1
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Ehm PAH, Horn S, Hoffer K, Kriegs M, Horn M, Giehler S, Nalaskowski M, Rehbach C, Horstmann MA, Jücker M. Ikaros sets the threshold for negative B-cell selection by regulation of the signaling strength of the AKT pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:360. [PMID: 38992657 PMCID: PMC11241878 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory phosphatases, such as the inositol-5-phosphatase SHIP1 could potentially contribute to B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) by raising the threshold for activation of the autoimmunity checkpoint, allowing malignant cells with strong oncogenic B-cell receptor signaling to escape negative selection. Here, we show that SHIP1 is differentially expressed across B-ALL subtypes and that high versus low SHIP1 expression is associated with specific B-ALL subgroups. In particular, we found high SHIP1 expression in both, Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive and ETV6-RUNX1-rearranged B-ALL cells. As demonstrated by targeted knockdown of SHIP1 by RNA interference, proliferation of B-ALL cells in vitro and their tumorigenic spread in vivo depended in part on SHIP1 expression. We investigated the regulation of SHIP1, as an important antagonist of the AKT signaling pathway, by the B-cell-specific transcription factor Ikaros. Targeted restoration of Ikaros and pharmacological inhibition of the antagonistic casein kinase 2, led to a strong reduction in SHIP1 expression and at the same time to a significant inhibition of AKT activation and cell growth. Importantly, the tumor suppressive function of Ikaros was enhanced by a SHIP1-dependent additive effect. Furthermore, our study shows that all three AKT isoforms contribute to the pro-mitogenic and anti-apoptotic signaling in B-ALL cells. Conversely, hyperactivation of a single AKT isoform is sufficient to induce negative selection by increased oxidative stress. In summary, our study demonstrates the regulatory function of Ikaros on SHIP1 expression in B-ALL and highlights the relevance of sustained SHIP1 expression to prevent cells with hyperactivated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling from undergoing negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A H Ehm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.
| | - Stefan Horn
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hoffer
- UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Michael Horn
- University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Susanne Giehler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Marcus Nalaskowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Christoph Rehbach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
- Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Horstmann
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
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2
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Kim T, Kim K, Park I, Hong S, Park H. Two-Track Virtual Screening Approach to Identify the Dual Inhibitors of Wild Type and C481S Mutant of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4500-4511. [PMID: 36001093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is responsible for the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, the discovery of efficient medicines has seen limited success due to the constitutively active mutants that acquired the drug resistance. To disclose the dual inhibitors against the wild-type BTK and the problematic drug-resistant C481S mutant, a large chemical library was virtually screened with extensive molecular docking simulations using two target proteins. As a consequence of imposing the configurational restraint to make a hydrogen bond in the hinge region of BTK as well as modifying the ligand dehydration term in the scoring function, a total of 20 dual inhibitors were discovered with the range of the associated IC50 values from 2.5 to 15 μM. All these dual inhibitors revealed the inhibitory activity against the C481S mutant to a comparable extent to that measured for the wild type. Among the new inhibitors, N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-amine (1) appeared to be most suitable as a starting point of the lead optimization due to the highest biochemical potency against the C481S mutant as well as the lowest molecular weight. To increase the potential of a drug candidate, 1 was modified into 6,7-dimethoxy-N-(pyridin-3-yl)quinazolin-4-amine (12) via chemical synthesis so as to possess better physicochemical properties without loss of the biochemical potency. 12 is suggested as a new effective molecular core from which numerous druggable dual inhibitors of the wild-type BTK and the C481S mutant would be derivatized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeho Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Kewon Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Inyoung Park
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
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3
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Shen P, Wang Y, Jia X, Xu P, Qin L, Feng X, Li Z, Qiu Z. Dual-target Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors: Comprehensive review on the JAK-based strategies for treating solid or hematological malignancies and immune-related diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114551. [PMID: 35749986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are the non-receptor tyrosine kinases covering JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 which regulate signal transductions of hematopoietic cytokines and growth factors to play essential roles in cell growth, survival, and development. Dysregulated JAK activity leading to a constitutively activated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) is strongly associated with immune-related diseases and cancers. Targeting JAK to interfere the signaling of JAK/STAT pathway has achieved quite success in the treatment of these diseases. However, inadequate clinical response and serious adverse events come along by the treatment of monotherapy of JAK inhibitors. With better and deeper understanding of JAK/STAT pathway in the pathogenesis of diseases, researchers start to show huge interest in combining inhibition of JAK and other oncogenic targets to realize a broader regulation on pathological processes to block disease development and progression, which has hastened extensive research of dual JAK inhibitors over the past decades. Until now, studies of dual JAK inhibitors have added BTK, SYK, FLT3, HDAC, Src, and Aurora kinases to the overall inhibitory profile and demonstrated significant advantage and superiority over single-target inhibitors. In this review, we elucidated the possible mechanism of synergic effects caused by dual JAK inhibitors and briefly describe the development of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yezhi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiangxiang Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Lian Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21009, PR China.
| | - Zhixia Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21009, PR China.
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4
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Steinmaurer A, Wimmer I, Berger T, Rommer PS, Sellner J. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition in the treatment of preclinical models and multiple sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:437-444. [PMID: 34218776 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210701152934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) over recent years. Successful clinical trials with CD20-depleting monoclonal antibodies have corroborated the fundamental role of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS and reinforced the notion that cells of the B cell lineage are an attractive treatment target. Therapeutic inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), an enzyme involved in B cell and myeloid cell activation and function, is regarded as a next-generation approach that aims to attenuate both errant innate and adaptive immune functions. Moreover, brain-penetrant BTK inhibitors may impact compartmentalized inflammation and neurodegeneration within the central nervous system by targeting brain-resident B cells and microglia, respectively. Preclinical studies in animal models of MS corroborated an impact of BTK inhibition on meningeal inflammation and cortical demyelination. Notably, BTK inhibition attenuated the antigen-presenting capacity of B cells and the generation of encephalitogenic T cells. Evobrutinib, a selective oral BTK inhibitor, has been tested recently in a phase 2 study of patients with relapsing-remitting MS. The study met the primary endpoint of a significantly reduced cumulative number of Gadolinium-enhancing lesions under treatment with evobrutinib compared to placebo treatment. Thus, the results of ongoing phase 2 and 3 studies with evobrutinib, fenobrutinib, and tolebrutinib in relapsing-remitting and progressive MS are eagerly awaited. This review article introduces the physiological role of BTK, summarizes the pre-clinical and trial evidence, and addresses the potential beneficial effects of BTK inhibition in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Steinmaurer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna. Austria
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna. Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna. Austria
| | | | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach. Austria
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5
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Kueffer LE, Joseph RE, Andreotti AH. Reining in BTK: Interdomain Interactions and Their Importance in the Regulatory Control of BTK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:655489. [PMID: 34249912 PMCID: PMC8260988 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.655489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Dr. Ogden Bruton's 1952 paper describing the first human primary immunodeficiency disease, the peripheral membrane binding signaling protein, aptly named Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), has been the target of intense study. Dr. Bruton's description of agammaglobulinemia set the stage for ultimately understanding key signaling steps emanating from the B cell receptor. BTK is a multidomain tyrosine kinase and in the decades since Dr. Bruton's discovery it has become clear that genetic defects in the regulatory domains or the catalytic domain can lead to immunodeficiency. This finding underscores the intricate regulatory mechanisms within the BTK protein that maintain appropriate levels of signaling both in the resting B cell and during an immune challenge. In recent decades, BTK has become a target for clinical intervention in treating B cell malignancies. The survival reliance of B cell malignancies on B cell receptor signaling has allowed small molecules that target BTK to become essential tools in treating patients with hematological malignancies. The first-in-class Ibrutinib and more selective second-generation inhibitors all target the active site of the multidomain BTK protein. Therapeutic interventions targeting BTK have been successful but are plagued by resistance mutations that render drug treatment ineffective for some patients. This review will examine the molecular mechanisms that drive drug resistance, the long-range conformational effects of active site inhibitors on the BTK regulatory apparatus, and emerging opportunities to allosterically target the BTK kinase to improve therapeutic interventions using combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy H. Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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6
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Pellerin K, Rubino SJ, Burns JC, Smith BA, McCarl CA, Zhu J, Jandreski L, Cullen P, Carlile TM, Li A, Rebollar JV, Sybulski J, Reynolds TL, Zhang B, Basile R, Tang H, Harp CP, Pellerin A, Silbereis J, Franchimont N, Cahir-McFarland E, Ransohoff RM, Cameron TO, Mingueneau M. MOG autoantibodies trigger a tightly-controlled FcR and BTK-driven microglia proliferative response. Brain 2021; 144:2361-2374. [PMID: 34145876 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies are a hallmark of numerous neurologic disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune encephalitides and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). While well understood in peripheral myeloid cells, the pathophysiological significance of autoantibody-induced Fc receptor (FcR) signaling in microglia remains unknown, in part due to the lack of a robust in vivo model. Moreover, application of therapeutic antibodies for neurodegenerative disease also highlights the importance of understanding FcR signaling in microglia. Here, we describe a novel in vivo experimental paradigm that allows for selective engagement of Fc receptors within the CNS by peripherally injecting anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in normal wild-type mice. MOG antigen-bound immunoglobulins were detected throughout the CNS and triggered a rapid and tightly regulated proliferative response in both brain and spinal cord microglia. This microglial response was abrogated when anti-MOG antibodies were deprived of Fc effector function or injected into Fc γ R knockout mice and was associated with the downregulation of FcRs in microglia, but not peripheral myeloid cells, establishing that this response was dependent on central FcR engagement. Downstream of FcRs, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) was a required signaling node for this response, as microglia proliferation was amplified in BTKE41K knock-in mice expressing a constitutively active form of BTK and blunted in mice treated with a CNS penetrant small molecule inhibitor of BTK. Finally, this response was associated with transient and stringently regulated changes in gene expression predominantly related to cellular proliferation, which markedly differed from transcriptional programs typically associated with FcR engagement in peripheral myeloid cells. Together, these results establish a physiologically-meaningful functional response to FcR and BTK signaling in microglia while providing a novel in vivo tool to further dissect the roles of microglia-specific FcR and BTK-driven responses to both pathogenic and therapeutic antibodies in CNS homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Pellerin
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | - Stephen J Rubino
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | - Jeremy C Burns
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | - Jing Zhu
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | | | - Angela Li
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Basile
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | - Hao Tang
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - Alex Pellerin
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | - John Silbereis
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Mingueneau
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neurorepair Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, USA
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7
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Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a severe chronic autoimmune blistering disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by suprabasal acantholysis due to disruption of desmosomal connections between keratinocytes. Autoantibodies against desmosomal cadherins, desmoglein 3 and 1, have been shown to induce disease. Certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types and non-HLA foci confer genetic susceptibility. Until the discovery of corticosteroids in the 1950s, PV was 75% fatal. Since then, multiple PV treatments, such as systemic corticosteroids and adjunctive therapy with immunosuppressive medications (mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, methotrexate, gold, and others) have been introduced; however, none have led to long-term remissions and many have undesired adverse effects. Our growing understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms in PV is leading to development of new targeted therapies, such as intravenous immunoglobulin, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, inhibitors of Bruton tyrosine kinase and neonatal Fc receptors, and adoptive cellular transfer, that may result in lasting control of this life-threatening disease.
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MESH Headings
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantibodies/metabolism
- Combined Modality Therapy/methods
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Pemphigus/genetics
- Pemphigus/immunology
- Pemphigus/therapy
- Plasmapheresis
- Receptors, Fc/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Remission Induction/methods
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Altman
- Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, 1021 Medical Arts Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87102, USA.
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8
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Hu N, Yu D, Zhou C, Shi G, Zhang B, Wei M, Liu J, Luo L, Tang Z, Song H, Guo Y, Liu X, Su D, Zhang S, Song X, Zhou X, Hong Y, Chen S, Cheng Z, Young S, Wei Q, Wang H, Wang Q, Lv L, Wang F, Xu H, Sun H, Xing H, Li N, Zhang W, Wang Z, Liu G, Sun Z, Zhou D, Li W, Liu L, Wang L, Wang Z. Discovery of Zanubrutinib (BGB-3111), a Novel, Potent, and Selective Covalent Inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7923-7940. [PMID: 31381333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays an important role in pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas, suggesting that inhibition of BTK is useful in the treatment of hematological malignancies. The discovery of a more selective on-target covalent BTK inhibitor is of high value. Herein, we disclose the discovery and preclinical characterization of a potent, selective, and irreversible BTK inhibitor as our clinical candidate by using in vitro potency, selectivity, pharmacokinetics (PK), and in vivo pharmacodynamic for prioritizing compounds. Compound BGB-3111 (31a, Zanubrutinib) demonstrates (i) potent activity against BTK and excellent selectivity over other TEC, EGFR and Src family kinases, (ii) desirable ADME, excellent in vivo pharmacodynamic in mice and efficacy in OCI-LY10 xenograft models.
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9
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Müschen M. Metabolic gatekeepers to safeguard against autoimmunity and oncogenic B cell transformation. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:337-348. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Pal Singh S, de Bruijn MJW, de Almeida MP, Meijers RWJ, Nitschke L, Langerak AW, Pillai SY, Stadhouders R, Hendriks RW. Identification of Distinct Unmutated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Subsets in Mice Based on Their T Cell Dependency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1996. [PMID: 30271400 PMCID: PMC6146083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can be divided into prognostically distinct subsets with stereotyped or non-stereotyped, mutated or unmutated B cell receptors (BCRs). Individual subsets vary in antigen specificity and origin, but the impact of antigenic pressure on the CLL BCR repertoire remains unknown. Here, we employed IgH.TEμ mice that spontaneously develop CLL, expressing mostly unmutated BCRs of which ~35% harbor VH11-2/Vκ14-126 and recognize phosphatidylcholine. Proportions of VH11/Vκ14-expressing CLL were increased in the absence of functional germinal centers in IgH.TEμ mice deficient for CD40L or activation-induced cytidine deaminase. Conversely, in vivo T cell-dependent immunization decreased the proportions of VH11/Vκ14-expressing CLL. Furthermore, CLL onset was accelerated by enhanced BCR signaling in Siglec-G−/− mice or in mice expressing constitutively active Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Transcriptional profiling revealed that VH11 and non-VH11 CLL differed in the upregulation of specific pathways implicated in cell signaling and metabolism. Interestingly, principal component analyses using the 148 differentially expressed genes revealed that VH11 and non-VH11 CLL clustered with BCR-stimulated and anti-CD40-stimulated B cells, respectively. We identified an expression signature consisting of 13 genes that were differentially expressed in a larger panel of T cell-dependent non-VH11 CLL compared with T cell-independent VH11/Vκ14 or mutated IgH.TEμ CLL. Parallel differences in the expression of these 13 signature genes were observed between heterogeneous and stereotypic human unmutated CLL. Our findings provide evidence for two distinct unmutated CLL subsets with a specific transcriptional signature: one is T cell-independent and B-1 cell-derived while the other arises upon antigen stimulation in the context of T-cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Pal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Post-graduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Lars Nitschke
- Department of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Pal Singh S, Dammeijer F, Hendriks RW. Role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in B cells and malignancies. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:57. [PMID: 29455639 PMCID: PMC5817726 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor kinase that plays a crucial role in oncogenic signaling that is critical for proliferation and survival of leukemic cells in many B cell malignancies. BTK was initially shown to be defective in the primary immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and is essential both for B cell development and function of mature B cells. Shortly after its discovery, BTK was placed in the signal transduction pathway downstream of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). More recently, small-molecule inhibitors of this kinase have shown excellent anti-tumor activity, first in animal models and subsequently in clinical studies. In particular, the orally administered irreversible BTK inhibitor ibrutinib is associated with high response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL), including patients with high-risk genetic lesions. Because ibrutinib is generally well tolerated and shows durable single-agent efficacy, it was rapidly approved for first-line treatment of patients with CLL in 2016. To date, evidence is accumulating for efficacy of ibrutinib in various other B cell malignancies. BTK inhibition has molecular effects beyond its classic role in BCR signaling. These involve B cell-intrinsic signaling pathways central to cellular survival, proliferation or retention in supportive lymphoid niches. Moreover, BTK functions in several myeloid cell populations representing important components of the tumor microenvironment. As a result, there is currently a considerable interest in BTK inhibition as an anti-cancer therapy, not only in B cell malignancies but also in solid tumors. Efficacy of BTK inhibition as a single agent therapy is strong, but resistance may develop, fueling the development of combination therapies that improve clinical responses. In this review, we discuss the role of BTK in B cell differentiation and B cell malignancies and highlight the importance of BTK inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Pal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Post graduate school Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Dammeijer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Post graduate school Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Abstract
Targeted therapy of cancer typically focuses on inhibitors (for example, tyrosine kinase inhibitors) that suppress oncogenic signalling below a minimum threshold required for survival and proliferation of cancer cells. B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and B cell lymphomas originate from various stages of development of B cells, which, unlike other cell types, are under intense selective pressure. The vast majority of newly generated B cells are autoreactive and die by negative selection at autoimmunity checkpoints (AICs). Owing to ubiquitous encounters with self-antigen, autoreactive B cells are eliminated by the overwhelming signalling strength of their autoreactive B cell receptor (BCR). A series of recent findings suggests that, despite malignant transformation, AICs are fully functional in B cell malignancies. This Opinion article proposes targeted engagement of AICs as a previously unrecognized therapeutic opportunity to overcome drug resistance in B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müschen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute and National Cancer Institute (NCI) Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Arcadia, California 91006, USA
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Satterthwaite AB. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Component of B Cell Signaling Pathways, Has Multiple Roles in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1986. [PMID: 29403475 PMCID: PMC5786522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of adaptive immune tolerance to nucleic acid-containing antigens. The resulting autoantibodies form immune complexes that promote inflammation and tissue damage. Defining the signals that drive pathogenic autoantibody production is an important step in the development of more targeted therapeutic approaches for lupus, which is currently treated primarily with non-specific immunosuppression. Here, we review the contribution of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), a component of B and myeloid cell signaling pathways, to disease in murine lupus models. Both gain- and loss-of-function genetic studies have revealed that Btk plays multiple roles in the production of autoantibodies. These include promoting the activation, plasma cell differentiation, and class switching of autoreactive B cells. Small molecule inhibitors of Btk are effective at reducing autoantibody levels, B cell activation, and kidney damage in several lupus models. These studies suggest that Btk may promote end-organ damage both by facilitating the production of autoantibodies and by mediating the inflammatory response of myeloid cells to these immune complexes. While Btk has not been associated with SLE in GWAS studies, SLE B cells display signaling defects in components both upstream and downstream of Btk consistent with enhanced activation of Btk signaling pathways. Taken together, these observations indicate that limiting Btk activity is critical for maintaining B cell tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune disease. Btk inhibitors, generally well-tolerated and approved to treat B cell malignancy, may thus be a useful therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Cassia M, Alberici F, Gallieni M, Jayne D. Lupus nephritis and B-cell targeting therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:951-962. [PMID: 28800401 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1366855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lupus Nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with a significant prognostic impact. Over a prolonged course, an exhaustion of treatment alternatives may occur and further therapeutic options are needed. B cells play a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis and represent an attractive therapeutic target. Areas covered: This review provides an update regarding targeting B cells in LN. The rational for this approach, as well as currently available and future targets are discussed. Expert commentary: Despite its wide clinical use and the encouraging results from retrospective studies, a role of rituximab in LN has not been prospectively confirmed. Trial design methodologies as well as intrinsic limitations of this approach may be responsible and rituximab use is currently limited as a rescue treatment or in settings where a strong steroid sparing effect is warranted. Despite belimumab now being licensed for use in SLE, the evidence in LN is weak although prospective trials are on-going. The combination of different targeted approaches as well as a focus on new clinical end-points may be strategies to identify new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Cassia
- a Nephrology and Immunology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital , Milano , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.Sacco" , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Federico Alberici
- a Nephrology and Immunology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital , Milano , Italy
| | - Maurizio Gallieni
- a Nephrology and Immunology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital , Milano , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.Sacco" , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - David Jayne
- c Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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Crofford LJ, Nyhoff LE, Sheehan JH, Kendall PL. The role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in autoimmunity and implications for therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:763-73. [PMID: 26864273 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1152888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) mediates B cell signaling and is also present in innate immune cells but not T cells. BTK propagates B cell receptor (BCR) responses to antigen-engagement as well as to stimulation via CD40, toll-like receptors (TLRs), Fc receptors (FCRs) and chemokine receptors. Importantly, BTK can modulate signaling, acting as a "rheostat" rather than an "on-off" switch; thus, overexpression leads to autoimmunity while decreased levels improve autoimmune disease outcomes. Autoreactive B cells depend upon BTK for survival to a greater degree than normal B cells, reflected as loss of autoantibodies with maintenance of total antibody levels when BTK is absent. This review describes contributions of BTK to immune tolerance, including studies testing BTK-inhibitors for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Crofford
- a Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Lindsay E Nyhoff
- b Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Jonathan H Sheehan
- c Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Peggy L Kendall
- b Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,d Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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Mayeux J, Skaug B, Luo W, Russell LM, John S, Saelee P, Abbasi H, Li QZ, Garrett-Sinha LA, Satterthwaite AB. Genetic Interaction between Lyn, Ets1, and Btk in the Control of Antibody Levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tight control of B cell differentiation into plasma cells (PCs) is critical for proper immune responses and the prevention of autoimmunity. The Ets1 transcription factor acts in B cells to prevent PC differentiation. Ets1(-/-) mice accumulate PCs and produce autoantibodies. Ets1 expression is downregulated upon B cell activation through the BCR and TLRs and is maintained by the inhibitory signaling pathway mediated by Lyn, CD22 and SiglecG, and SHP-1. In the absence of these inhibitory components, Ets1 levels are reduced in B cells in a Btk-dependent manner. This leads to increased PCs, autoantibodies, and an autoimmune phenotype similar to that of Ets1(-/-) mice. Defects in inhibitory signaling molecules, including Lyn and Ets1, are associated with human lupus, although the effects are more subtle than the complete deficiency that occurs in knockout mice. In this study, we explore the effect of partial disruption of the Lyn/Ets1 pathway on B cell tolerance and find that Lyn(+/-)Ets1(+/-) mice demonstrate greater and earlier production of IgM, but not IgG, autoantibodies compared with Lyn(+/-) or Ets1(+/-) mice. We also show that Btk-dependent downregulation of Ets1 is important for normal PC homeostasis when inhibitory signaling is intact. Ets1 deficiency restores the decrease in steady state PCs and Ab levels observed in Btk(-/-) mice. Thus, depending on the balance of activating and inhibitory signals to Ets1, there is a continuum of effects on autoantibody production and PC maintenance. This ranges from full-blown autoimmunity with complete loss of Ets1-maintaining signals to reduced PC and Ab levels with impaired Ets1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mayeux
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Brian Skaug
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Lisa M Russell
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Shinu John
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Prontip Saelee
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Hansaa Abbasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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17
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Corneth OBJ, Klein Wolterink RGJ, Hendriks RW. BTK Signaling in B Cell Differentiation and Autoimmunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:67-105. [PMID: 26341110 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the original identification of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as the gene defective in the primary immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in 1993, our knowledge on the physiological function of BTK has expanded impressively. In this review, we focus on the role of BTK during B cell differentiation in vivo, both in the regulation of expansion and in the developmental progression of pre-B cells in the bone marrow and as a crucial signal transducer of signals downstream of the IgM or IgG B cell antigen receptor (BCR) in mature B cells governing proliferation, survival, and differentiation. In particular, we highlight BTK function in B cells in the context of host defense and autoimmunity. Small-molecule inhibitors of BTK have very recently shown impressive anti-tumor activity in clinical studies in patients with various B cell malignancies. Since promising effects of BTK inhibition were also seen in experimental animal models for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, BTK may be a good target for controlling autoreactive B cells in patients with systemic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilia B J Corneth
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Room Ee2251a, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel G J Klein Wolterink
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Room Ee2251a, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Room Ee2251a, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fernández-Vega I, Quirós LM, Santos-Juanes J, Pane-Foix M, Marafioti T. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a useful marker for Hodgkin and B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Virchows Arch 2014; 466:229-35. [PMID: 25433814 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Luo W, Mayeux J, Gutierrez T, Russell L, Getahun A, Müller J, Tedder T, Parnes J, Rickert R, Nitschke L, Cambier J, Satterthwaite AB, Garrett-Sinha LA. A balance between B cell receptor and inhibitory receptor signaling controls plasma cell differentiation by maintaining optimal Ets1 levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:909-920. [PMID: 24929000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the BCR can drive B cell activation and contribute to B cell differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells. The positive BCR signal is counterbalanced by a number of membrane-localized inhibitory receptors that limit B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation. Deficiencies in these negative signaling pathways may cause autoantibody generation and autoimmune disease in both animal models and human patients. We have previously shown that the transcription factor Ets1 can restrain B cell differentiation into plasma cells. In this study, we tested the roles of the BCR and inhibitory receptors in controlling the expression of Ets1 in mouse B cells. We found that Ets1 is downregulated in B cells by BCR or TLR signaling through a pathway dependent on PI3K, Btk, IKK2, and JNK. Deficiencies in inhibitory pathways, such as a loss of the tyrosine kinase Lyn, the phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1) or membrane receptors CD22 and/or Siglec-G, result in enhanced BCR signaling and decreased Ets1 expression. Restoring Ets1 expression in Lyn- or SHP1-deficient B cells inhibits their enhanced plasma cell differentiation. Our findings indicate that downregulation of Ets1 occurs in response to B cell activation via either BCR or TLR signaling, thereby allowing B cell differentiation and that the maintenance of Ets1 expression is an important function of the inhibitory Lyn → CD22/SiglecG → SHP1 pathway in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Jessica Mayeux
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Toni Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Lisa Russell
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Jennifer Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Thomas Tedder
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Jane Parnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Robert Rickert
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - John Cambier
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
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20
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Kil LP, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B cell selection and activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:445-70. [PMID: 23768157 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.786712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental role of B lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is evident from the high levels of pathogenic antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) found in SLE patients. Affirming this causative role, additional antibody-independent roles of B cells in SLE were appreciated. In recent years, many defects in B cell selection and activation have been identified in murine lupus models and SLE patients that explain the increased emergence and persistence of autoreactive B cells and their lowered activation threshold. Therefore, clinical trials with B cell depletion regimens in SLE patients were initiated but disappointingly the efficacy of B cell depleting agents proved to be limited. Remarkably however, a major breakthrough in SLE therapy was accomplished by blocking B cell survival factors rather then eliminating B cells. This surprising finding indicates that although SLE is a B cell-driven disease, the amplifying crosstalk between B cells and other cells of the immune system likely evokes the observed tolerance breakdown in B cells. Moreover, this implies that intelligent interception of pro-inflammatory loops rather then selectively silencing B cells will be key to the development of new SLE therapies. In this review, we will not only highlight the intrinsic B cell defects that facilitate the persistence of autoreactive B cells and their activation, but in addition we will focus on B cell extrinsic signals derived from T cells and innate immune cells that lower the activation threshold for B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens P Kil
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, NL 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Hutcheson J, Vanarsa K, Bashmakov A, Grewal S, Sajitharan D, Chang BY, Buggy JJ, Zhou XJ, Du Y, Satterthwaite AB, Mohan C. Modulating proximal cell signaling by targeting Btk ameliorates humoral autoimmunity and end-organ disease in murine lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R243. [PMID: 23136880 PMCID: PMC3674619 DOI: 10.1186/ar4086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by an abundance of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a proximal transducer of the BCR signal that allows for B-cell activation and differentiation. Recently, selective inhibition of Btk by PCI-32765 has shown promise in limiting activity of multiple cells types in various models of cancer and autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Btk inhibition by PCI-32765 on the development of lupus in lupus-prone B6.Sle1 and B6.Sle1.Sle3 mice. METHODS B6.Sle1 or B6.Sle1.Sle3 mice received drinking water containing either the Btk inhibitor PCI-32765 or vehicle for 56 days. Following treatment, mice were examined for clinical and pathological characteristics of lupus. The effect of PCI-32765 on specific cell types was also investigated. RESULTS In this study, we report that Btk inhibition dampens humoral autoimmunity in B6.Sle1 monocongenic mice. Moreover, in B6.Sle1.Sle3 bicongenic mice that are prone to severe lupus, Btk inhibition also dampens humoral and cellular autoimmunity, as well as lupus nephritis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that partial crippling of cell signaling in B cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) may be a viable alternative to total depletion of these cells as a therapeutic modality for lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hutcheson
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Kamala Vanarsa
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Anna Bashmakov
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Simer Grewal
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Deena Sajitharan
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Betty Y Chang
- Pharmacyclics, Inc., 995 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, USA
| | - Joseph J Buggy
- Pharmacyclics, Inc., 995 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085, USA
| | - Xin J Zhou
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Yong Du
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Anne B Satterthwaite
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
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Btk levels set the threshold for B-cell activation and negative selection of autoreactive B cells in mice. Blood 2012; 119:3744-56. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-397919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
On antigen binding by the B-cell receptor (BCR), B cells up-regulate protein expression of the key downstream signaling molecule Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), but the effects of Btk up-regulation on B-cell function are unknown. Here, we show that transgenic mice overexpressing Btk specifically in B cells spontaneously formed germinal centers and manifested increased plasma cell numbers, leading to antinuclear autoantibody production and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)–like autoimmune pathology affecting kidneys, lungs, and salivary glands. Autoimmunity was fully dependent on Btk kinase activity, because Btk inhibitor treatment (PCI-32765) could normalize B-cell activation and differentiation, and because autoantibodies were absent in Btk transgenic mice overexpressing a kinase inactive Btk mutant. B cells overexpressing wild-type Btk were selectively hyperresponsive to BCR stimulation and showed enhanced Ca2+ influx, nuclear factor (NF)–κB activation, resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis, and defective elimination of selfreactive B cells in vivo. These findings unravel a crucial role for Btk in setting the threshold for B-cell activation and counterselection of autoreactive B cells, making Btk an attractive therapeutic target in systemic autoimmune disease such as SLE. The finding of in vivo pathology associated with Btk overexpression may have important implications for the development of gene therapy strategies for X-linked agammaglobulinemia, the immunodeficiency associated with mutations in BTK.
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Hendriks RW, Bredius RG, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJ. Biology and novel treatment options for XLA, the most common monogenetic immunodeficiency in man. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1003-21. [PMID: 21635151 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.585971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in man, and is caused by a single genetic defect. Inactivating mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene are invariably the cause of XLA,. XLA is characterized by a differentiation arrest at the pre-B cell stage, the absence of immunoglobulins and recurrent bacterial infections, making it an insidious disease that gradually disables the patient, and can result in death due to chronic lung disease. Current treatment involves prophylactic antibiotics and immunoglobulin infusions, which are non-curative. This disease is a good candidate for curative hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy, which could correct the B cell and myeloid deficiencies. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the basic biology of BTK in B cell development, the clinical features of XLA, and the possibilities of gene therapy for XLA, covering the literature from 1995 to 2010. EXPERT OPINION Work from various laboratories demonstrates the feasibility of using gene-corrected HSCs to complement the immune defects of Btk-deficiency in mice. We propose that it is timely to start clinical programs to develop stem cell based therapy for XLA, using gene-corrected autologous HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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