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Di Pilato M, Kfuri-Rubens R, Pruessmann JN, Ozga AJ, Messemaker M, Cadilha BL, Sivakumar R, Cianciaruso C, Warner RD, Marangoni F, Carrizosa E, Lesch S, Billingsley J, Perez-Ramos D, Zavala F, Rheinbay E, Luster AD, Gerner MY, Kobold S, Pittet MJ, Mempel TR. CXCR6 positions cytotoxic T cells to receive critical survival signals in the tumor microenvironment. Cell 2021; 184:4512-4530.e22. [PMID: 34343496 PMCID: PMC8719451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumors are maintained by stem-like memory cells that self-renew but also give rise to effector-like cells. The latter gradually lose their anti-tumor activity and acquire an epigenetically fixed, hypofunctional state, leading to tumor tolerance. Here, we show that the conversion of stem-like into effector-like CTLs involves a major chemotactic reprogramming that includes the upregulation of chemokine receptor CXCR6. This receptor positions effector-like CTLs in a discrete perivascular niche of the tumor stroma that is densely occupied by CCR7+ dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the CXCR6 ligand CXCL16. CCR7+ DCs also express and trans-present the survival cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). CXCR6 expression and IL-15 trans-presentation are critical for the survival and local expansion of effector-like CTLs in the tumor microenvironment to maximize their anti-tumor activity before progressing to irreversible dysfunction. These observations reveal a cellular and molecular checkpoint that determines the magnitude and outcome of anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Di Pilato
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Raphael Kfuri-Rubens
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jasper N Pruessmann
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandra J Ozga
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marius Messemaker
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruno L Cadilha
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramya Sivakumar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chiara Cianciaruso
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ross D Warner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Esteban Carrizosa
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefanie Lesch
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - James Billingsley
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Perez-Ramos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Esther Rheinbay
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Alpha/beta T-cell depleted grafts as an immunological booster to treat graft failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with HLA-matched related and unrelated donors. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:578741. [PMID: 25371909 PMCID: PMC4211312 DOI: 10.1155/2014/578741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is associated with several complications and risk factors, for example, graft versus host disease (GVHD), viral infections, relapse, and graft rejection. While high levels of CD3+ cells in grafts can contribute to GVHD, they also promote the graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect. Infusions of extra lymphocytes from the original stem cell donor can be used as a treatment after transplantation for relapse or poor immune reconstitution but also they increase the risk for GVHD. In peripheral blood, 95% of T-cells express the αβ T-cell receptor and the remaining T-cells express the γδ T-cell receptor. As αβ T-cells are the primary mediators of GVHD, depleting them from the graft should reduce this risk. In this pilot study, five patients transplanted with HLA-matched related and unrelated donors were treated with αβ T-cell depleted stem cell boosts. The majority of γδ T-cells in the grafts expressed Vδ2 and/or Vγ9. Most patients receiving αβ-depleted stem cell boosts increased their levels of white blood cells, platelets, and/or granulocytes 30 days after infusion. No signs of GVHD or other side effects were detected. A larger pool of patients with longer follow-up time is needed to confirm the data in this study.
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Amoah S, Yammani RD, Grayson JM, Alexander-Miller MA. Changes in functional but not structural avidity during differentiation of CD8+ effector cells in vivo after virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:638-45. [PMID: 22706075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
By the peak of the CD8(+) T cell response, the effector cell pool consists of a heterogeneous population of cells that includes both those with an increased propensity to become long-lived memory cells (memory precursor effector cells; MPEC) and those that are terminally differentiated cells (short-lived effector cells; SLEC). Numerous studies have established the critical role that functional avidity plays in determining the in vivo efficacy of CD8(+) effector cells. Currently, how functional avidity differs in MPEC versus SLEC and the evolution of this property within these two populations during the expansion and contraction of the response are unknown. The data presented in this study show that at the peak of the effector response generated after poxvirus infection, SLEC were of higher functional avidity than their MPEC counterpart. Over time, however, SLEC exhibited a decrease in peptide sensitivity. This is in contrast to MPEC, which showed a modest increase in peptide sensitivity as the response reached equilibrium. The decrease in functional avidity in SLEC was independent of CD8 modulation or the amount of Ag receptor expressed by the T cell. Instead, the loss in sensitivity was correlated with decreased expression and activation of ZAP70 and Lck, critical components of TCR membrane proximal signaling. These results highlight the potential contribution of avidity in the differentiation and evolution of the T cell effector response after viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Amoah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Uhlin M, Masucci M, Levitsky V. Is the activity of partially agonistic MHC:peptide ligands dependent on the quality of immunological help? Scand J Immunol 2007; 64:581-7. [PMID: 17083613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are important for the immunological control of infections and tumours. Engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/peptide complexes on antigen-presenting cells (APC) is the key interaction, which initiates the process of T-cell activation. Depending on the affinity of this interaction, different arrays of signalling pathways and functional outcomes can be activated in the specific T cells. Molecular alterations in the peptide bound to the MHC class I can lead to a lower affinity of the MHC:TCR interaction resulting in incomplete or qualitatively different T-cell responses. Altered peptide ligands (APL) exhibiting such activity are referred to as partial agonists and often occur naturally through genetic instability, which affects T-cell epitopes derived from rapidly mutating viruses or tumour-associated cellular antigens. Partial agonists are usually viewed as peptide variants, which escape efficient CTL recognition. Our recent data suggest that APL can not only trigger incomplete activation but also induce and modulate intrinsic T-cell programmes leading to the shut-off of specific CTL responses. This APL-induced suppression appears to be more prominent in the absence of immunological help, suggesting that under conditions of immune deregulation APL may actively inhibit CTL responses against infectious agents or tumours. In this review, we discuss experimental data supporting this model and possible role of APL-induced immunosuppression in different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uhlin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Center and, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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