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Dybska E, Adams AT, Duclaux-Loras R, Walkowiak J, Nowak JK. Waiting in the wings: RUNX3 reveals hidden depths of immune regulation with potential implications for inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13025. [PMID: 33528856 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex interactions between the environment and the mucosal immune system underlie inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The involved cytokine signalling pathways are modulated by a number of transcription factors, one of which is runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3). OBJECTIVE To systematically review the immune roles of RUNX3 in immune regulation, with a focus on the context of IBD. METHODS Relevant articles and reviews were identified through a Scopus search in April 2020. Information was categorized by immune cell types, analysed and synthesized. IBD transcriptome data sets and FANTOM5 regulatory networks were processed in order to complement the literature review. RESULTS The available evidence on the immune roles of RUNX3 allowed for its description in twelve cell types: intraepithelial lymphocyte, Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, double-positive T, cytotoxic T, B, dendritic, innate lymphoid, natural killer and macrophages. In the gut, the activity of RUNX3 is multifaceted and context-dependent: it may promote homeostasis or exacerbated reactions via cytokine signalling and regulation of receptor expression. RUNX3 is mostly engaged in pathways involving ThPOK, T-bet, IFN-γ, TGF-β/IL-2Rβ, GATA/CBF-β, SMAD/p300 and a number of miRNAs. RUNX3 targets relevant to IBD may include RAG1, OSM and IL-17B. Moreover, in IBD RUNX3 expression correlates positively with GZMM, and negatively with IFNAR1, whereas in controls, it strongly associates with TGFBR3. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of RUNX3, mostly in the form of deficiency, likely contributes to IBD pathogenesis. More clinical research is needed to examine RUNX3 in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Dybska
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alex T Adams
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rémi Duclaux-Loras
- INSERM U1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan K Nowak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Haljasorg U, Dooley J, Laan M, Kisand K, Bichele R, Liston A, Peterson P. Irf4 Expression in Thymic Epithelium Is Critical for Thymic Regulatory T Cell Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1952-1960. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Haider A, Steininger A, Ullmann R, Hummel M, Dimitrova L, Beyer M, Vandersee S, Lenze D, Sterry W, Assaf C, Möbs M. Inactivation of RUNX3/p46 Promotes Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2287-2296. [PMID: 27377697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The key role of RUNX3 in physiological T-cell differentiation has been extensively documented. However, information on its relevance for the development of human T-cell lymphomas or leukemias is scarce. Here, we show that alterations of RUNX3 by either heterozygous deletion or methylation of its distal promoter can be observed in the tumor cells of 15 of 21 (71%) patients suffering from Sézary syndrome, an aggressive variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. As a consequence, mRNA levels of RUNX3/p46, the isoform controlled by the distal promoter, are significantly lower in Sézary syndrome tumor cells. Re-expression of RUNX3/p46 reduces cell viability and promotes apoptosis in a RUNX3/p46low cell line of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Based on this, we present evidence that RUNX3 can act as a tumor suppressor in a human T-cell malignancy and suggest that this effect is predominantly mediated through transcripts from its distal promoter, in particular RUNX3/p46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Haider
- Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Steininger
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Ullmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit der Universität Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lora Dimitrova
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Staffan Vandersee
- Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Central German Armed Forces hospital, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Dido Lenze
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sterry
- Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chalid Assaf
- Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Dermatology, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany.
| | - Markus Möbs
- Department of Dermatology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Vecellio M, Roberts AR, Cohen CJ, Cortes A, Knight JC, Bowness P, Wordsworth BP. The genetic association of RUNX3 with ankylosing spondylitis can be explained by allele-specific effects on IRF4 recruitment that alter gene expression. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1534-40. [PMID: 26452539 PMCID: PMC4975853 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To identify the functional basis for the genetic association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), upstream of the RUNX3 promoter, with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods We performed conditional analysis of genetic association data and used ENCODE data on chromatin remodelling and transcription factor (TF) binding sites to identify the primary AS-associated regulatory SNP in the RUNX3 region. The functional effects of this SNP were tested in luciferase reporter assays. Its effects on TF binding were investigated by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RUNX3 mRNA levels were compared in primary CD8+ T cells of AS risk and protective genotypes by real-time PCR. Results The association of the RUNX3 SNP rs4648889 with AS (p<7.6×10−14) was robust to conditioning on all other SNPs in this region. We identified a 2 kb putative regulatory element, upstream of RUNX3, containing rs4648889. In reporter gene constructs, the protective rs4648889 ‘G’ allele increased luciferase activity ninefold but significantly less activity (4.3-fold) was seen with the AS risk ‘A’ allele (p≤0.01). The binding of Jurkat or CD8+ T-cell nuclear extracts to the risk allele was decreased and IRF4 recruitment was reduced. The AS-risk allele also affected H3K4Me1 histone methylation and associated with an allele-specific reduction in RUNX3 mRNA (p<0.05). Conclusion We identified a regulatory region upstream of RUNX3 that is modulated by rs4648889. The risk allele decreases TF binding (including IRF4) and reduces reporter activity and RUNX3 expression. These findings may have important implications for understanding the role of T cells and other immune cells in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vecellio
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Amity R Roberts
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Carla J Cohen
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Cortes
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Bowness
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - B Paul Wordsworth
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford, UK National Institute for Health Research Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, UK
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Wang S, He Q, Ma D, Xue Y, Liu F. Irf4 Regulates the Choice between T Lymphoid-Primed Progenitor and Myeloid Lineage Fates during Embryogenesis. Dev Cell 2015; 34:621-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Epigenetics in immune development and in allergic and autoimmune diseases. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 104-105:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Rogatsky I, Chandrasekaran U, Manni M, Yi W, Pernis AB. Epigenetics and the IRFs: A complex interplay in the control of immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:242-55. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.853050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- David Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Regulation of T helper cell differentiation by interferon regulatory factor family members. Immunol Res 2013; 54:169-76. [PMID: 22528124 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) consist of a family of transcription factors with diverse functions in the transcriptional regulation of cellular responses in health and diseases. IRFs commonly contain a DNA-binding domain in the N-terminus, with most members also containing a C-terminal IRF-associated domain that mediates protein-protein interactions. Ten IRFs and several virus-encoded IRF homologs have been identified in mammals so far. In response to endogenous and microbial stimuli during an immune response, IRFs are activated, and selectively and cooperatively modulate the expression of key cytokine and transcription factors involved in T helper cell differentiation in T cells and/or antigen-presenting cells. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of IRF-mediated transcriptional regulation in T helper cell differentiation and discusses the implications on the development of cellular and humoral immune responses and the pathogenesis of immune disorders.
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Xiong Y, Castro E, Yagi R, Zhu J, Lesourne R, Love PE, Feigenbaum L, Bosselut R. Thpok-independent repression of Runx3 by Gata3 during CD4+ T-cell differentiation in the thymus. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:918-28. [PMID: 23310955 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) helper T cells are essential for immune responses and differentiate in the thymus from CD4(+) CD8(+) "double-positive" (DP) thymocytes. The transcription factor Runx3 inhibits CD4(+) T-cell differentiation by repressing Cd4 gene expression; accordingly, Runx3 is not expressed in DP thymocytes or developing CD4(+) T cells. The transcription factor Thpok is upregulated in CD4-differentiating thymocytes and required to repress Runx3. However, how Runx3 is controlled at early stages of CD4(+) T-cell differentiation, before the onset of Thpok expression, remains unknown. Here we show that Gata3, a transcription factor preferentially and transiently upregulated by CD4(+) T-cell precursors, represses Runx3 and binds the Runx3 locus in vivo. Accordingly, we show that high-level Gata3 expression and expression of Runx3 are mutually exclusive. Furthermore, whereas Runx3 represses Cd4, we show that Gata3 promotes Cd4 expression in Thpok-deficient thymocytes. Thus, in addition to its previously documented role in promoting CD4-lineage gene-expression, Gata3 represses CD8-lineage gene expression. These findings identify Gata3 as a critical pivot of CD4-CD8 lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Xiong
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892-4259, MD, USA
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Xu WD, Pan HF, Ye DQ, Xu Y. Targeting IRF4 in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:918-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Xiong Y, Bosselut R. CD4-CD8 differentiation in the thymus: connecting circuits and building memories. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:139-45. [PMID: 22387323 PMCID: PMC3773541 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The proper choice of the CD4-helper or CD8-cytotoxic lineages by developing T cells is crucial for the generation of an antigen-responsive and functionally fit T cell repertoire. Here we present a brief overview of the transcriptional control of this process, with emphasis on two issues. The study of Cd4 expression, that had previously generated important paradigms for transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic cells, now brings new twists to the concept of 'epigenetic memory'. And connections are emerging between transcriptional regulators critical for commitment to either lineage. The present review attempts to integrate these findings and discusses the still elusive mechanisms that match CD4-CD8 lineage differentiation to MHC specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Xiong
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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