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Mitigation of DSS-Induced Colitis Potentially via Th1/Th2 Cytokine and Immunological Function Balance Induced by Phenolic-Enriched Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Bee Pollen Extract. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091293. [PMID: 35564016 PMCID: PMC9105923 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colitis is an inflammatory disease that results from the overactivation of effector immune cells, producing a high quantity of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our study aimed to explore whether buckwheat (F. esculentum) bee pollen extract (FBPE) could inhibit the progression of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis via regulating immune function. We isolated and identified six main phenolic compounds of FBPE such as luteolin (9.46 mg/g) by column chromatography, HPLC-DAD, ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy, then assessed their effects on colonic mucosal injury by clinical symptoms, histomorphology and immunohistochemistry examinations. The results showed that FBPE at 25.2 g/kg body weight (g/kg BW) changed the clinical symptoms of colitis, the ICAM-1 expression in colon, the activity of related inflammatory mediators in colon tissue and helped restore the immune system. Compared with the model group (40.28%), the CD4 positivity was significantly reduced in the HD (High-dose group: 25.2 g FBPE/kg BW/day) group (20.45%). Administration of 25.2 g/kg BW of FBPE decreased the IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-4 levels, while enhancing the IL-10 level, and significantly inhibited the abnormally decreased IgG (Model: 13.25 mg/mL, HD: 14.06 mg/mL), showing a reversal effect on the Th1/Th2 levels in colitis. These findings suggested that FBPE at 25.2 g/kg BW had the effects of alleviating colitis and immunomodulation, which can help in the development of safe and effective immune therapy.
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Tyler CJ, Guzman M, Lundborg LR, Yeasmin S, Zgajnar N, Jedlicka P, Bamias G, Rivera-Nieves J. Antibody secreting cells are critically dependent on integrin α4β7/MAdCAM-1 for intestinal recruitment and control of the microbiota during chronic colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:109-119. [PMID: 34433904 PMCID: PMC8732264 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T and B cells employ integrin α4β7 to migrate to intestine under homeostatic conditions. Whether those cells differentially rely on α4β7 for homing during inflammatory conditions has not been fully examined. This may have implications for our understanding of the mode of action of anti-integrin therapies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we examined the role of α4β7 integrin during chronic colitis using IL-10-/- mice, β7-deficient IL-10-/-, IgA-deficient IL-10-/- mice, and antibody blockade of MAdCAM-1. We found that α4β7 was predominantly expressed by B cells. β7 deficiency and MAdCAM-1 blockade specifically depleted antibody secreting cells (ASC) (not T cells) from the colonic LP, leading to a fecal pan-immunoglobulin deficit, severe colitis, and alterations of microbiota composition. Colitis was not due to defective regulation, as dendritic cells (DC), regulatory T cells, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) expression, activity, and regulatory T/B-cell cytokines were all comparable between the strains/treatment. Finally, an IgA deficit closely recapitulated the clinical phenotype and altered microbiota composition of β7-deficient IL-10-/- mice. Thus, a luminal IgA deficit contributes to accelerated colitis in the β7-deficient state. Given the critical/nonredundant dependence of IgA ASC on α4β7:MAdCAM-1 for intestinal homing, B cells may represent unappreciated targets of anti-integrin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Tyler
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mauricio Guzman
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Luke R. Lundborg
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Shaila Yeasmin
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nadia Zgajnar
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- grid.241116.10000000107903411Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO USA
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800GI Unit, 3rd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jesús Rivera-Nieves
- San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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Wang X, Ji P, Zhang Y, LaComb JF, Tian X, Li E, Williams JL. Aberrant DNA Methylation: Implications in Racial Health Disparity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153125. [PMID: 27111221 PMCID: PMC4844165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Incidence and mortality rates of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) are higher in African Americans (AAs) than in Caucasian Americans (CAs). Deficient micronutrient intake due to dietary restrictions in racial/ethnic populations can alter genetic and molecular profiles leading to dysregulated methylation patterns and the inheritance of somatic to germline mutations. Materials and Methods Total DNA and RNA samples of paired tumor and adjacent normal colon tissues were prepared from AA and CA CRC specimens. Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) and RNA sequencing were employed to evaluate total genome methylation of 5’-regulatory regions and dysregulation of gene expression, respectively. Robust analysis was conducted using a trimming-and-retrieving scheme for RRBS library mapping in conjunction with the BStool toolkit. Results DNA from the tumor of AA CRC patients, compared to adjacent normal tissues, contained 1,588 hypermethylated and 100 hypomethylated differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Whereas, 109 hypermethylated and 4 hypomethylated DMRs were observed in DNA from the tumor of CA CRC patients; representing a 14.6-fold and 25-fold change, respectively. Specifically; CHL1, 4 anti-inflammatory genes (i.e., NELL1, GDF1, ARHGEF4, and ITGA4), and 7 miRNAs (of which miR-9-3p and miR-124-3p have been implicated in CRC) were hypermethylated in DNA samples from AA patients with CRC. From the same sample set, RNAseq analysis revealed 108 downregulated genes (including 14 ribosomal proteins) and 34 upregulated genes (including POLR2B and CYP1B1 [targets of miR-124-3p]) in AA patients with CRC versus CA patients. Conclusion DNA methylation profile and/or products of its downstream targets could serve as biomarker(s) addressing racial health disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
| | - Yuanhao Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. LaComb
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
| | - Ellen Li
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
| | - Jennie L. Williams
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Valatas V, Bamias G, Kolios G. Experimental colitis models: Insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and translational issues. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:253-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kurmaeva E, Lord JD, Zhang S, Bao JR, Kevil CG, Grisham MB, Ostanin DV. T cell-associated α4β7 but not α4β1 integrin is required for the induction and perpetuation of chronic colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1354-65. [PMID: 24717354 PMCID: PMC4417258 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-adhesion therapies that target α(4) integrins (e.g., natalizumab) are thought to work by blocking T-cell recruitment to the intestinal tissues in patients with Crohn's disease (CD); however, little direct evidence is available to confirm this contention. We wished to evaluate the importance of T cell-associated α(4) integrins in a chronic colitis model in mice and to determine the effect of natalizumab treatment on intestinal tissue T-cell accumulation in human CD. Adoptive transfer of T cells lacking α(4) (α(4)(-/-)) but not β(1) integrin into immunodeficient mice produced significantly attenuated disease. This was correlated with reduced numbers of colon CD4 T cells compared with the control mice; however, tissue distribution of T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) was not affected by the lack of α(4). Furthermore, α(4)(-/-) T cells demonstrated defective homing to the chronically inflamed small intestines and colons. Finally, patients treated with natalizumab showed significant reduction in mucosal CD4 T cells and no skewing in the foxp3(+) Treg or T-bet(+)Th1 fractions thereof. These results demonstrate a direct role for T cell-associated α(4)β(7) but not α(4)β(1) integrins during initiation and perpetuation of chronic colitis. Moreover, our data demonstrated that natalizumab treatment reduced mucosal CD4 T-cell accumulation in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kurmaeva
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - JD Lord
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - JR Bao
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - CG Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - MB Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - DV Ostanin
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Gillberg L, Berg S, de Verdier PJ, Lindbom L, Werr J, Hellström PM. Effective treatment of mouse experimental colitis by alpha 2 integrin antibody: comparison with alpha 4 antibody and conventional therapy. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:326-36. [PMID: 23009282 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the therapeutic effect of α(2) and α(4) integrin-blocking antibodies to conventional inflammatory bowel disease drugs methotrexate, 5-aminosalicylic acid and azathioprine in the dextran sulphate sodium mouse colitis model. METHODS Colitis was induced in balb/c mice with 2.5-3.0% dextran sulphate sodium. Treatment was given daily for 7 days after the onset of colitis, by rectal installation. Clinical signs of disease were assessed daily using a disease activity index. After 19 days, all animals were killed and colon samples collected for histological grading and mRNA/protein analysis. All treatment groups were compared with an untreated control group and a treatment group receiving dextran sulphate sodium alone to monitor the potential degree of clinical remission. RESULTS Treatment with anti-α(2) antibodies and methotrexate reduced the body weight loss. At the end of treatment, anti-α(2) antibodies reduced rectal bleeding, while methotrexate reduced the disease activity index score. Histological evaluation showed that anti-α(2) antibodies, methotrexate, 5-aminosalicylic acid and azathioprine treatment reduced the acute inflammation; methotrexate was the only treatment with effect on the crypt score. Compared with the dextran sulphate sodium alone group, the methotrexate group showed down-regulation of IL-1β at the mRNA level, while the anti-α(2) antibody group displayed decreased protein expression of iNOS and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Specific blocking of extravascular trafficking of leucocytes with α(2)-antibodies could be a new beneficial drug target in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Gillberg
- Department of Medicine; Gastroenterology Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - S. Berg
- Department of Medicine; Gastroenterology Unit; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | | | - L. Lindbom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Microvascular Physiology Section; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - J. Werr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Microvascular Physiology Section; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - P. M. Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit; Uppsala University; Uppsala; Sweden
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Psoriasis during natalizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2012; 259:2758-60. [PMID: 23096069 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Beta-interferon therapy is known to trigger psoriasis, but this effect has not been previously reported for other multiple sclerosis treatments, such as natalizumab. The following is a case report. A 31-year-old woman affected by psoriasis and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis suffered a severe worsening of psoriasis symptoms during natalizumab treatment and acquired a drug-resistant course. This case suggests that aggravation of psoriasis might be a rare side effect of natalizumab, and that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of paradoxical activation of autoimmune diseases during its treatment.
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Kanneganti M, Mino-Kenudson M, Mizoguchi E. Animal models of colitis-associated carcinogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:342637. [PMID: 21274454 PMCID: PMC3025384 DOI: 10.1155/2011/342637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that affect individuals throughout life. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are largely unknown, studies with animal models of colitis indicate that dysregulation of host/microbial interactions are requisite for the development of IBD. Patients with long-standing IBD have an increased risk for developing colitis-associated cancer (CAC), especially 10 years after the initial diagnosis of colitis, although the absolute number of CAC cases is relatively small. The cancer risk seems to be not directly related to disease activity, but is related to disease duration/extent, complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis, and family history of colon cancer. In particular, high levels and continuous production of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, by colonic epithelial cells (CECs) and immune cells in lamina propria may be strongly associated with the pathogenesis of CAC. In this article, we have summarized animal models of CAC and have reviewed the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlining the development of carcinogenic changes in CECs secondary to the chronic inflammatory conditions in the intestine. It may provide us some clues in developing a new class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of IBD and CAC in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Kanneganti
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRJ 702, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Koboziev I, Karlsson F, Grisham MB. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, T cell trafficking, and chronic intestinal inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207 Suppl 1:E86-93. [PMID: 20961311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiologies of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) have not been fully elucidated. However, there is very good evidence implicating T cell and T cell trafficking to the gut and its associated lymphoid tissue as important components in disease pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in naive and effector T cell trafficking to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT; Peyer's patches, isolated lymphoid follicles), mesenteric lymph nodes and intestine in response to commensal enteric antigens under physiological conditions as well as during the induction of chronic gut inflammation. In addition, recent data suggests that the GALT may not be required for enteric antigen-driven intestinal inflammation in certain mouse models of IBD. These new data suggest a possible paradigm shift in our understanding of how and where naive T cells become activated to yield disease-producing effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Koboziev
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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Li X, Braun J, Wei B. Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases and mucosal immune homeostasis. Autoimmunity 2010; 44:58-68. [PMID: 20701454 DOI: 10.3109/08916931003782189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes contribute to physiological immunity through organogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs, presentation of antigen to T cells, production of antibodies, and secretion of cytokines. Their role in several autoimmune diseases, mainly as producers of pathogenic antibodies, is also well known. However, certain subsets of B cells are emerging as the important regulatory cell populations in both mouse and human. The regulatory functions of B cells have been demonstrated in a variety of mouse models of autoimmune diseases including collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), experiment autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), diabetes, contact hypersensitivity (CHS), and intestinal mucosal inflammation. Accumulating evidence from both mouse and human studies confirms the existence of regulatory B cells, and is beginning to define their mechanisms of action. In this article, we first review the history of B cells with regulatory function in autoimmune diseases, and summarize the current understanding about the characterizations of such B-cell subsets. We then discuss the possible regulatory mechanisms of B cells, and specifically define the role of regulatory B cells in immune homeostasis in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, California, CA 90095, USA
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Ishihara S, Aziz MM, Yuki T, Kazumori H, Kinoshita Y. Inflammatory bowel disease: review from the aspect of genetics. J Gastroenterol 2010; 44:1097-108. [PMID: 19802731 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of how inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined, the term "genetic susceptibility" is always included. Due to substantial progress in the characterization of susceptible genes that interact with environmental influences, a number of review articles offering the latest insights continue to be presented. To date, more than 30 novel IBD susceptible loci have been found, while several promising associations between IBD and gene variants have also been identified and replicated effectively. The present review highlights recent insights regarding linkage analysis and genome-wide association presented in studies of IBD susceptible genes, which provide additional evidence supporting their involvement in disease pathogenesis, based on linking to innate immune systems as a result of interactions with intestinal microbial flora. An improved understanding of IBD genetics will promote the identification of novel therapeutic agents, making it possible to identify environmental factors related to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Ishihara
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
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Gorfu G, Rivera-Nieves J, Ley K. Role of β7 Integrins in Intestinal Lymphocyte Homing and Retention. Curr Mol Med 2009; 9:836-50. [DOI: 10.2174/156652409789105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The immune system is pivotal in mediating the interactions between host and microbiota that shape the intestinal environment. Intestinal homeostasis arises from a highly dynamic balance between host protective immunity and regulatory mechanisms. This regulation is achieved by a number of cell populations acting through a set of shared regulatory pathways. In this review, we summarize the main lymphocyte subsets controlling immune responsiveness in the gut and their mechanisms of control, which involve maintenance of intestinal barrier function and suppression of chronic inflammation. CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells play a nonredundant role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis through IL-10- and TGF-beta-dependent mechanisms. Their activity is complemented by other T and B lymphocytes. Because breakdown in immune regulatory networks in the intestine leads to chronic inflammatory diseases of the gut, such as inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease, regulatory lymphocytes are an attractive target for therapies of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Izcue
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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Peña JA, Thompson-Snipes L, Calkins PR, Tatevian N, Puppi M, Finegold MJ. Alterations in myeloid dendritic cell innate immune responses in the Galphai2-deficient mouse model of colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:248-60. [PMID: 19037851 PMCID: PMC2627792 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G protein alpha subunit type-2 (Galpha(i)2)-deficient mouse develops inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with increased severity in mice on a 129SvEv (129) background compared to the C57BL/6 (B6) background. Since dendritic cells (DCs) are key cells of innate immunity, we determined whether Galpha(i)2(-/-) DCs have functional defects, influenced by strain background, that predispose to IBD. METHODS By breeding these strains to homozygosity for the first time, it became possible to study innate immunity in this animal model with more precision than ever before. Immature DCs were generated using bone marrow monoblasts cultured in the presence of GM-CSF (BMDCs), DC subsets sorted and responses to TLR9 activation were assayed. RESULTS In contrast to Galpha(i)2(-/-) B6, Galpha(i)2(-/-) 129 mice display accelerated onset and increased severity of colitis, abnormal mucosal DC distribution, accompanied by preponderance for Th1 and Th17-associated gut cytokine expression. TLR9 activation of BMDCs induces sustained p38 MAPK activation and greater Th1- and Th17-type cytokine secretion in both strains of Galpha(i)2-deficient compared to wildtype BMDCs. However, only B6 Galpha(i)2(-/-) BMDCs concomitantly produces IL-10 while Galpha(i)2(-/-) 129 BMDCs do not. CONCLUSIONS Loss of Galpha(i)2 promotes a Th1/Th17 phenotype and relative IL-10 insufficiency in Galpha(i)2(-/-) 129 BMDCs may account for the striking difference in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- JA Peña
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - PR Calkins
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - N Tatevian
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - M Puppi
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - MJ Finegold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030,To whom correspondence should be addressed: 6621 Fannin St. MC 1-2261, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: (832) 8241885. Fax: (832) 825 1032. e-mail:
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Validation of murine dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis using four therapeutic agents for human inflammatory bowel disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:836-44. [PMID: 18442787 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis is one of the most frequently used rodent models for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to validate the murine DSS-induced colitis model using four therapeutic agents for IBD. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 3% DSS for 5days followed by 7-9 days of water (acute inflammation) or 20-31 days of water (chronic phase). Clinical symptoms, plasma and colonic inflammatory markers and histology were assessed for the efficacy of cyclosporine A (CsA), methotrexate or anti-IL-12p40 in acute colitis and of anti-IL-12p40 or an agonistic anti-CD3 antibody in chronic colitis. Cyclosporine A and anti-IL-12p40 (in the acute phase) and anti-CD3 (in the chronic phase) treatment attenuated local cytokine levels, improved clinical symptoms (CsA and anti-IL-12p40) and histology (CsA and anti-CD3). Further, anti-IL-12p40 treatment was partly efficacious in the chronic phase, whereas methotrexate showed no efficacy in the acute colitis. Thus, three of the current tested agents showed efficacy in the disease model, arguing that DSS-induced colitis can be used as a relevant model for the translation of mice data to human disease.
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Gonsette RE. Compared benefit of approved and experimental immunosuppressive therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:1103-16. [PMID: 17516874 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.8.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An important amount has been learnt about the mechanisms of action, efficacy and long-term toxicities of mitoxantrone. Importantly, recent observations strongly suggest that early administration of potent immunosuppressants (mitoxantrone and alemtuzumab) is definitely more effective than approved immunomodulators to delay or even reverse disability progression. Given the cardiotoxicity of mitoxantrone, restricting exposure to the drug to 2 or 3 years, the benefits and risks of immunosuppressants previously used as off-label treatments (cyclophosphamide and cladribine) have been revisited, and the potential efficacy in multiple sclerosis of recent immunosuppressants used in other autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation and cancer therapy has received increasing attention. Those immunosuppressants comprise monoclonal antibodies targeting B cells, lymphocytes and monocytes, IL-2 receptor and alpha4 integrin, as well as new molecules (pixantrone and isoxazole derivatives) and a new generation of immunosuppressants (fingolimod), which modulate lymphocyte re-circulation. This review addresses the most recent data concerning the efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone and of new experimental therapies that are presently in progress.
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Bernstein H, Holubec H, Bernstein C, Ignatenko NA, Gerner E, Dvorak K, Besselsen D, Blohm-Mangone KA, Padilla-Torres J, Dvorakova B, Garewal H, Payne CM. Deoxycholate-induced colitis is markedly attenuated in Nos2 knockout mice in association with modulation of gene expression profiles. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:628-42. [PMID: 17253130 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nos2 knockout mice were compared to wild-type mice for susceptibility to colitis in response to a diet supplemented with deoxycholate, a bile acid increased in the colon of individuals on a high-fat diet. Wild-type mice fed a fat-related diet, supplemented with 0.2% DOC, develop colonic inflammation associated with increases in nitrosative stress, proliferation, oxidative DNA/RNA damage, and angiogenesis, as well as altered expression of numerous genes. However, Nos2 knockout mice fed a diet supplemented with deoxycholate were resistant to these alterations. In particular, 35 genes were identified whose expression was significantly altered at the mRNA level in deoxycholate-fed Nos2(+/+) mice but not in deoxycholate-fed Nos2(-/-) mice. Some of these alterations in NOS2-dependent gene expression correspond to those reported in human inflammatory bowel disease. Overall, our results indicate that NOS2 expression is necessary for the development of deoxycholate-induced colitis in mice, a unique dietary-related model of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Bernstein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5044, USA.
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Goto A, Arimura Y, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Hinoda Y. Antisense therapy of MAdCAM-1 for trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced murine colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:758-65. [PMID: 16917232 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200608000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-alpha4 integrin reagent, natalizumab, which is 1 of the most promising antiadhesion monoclonal antibodies, has been introduced into clinical trials against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Lethal consequences such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy have recently been reported in patients using natalizumab, making it critical to determine which selective adhesion molecule in the alpha4 integrins-dependent pathway should be targeted for inhibition and the minimal spectrum of activity required for the valid treatment of IBD. Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1 is known to be restrictedly expressed in gut-associated lymphoid tissues, and its expression dramatically increases in IBD. This study aimed to reevaluate the effectiveness of MAdCAM-1 inhibition and to determine the feasibility of anti-MAdCAM-1 strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antisense MAdCAM-1 oligonucleotides were injected into mice at 1.5 mg/kg/day for 7 consecutive days from the first day of a trinitrobenzene sulfonate enema. RESULTS MAdCAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides significantly suppressed the development of trinitrobenzene sulfonate colitis clinically and histopathologically compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of the colon tissues revealed that MAdCAM-1 protein and mRNA expression were lower in antisense-treated mice than in controls. In addition, MAdCAM-1 antisense treatment reduced the number of alpha4beta7 lymphocytes in the inflamed colonic mucosa. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that antisense suppression of MAdCAM-1 is of equivalent effectiveness to that of anti-MAdCAM-1 or anti-alpha4 integrin antibody in previous reports and could be a new therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Goto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Abstract
The approval of natalizumab and its recall after three months raises questions about the fast tracking of new drugs by the Food and Drug Administration for commercial licensing
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Chaudhuri
- Essex Centre for Neurological Sciences, Oldchurch Hospital, Romford RM7 0BE.
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21
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Abstract
B cells are typically characterized by their ability to produce Abs, including autoantibodies. However, B cells possess additional immune functions, including the production of cytokines and the ability to function as a secondary APC. As with T cells, the B cell population contains functionally distinct subsets capable of performing both pathogenic and regulatory functions. Recent studies indicate that regulatory B cells develop in several murine models of chronic inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The regulatory function may be directly accomplished by the production of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta and/or by the ability of B cells to interact with pathogenic T cells to dampen harmful immune responses. In this review, we make a case for the existence of regulatory B cells and discuss the possible developmental pathways and functional mechanisms of these B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Immunopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Hofseth LJ, Ying L. Identifying and defusing weapons of mass inflammation in carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1765:74-84. [PMID: 16169156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The continued cancer risks associated with chronic inflammation necessitate the identification of inflammatory molecules and the cancer pathways they affect. Evidence indicates that there are multiple mechanisms linking inflammation to cancer and that there are multiple targets for chemoprevention. Here, we review some of the key factors and the cancer pathways they disturb as a necessary prerequisite to the identification of targets for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Coker Life Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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