmatic cats treated with feG compared with placebo (placebo, 35.3 +/- 12.2%; feG, 22.4 +/- 8.6%; P = 0.002). Treatment with feG did not result in a significant change in any other parameter measured. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that a single dose of feG-COOH partially attenuates eosinophilic airway inflammation in experimental feline asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E DeClue
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 E. Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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23
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Lux R, Awa W, Walter U. An interdisciplinary analysis of sex and gender in relation to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Respir Med 2009; 103:637-49. [PMID: 19181510 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies confirm that pathogenesis and prevalence of bronchial asthma are age and sex dependent. Detailed physiological mechanisms of the changing sex ratios with age are not fully known, however, the gender (socio-cultural) factors are also imperative. Although multiple factors definitely influence the pathogenesis of asthma, only individual or few combinations of these have been investigated. METHODS The terms 'sex', 'gender' and plausible combinations of both were systematically researched in selected databases (Medline, Scopus) or other sources, including publications from January 2000 to June 2007. Generated articles were categorized, either as endogenous or exogenous factors influencing the pathogenesis of asthma, and divided into the following subgroups: genetic, immunological, hormonal, gynaecological, nutritional, and environmental parameters. RESULTS An increasing number of studies investigate the influence of sex and gender in the aetiology, therapy and prevention of asthma. While their results are still debatable, others regarding its initiation, perpetuation and cessation have been clarified. Recent insights into interactions at biomolecular and immunological levels greatly contribute to clarifying sex-specific influences. Despite occasional oversimplifications, a trend for explanations considering the complex interplay of different factors can be observed. This work is in line with this trend and offers explanation models from our point of view. CONCLUSIONS Some disagreements regarding the patho-physiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of asthma still prevail. Nevertheless, in order to better appreciate its complexity, openness to and persistent consideration for interdisciplinary as well as sex- and gender-related factors is required of the medical-research community in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lux
- Institute of Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health System Research, Hannover Medical School, OE 5410, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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Morris KE, St Laurent CD, Hoeve RS, Forsythe P, Suresh MR, Mathison RD, Befus AD. Autonomic nervous system regulates secretion of anti-inflammatory prohormone SMR1 from rat salivary glands. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 296:C514-24. [PMID: 19109528 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00214.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system regulates the secretion of bioactive proteins and peptides from salivary glands that can be important in systemic physiological responses. The prohormone submandibular rat-1, which is highly expressed in rat submandibular glands, can be cleaved to produce polypeptides with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Human genes related to submandibular rat-1 have conserved biological functions and are potentially important in pain suppression, erectile function, and inflammation. In this study we describe the differential expression and posttranslational modification of submandibular rat-1 protein in salivary glands, the urogenital tract, lung, blood, and saliva in male Sprague-Dawley and Brown Norway rats. Submandibular rat-1 protein is secreted into saliva after the administration of beta-adrenergic or cholinergic agonists. Removal of the sympathetic ganglion that innervates the salivary glands results in increased levels of submandibular rat-1 protein in salivary glands. The secretion of submandibular rat-1 in response to physiological stress may provide a large pool of submandibular rat-1-derived peptide products that can promote analgesia and decrease inflammation locally and systemically. This pathway may be conserved among mammals and may constitute an important anti-inflammatory and analgesic response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Morris
- 550A Heritage Medical Research Ctr., Pulmonary Research Group, Dept. of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2
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Mathison RD, Christie E, Davison JS. The tripeptide feG inhibits leukocyte adhesion. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2008; 5:6. [PMID: 18492254 PMCID: PMC2408570 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The tripeptide feG (D-Phe-D-Glu-Gly) is a potent anti-inflammatory peptide that reduces the severity of type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions, and inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion to tissues. feG also reduces the expression of β1-integrin on circulating neutrophils, but the counter ligands involved in the anti-adhesive actions of the peptide are not known. In this study the effects of feG on the adhesion of rat peritoneal leukocytes and extravasated neutrophils to several different integrin selective substrates were evaluated. Results The adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes and extravasated neutrophils from rats to adhesive proteins coated to 96-well plates was dependent upon magnesium (Mg2+) ion, suggestive of integrin-mediated adhesion. feG inhibited leukocyte adhesion, but only if the cells were stimulated with PAF (10-9M), indicating that feG's actions in vitro require cell activation. In the dose range of 10-10M to 10-12M feG inhibited the adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes to fibrinogen and fibronectin, but not IgG, vitronectin or ICAM-1. feG inhibited the binding of extravasated neutrophils to heparin, IgG, fibronectin and CD16 antibody. Antigen-challenge of sensitized rats reduced the adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes to most substrates and abolished the inhibitory effects of feG. However, pretreating the animals with intraperitoneal feG (100 μg/kg) 18 h before collecting the cells from the antigen-challenged animal restored the inhibition of adhesion by in vitro feG of peritoneal leukocytes and extravasated neutrophils to fibronectin. Conclusion The modulation of leukocyte adhesion by feG appears to involve actions on αMβ2 integrin, with a possible interaction with the low affinity FcγRIII receptor (CD16). The modulation of cell adhesion by feG is dual in nature. When administered in vivo, feG prevents inflammation-induced reductions in cell adhesion, as well as restoring its inhibitory effect in vitro. The mechanism by which in vivo treatment with feG exerts these effects remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Mathison
- University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Rifai Y, Elder ASF, Carati CJ, Hussey DJ, Li X, Woods CM, Schloithe AC, Thomas AC, Mathison RD, Davison JS, Toouli J, Saccone GTP. The tripeptide analog feG ameliorates severity of acute pancreatitis in a caerulein mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G1094-9. [PMID: 18308855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00534.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality; however, there is no specific treatment for this disease. A novel salivary tripeptide analog, feG, reduces inflammation in several different animal models of inflammation. The aims of this study were to determine whether feG reduced the severity of AP and modifies the expression of pancreatic ICAM-1 mRNA during AP in a mouse model. AP was induced in mice by hourly (x12) intraperitoneal injections of caerulein. A single dose of feG (100 microg/kg) was coadministered with caerulein either at time 0 h (prophylactic) or 3 h after AP induction (therapeutic). Plasma amylase and pancreatic MPO activities and pancreatic ICAM-1 mRNA expression (by RT-PCR) were measured. Pancreatic sections were histologically assessed for abnormal acinar cells and interstitial space. AP induction produced a sevenfold increase in plasma amylase, a tenfold increase in pancreatic MPO activity, and a threefold increase in interstitial space, and 90% of the acinar cells were abnormal. Prophylactic treatment with feG reduced the AP-induced plasma amylase activity by 45%, pancreatic MPO by 80%, the proportion of abnormal acinar cells by 30%, and interstitial space by 40%. Therapeutic treatment with feG significantly reduced the AP-induced abnormal acinar cells by 10% and the interstitial space by 20%. Pancreatic ICAM-1 mRNA expression was upregulated in AP and was reduced by 50% with prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with feG. We conclude that feG ameliorates experimental AP acting at least in part by modulating ICAM-1 expression in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusnita Rifai
- Dept. of Surgery, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Galeazzi R, Martelli G, Marcucci E, Mobbili G, Natali D, Orena M, Rinaldi S. A New Conformationally Restricted Mimetic of Dipeptide EG – Synthesis of an Analogue of FEG. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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John SM, Bao F, Chen Y, Mathison RD, Weaver LC. Effects of a novel tripeptide on neurological outcomes after spinal cord injury. Neuroreport 2007; 17:1793-6. [PMID: 17164666 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000239963.83566.bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A biologically active tripeptide [phenylalanine glutamate glycine (feG)] derived from the submandibular gland has anti-inflammatory actions. We have shown that intravenous treatment with feG after spinal cord injury decreases the intraspinal infiltration of leukocytes and associated oxidative damage within 72 h after injury. The present study assessed effects of this treatment on chronic neurological outcomes after clip-compression spinal cord injury at the 12th thoracic segment. Locomotor scores of feG-treated rats were significantly higher than those of controls at 7 weeks after spinal cord injury. Treated rats had significantly less hind paw mechanical allodynia than controls at this time. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative actions of feG treatment correlate with improved neurological outcomes after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil M John
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, BioTherapeutics Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Mathison RD, Davison JS. The tripeptide feG regulates the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species by neutrophils. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2006; 3:9. [PMID: 16776845 PMCID: PMC1534017 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The D-isomeric form of the tripeptide FEG (feG) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that suppresses type I hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated allergic) reactions in several animal species. One of feG's primary actions is to inhibit leukocyte activation resulting in loss of their adhesive and migratory properties. Since activation of neutrophils is often associated with an increase in respiratory burst with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we examined the effect of feG on the respiratory burst in neutrophils of antigen-sensitized rats. A role for protein kinase C (PKC) in the actions of feG was evaluated by using selective isoform inhibitors for PKC. RESULTS At 18 h after antigen (ovalbumin) challenge of sensitized Sprague-Dawley rats a pronounced neutrophilia occurred; a response that was reduced in animals treated with feG (100 microg/kg). With antigen-challenged animals the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, PMA, significantly increased intracellular ROS of circulating neutrophils, as determined by flow cytometry using the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine-123. This increase was prevented by treatment with feG at the time of antigen challenge. The inhibitor of PKCdelta, rottlerin, which effectively prevented intracellular ROS production by circulating neutrophils of animals receiving a naïve antigen, failed to inhibit PMA-stimulated ROS production if the animals were challenged with antigen. feG treatment, however, re-established the inhibitory effects of the PKCdelta inhibitor on intracellular ROS production. The extracellular release of superoxide anion, evaluated by measuring the oxidative reduction of cytochrome C, was neither modified by antigen challenge nor feG treatment. However, hispidin, an inhibitor of PKCbeta, inhibited the release of superoxide anion from circulating leukocytes in all groups of animals. feG prevented the increased expression of the beta1-integrin CD49d on the circulating neutrophils elicited by antigen challenge. CONCLUSION feG reduces the capacity of circulating neutrophils to generate intracellular ROS consequent to an allergic reaction by preventing the deregulation of PKCdelta. This action of feG may be related to the reduction in antigen-induced up-regulation of CD49d expression on circulating neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Mathison
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Joseph S Davison
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Bao F, John SM, Chen Y, Mathison RD, Weaver LC. The tripeptide phenylalanine-(d) glutamate-(d) glycine modulates leukocyte infiltration and oxidative damage in rat injured spinal cord. Neuroscience 2006; 140:1011-22. [PMID: 16581192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tripeptide, phenylalanine-glutamate-glycine (FEG) and its d-isomeric form phenylalanine-(D) glutamate-(D) glycine (feG), derived from submandibular gland peptide-T, significantly reduce the allergic inflammatory response and leukocyte trafficking and neutrophil migration into intestine, heart and lungs. Due to these actions, we hypothesized that feG would attenuate the early inflammatory response to spinal cord injury, reduce free radical production and improve neurological outcomes, like other leukocyte-limiting strategies we have used previously. We tested this using a clip compression model of spinal cord injury in rats. Following spinal cord injury at the 4th thoracic cord segment, we quantified leukocyte infiltration, free radical formation and oxidative damage at the lesion site after feG or control peptide phenylalanine-(D) aspartate-(D) glycine treatment. In rats treated with feG at 2 and 12 h, or 6 and 12 h after spinal cord injury, mean myeloperoxidase activity and ED-1 expression were significantly lower ( approximately 40%) than in controls at 24 h. Free radical formation generated in injured spinal cord was detected using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate as a fluorescent probe. Free radical production in the injured cord increased significantly after spinal cord injury and feG treatment significantly reduced this free radical production. Oxidative enzymes, lipid peroxidation and cell death were also significantly ( approximately 40%), gp91 ( approximately 30%), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels ( approximately 35%), 4-hydroxynonenal-bound protein ( approximately 35%) and caspase-3 ( approximately 32%). Early administration of feG decreases infiltration of inflammatory cells into the injured spinal cord and intraspinal free radical formation, thereby reducing oxidative damage and secondary cell death after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bao
- Spinal Cord Injury Team, Laboratory of Spinal Cord Injury, BioTherapeutics Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000175939.68435.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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