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Dintwe OB, Ballweber Fleming L, Voillet V, McNevin J, Seese A, Naidoo A, Omarjee S, Bekker LG, Kublin JG, De Rosa SC, Newell EW, Fiore-Gartland A, Andersen-Nissen E, McElrath MJ. Adolescent BCG revaccination induces a phenotypic shift in CD4 + T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5191. [PMID: 38890283 PMCID: PMC11189459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A recent clinical trial demonstrated that Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) revaccination of adolescents reduced the risk of sustained infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). In a companion phase 1b trial, HVTN 602/Aeras A-042, we characterize in-depth the cellular responses to BCG revaccination or to a H4:IC31 vaccine boost to identify T cell subsets that could be responsible for the protection observed. High-dimensional clustering analysis of cells profiled using a 26-color flow cytometric panel show marked increases in five effector memory CD4+ T cell subpopulations (TEM) after BCG revaccination, two of which are highly polyfunctional. CITE-Seq single-cell analysis shows that the activated subsets include an abundant cluster of Th1 cells with migratory potential. Additionally, a small cluster of Th17 TEM cells induced by BCG revaccination expresses high levels of CD103; these may represent recirculating tissue-resident memory cells that could provide pulmonary immune protection. Together, these results identify unique populations of CD4+ T cells with potential to be immune correlates of protection conferred by BCG revaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- One B Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anneta Naidoo
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Saleha Omarjee
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Hutchinson Centre Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Zeng L, Ma X, Qu M, Tang M, Li H, Lei C, Ji J, Li H. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Ag85A and truncation of PstS1 fusion protein vaccines against tuberculosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27034. [PMID: 38463854 PMCID: PMC10920368 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important public health problem, and the One Health approach is essential for controlling zoonotic tuberculosis. Therefore, a rationally designed and more effective TB vaccine is urgently needed. To enhance vaccine efficacy, it is important to design vaccine candidates that stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity against TB. In this study, we fused the secreted protein Ag85A as the T cell antigen with truncated forms of the mycobacterial cell wall protein PstS1 with B cell epitopes to generate vaccine candidates, Ag85A-tnPstS1 (AP1, AP2, and AP3), and tested their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. The three vaccine candidates induced a significant increase in the levels of T cell-related cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17, and AP1 and AP2 can induce more balanced Th1/Th2 responses than AP3. Strong humoral immune responses were also observed in which the production of IgG antibodies including its subclasses IgG1, IgG2c, and IgG3 was tremendously stimulated. AP1 and AP2 induced early antibody responses and more IgG3 isotype antibodies than AP3. Importantly, the mice immunised with the subunit vaccine candidates, particularly AP1 and AP2, had lower bacterial burdens than the control mice. Moreover, the serum from immunised mice can enhance phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages, which can help to eradicate intracellular bacteria. These results indicate that the subunit vaccines Ag85A-tnPstS1 can be promising vaccine candidates for tuberculosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiuling Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengjin Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huoming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chengrui Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahong Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Han J, Ma Y, Ma L, Tan D, Niu H, Bai C, Mi Y, Xie T, Lv W, Wang J, Zhu B. Id3 and Bcl6 Promote the Development of Long-Term Immune Memory Induced by Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:126. [PMID: 33562631 PMCID: PMC7914852 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived memory cell formation and maintenance are usually regulated by cytokines and transcriptional factors. Adjuvant effects of IL-7 have been studied in the vaccines of influenza and other pathogens. However, few studies investigated the adjuvant effects of cytokines and transcriptional factors in prolonging the immune memory induced by a tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccine. To address this research gap, mice were treated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) subunit vaccine Mtb10.4-HspX (MH) plus ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190-198>-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70), together with adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 or lentivirus-mediated transcriptional factor Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Immune responses induced by the vaccine were examined at 25 weeks after last immunization. The results showed that adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 allowed the TB subunit vaccine to induce the formation of long-lived memory T cells. Meanwhile, IL-7 increased the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and bach2-the three key transcription factors for the generation of long-lived memory T cells. The adjuvant effects of transcriptional factors, together with TB fusion protein MH/LT70 vaccination, showed that both Bcl6 and Id3 increased the production of antigen-specific antibodies and long-lived memory T cells, characterized by high proliferative potential of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and IFN-γ secretion in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively, after re-exposure to the same antigen. Overall, our study suggests that IL-7 and transcriptional factors Id3 and Bcl6 help the TB subunit vaccine to induce long-term immune memory, which contributes to providing immune protection against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyuan Han
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Daquan Tan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunxiang Bai
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Youjun Mi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.H.); (Y.M.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (H.N.); (C.B.); (Y.M.); (T.X.); (W.L.); (J.W.)
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Chen ZY, Wang L, Gu L, Qu R, Lowrie DB, Hu Z, Sha W, Fan XY. Decreased Expression of CD69 on T Cells in Tuberculosis Infection Resisters. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1901. [PMID: 32849474 PMCID: PMC7426741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD69 is a biomarker of T-cell activation status, but its activation status in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains elusive. METHODS A set of cohorts of patients with different tuberculosis (TB) infection status including active TB patients (ATB), latent tuberculous infection patients (LTBI) and close contacts (CCs) of ATB was designed, and the expression profiles of CD69 and several T-cell markers were determined on Mtb antigen-stimulated T cells by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were both comparable among Mtb-infected individuals including ATB and LTBI, which guaranteed the consistency of the background level. A t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) analysis on a panel of six phenotypic markers showed a unique color map axis gated on T cells in the CCs group compared with ATB and LTBI populations. By further gating on cells positive for each individual marker and then overlaying those events on top of the tSNE plots, their distribution suggested that some markers were expressed differently in the CCs group. Further analysis showed that the expression levels of CD69 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly lower in the CCs group, especially in interferon-γ-responding T cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the T-cell activation status of CD69 is associated with Mtb infection and may have the potential to distinguish LTBI from those populations who have been exposed continuously to Mtb but have not become infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Qu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- TB Center, Shanghai Emerging and Re-emerging Institute, Shanghai, China
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AlMatar M, Makky EA, AlMandeal H, Eker E, Kayar B, Var I, Köksal F. Does the Development of Vaccines Advance Solutions for Tuberculosis? Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 12:83-104. [PMID: 30474542 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181126151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered as one of the most efficacious human pathogens. The global mortality rate of TB stands at approximately 2 million, while about 8 to 10 million active new cases are documented yearly. It is, therefore, a priority to develop vaccines that will prevent active TB. The vaccines currently used for the management of TB can only proffer a certain level of protection against meningitis, TB, and other forms of disseminated TB in children; however, their effectiveness against pulmonary TB varies and cannot provide life-long protective immunity. Based on these reasons, more efforts are channeled towards the development of new TB vaccines. During the development of TB vaccines, a major challenge has always been the lack of diversity in both the antigens contained in TB vaccines and the immune responses of the TB sufferers. Current efforts are channeled on widening both the range of antigens selection and the range of immune response elicited by the vaccines. The past two decades witnessed a significant progress in the development of TB vaccines; some of the discovered TB vaccines have recently even completed the third phase (phase III) of a clinical trial. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this article are to discuss the recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB; to provide an insight on the mechanism of vaccine-mediated specific immune response stimulation, and to debate on the interaction between vaccines and global interventions to end TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu) Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Essam A Makky
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Husam AlMandeal
- Freiburg Universität, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 karlsruhe Augenklinik, Germany
| | - Emel Eker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Mpande CAM, Dintwe OB, Musvosvi M, Mabwe S, Bilek N, Hatherill M, Nemes E, Scriba TJ. Functional, Antigen-Specific Stem Cell Memory (T SCM) CD4 + T Cells Are Induced by Human Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:324. [PMID: 29545791 PMCID: PMC5839236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintenance of long-lasting immunity is thought to depend on stem cell memory T cells (TSCM), which have superior self-renewing capacity, longevity and proliferative potential compared with central memory (TCM) or effector (TEFF) T cells. Our knowledge of TSCM derives primarily from studies of virus-specific CD8+ TSCM. We aimed to determine if infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis, generates antigen-specific CD4+ TSCM and to characterize their functional ontology. Methods We studied T cell responses to natural M. tb infection in a longitudinal adolescent cohort of recent QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) converters and three cross-sectional QFT+ adult cohorts; and to bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination in infants. M. tb and/or BCG-specific CD4 T cells were detected by flow cytometry using major histocompatibility complex class II tetramers bearing Ag85, CFP-10, or ESAT-6 peptides, or by intracellular cytokine staining. Transcriptomic analyses of M. tb-specific tetramer+ CD4+ TSCM (CD45RA+ CCR7+ CD27+) were performed by microfluidic qRT-PCR, and functional and phenotypic characteristics were confirmed by measuring expression of chemokine receptors, cytotoxic molecules and cytokines using flow cytometry. Results M. tb-specific TSCM were not detected in QFT-negative persons. After QFT conversion frequencies of TSCM increased to measurable levels and remained detectable thereafter, suggesting that primary M. tb infection induces TSCM cells. Gene expression (GE) profiling of tetramer+ TSCM showed that these cells were distinct from bulk CD4+ naïve T cells (TN) and shared features of bulk TSCM and M. tb-specific tetramer+ TCM and TEFF cells. These TSCM were predominantly CD95+ and CXCR3+, markers typical of CD8+ TSCM. Tetramer+ TSCM expressed significantly higher protein levels of CCR5, CCR6, CXCR3, granzyme A, granzyme K, and granulysin than bulk TN and TSCM cells. M. tb-specific TSCM were also functional, producing IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α upon antigen stimulation, and their frequencies correlated positively with long-term BCG-specific CD4+ T cell proliferative potential after infant vaccination. Conclusion Human infection with M. tb induced distinct, antigen-specific CD4+ TSCM cells endowed with effector functions, including expression of cytotoxic molecules and Th1 cytokines, and displayed chemokine receptor profiles consistent with memory Th1/17 cells. Induction of CD4+ TSCM should be considered for vaccination approaches that aim to generate long-lived memory T cells against M. tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheleka A. M. Mpande
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - One B. Dintwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simbarashe Mabwe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Bilek
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Méndez-Samperio P. Global Efforts in the Development of Vaccines for Tuberculosis: Requirements for Improved Vaccines Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:204-10. [PMID: 27454335 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, more than 9.0 million people develop acute pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) each year and about 1.5 million people worldwide die from this infection. Thus, developing vaccines to prevent active TB disease remains a priority. This article discusses recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB and focusses on the main requirements for development of improved vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Over the last two decades, significant progress has been made in TB vaccine development, and some TB vaccine candidates have currently completed a phase III clinical trial. The potential public health benefits of these vaccines are possible, but it will need much more effort, including new global governance investment on this research. This investment would certainly be less than the annual global financial toll of TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Méndez-Samperio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, CD México, México.
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8
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Maggioli MF, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Vordermeier HM, McGill JL, Whelan AO, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Waters WR. Increased TNF-α/IFN-γ/IL-2 and Decreased TNF-α/IFN-γ Production by Central Memory T Cells Are Associated with Protective Responses against Bovine Tuberculosis Following BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:421. [PMID: 27799930 PMCID: PMC5066095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Central memory T cell (Tcm) and polyfunctional CD4 T cell responses contribute to vaccine-elicited protection with both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB); however, their combined role in protective immunity to TB is unclear. To address this question, we evaluated polyfunctional cytokine responses by CD4 T cell effector/memory populations from bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves by flow cytometry prior to and after aerosol challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis. Polyfunctional cytokine expression patterns in the response by Tcm, effector memory, and effector T cell subsets were similar between BCG-vaccinated and M. bovis-infected calves, only differing in magnitude (i.e., infected > vaccinated). BCG vaccination, however, did alter the kinetics of the ensuing response to virulent M. bovis infection. Early after challenge (3 weeks post-infection), non-vaccinates had greater antigen-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lesser IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 responses by Tcm cells than did vaccinated animals. Importantly, these differences were also associated with mycobacterial burden upon necropsy. Polyfunctional responses to ESAT-6:CFP10 (antigens not synthesized by BCG strains) were detected in memory subsets, as well as in effector cells, as early as 3 weeks after challenge. These findings suggest that cell fate divergence may occur early after antigen priming in the response to bovine TB and that memory and effector T cells may expand concurrently during the initial phase of the immune response. In summary, robust IFN-γ/TNF-α response by Tcm cells is associated with greater mycobacterial burden, while IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 response by Tcm cells are indicative of a protective response to bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA; Imbio, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | | | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS , USA
| | - Adam O Whelan
- Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down , Wiltshire , UK
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
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Santhi D, Raja A. T cell recall response of two hypothetical proteins (Rv2251 and Rv2721c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in healthy household contacts of TB - Possible subunit vaccine candidates. J Infect 2016; 73:455-467. [PMID: 27404979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The demonstrated variable efficacy of the only licensed TB vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (M. bovis BCG) encourages the need for new vaccine candidates against TB. Antigen specific cellular immune response is often considered imperative during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection and antigens that are strongly associated with the latent phase of infection are drawing increasing attention for anti-TB vaccine development. Here, we investigated the phenotypic and functional profiles of two novel mycobacterial antigens Rv2251 and Rv2721c during T cell recall response via multi-color flow cytometry. Healthy household contacts of TB (latent/HHC) and active pulmonary TB (PTB) patients were recruited to investigate the difference in antigen specific T cell recall response. These two antigens induced expansion of CD45RA- CCR7+ central memory subtypes and CD45RA- CCR7- effector memory cells in latent population which suggests their possible association with HHC. Rv2251 and Rv2721c antigen specific IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 response was also significantly high in HHC when compared to the PTB (p < 0.005, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05 respectively). The frequency of multifunctional T cells also was high in HHC compared to the PTB with statistical significance only for the antigen Rv2251. Often, the dominant Th1 immune response in HHC is correlated with the protection against the active TB disease. Collectively, we report the first insights into Rv2251 and Rv2721c antigen specific immune response in human donors of TB and provide the immunologic rationale for selecting them for vaccine development against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santhi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), No.1, Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600 031, India
| | - Alamelu Raja
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), No.1, Mayor Sathyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600 031, India.
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Robinson RT, Orme IM, Cooper AM. The onset of adaptive immunity in the mouse model of tuberculosis and the factors that compromise its expression. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:46-59. [PMID: 25703551 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has been evolving with its human host for over 50 000 years and is an exquisite manipulator of the human immune response. It induces both a strong inflammatory and a strong acquired immune response, and Mtb then actively regulates these responses to create an infectious lesion in the lung while maintaining a relatively ambulatory host. The CD4(+) T cell plays a critical yet contradictory role in this process by both controlling disseminated disease while promoting the development of the lesion in the lung that mediates transmission. In light of this manipulative relationship between Mtb and the human immune response, it is not surprising that our ability to vaccinate against tuberculosis (TB) has not been totally successful. To overcome the current impasse in vaccine development, we need to define the phenotype of CD4(+) T cells that mediate protection and to determine those bacterial and host factors that regulate the effective function of these cells. In this review, we describe the initiation and expression of T cells during TB as well as the fulminant inflammatory response that can compromise T-cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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11
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Ahsan MJ. Recent advances in the development of vaccines for tuberculosis. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2015; 3:66-75. [PMID: 26288734 DOI: 10.1177/2051013615593891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (Tb) continues to be a dreadful infection worldwide with nearly 1.5 million deaths in 2013. Furthermore multi/extensively drug-resistant Tb (MDR/XDR-Tb) worsens the condition. Recently approved anti-Tb drugs (bedaquiline and delamanid) have the potential to induce arrhythmia and are recommended in patients with MDR-Tb when other alternatives fail. The goal of elimination of Tb by 2050 will not be achieved without an effective new vaccine. The recent advancement in the development of Tb vaccines is the keen focus of this review. To date, Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) is the only licensed Tb vaccine in use, however its efficacy in pulmonary Tb is variable in adolescents and adults. There are nearly 15 vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials, includes five protein or adjuvant vaccines, four viral-vectored vaccines, three mycobacterial whole cell or extract vaccines, and one each of the recombinant live and the attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jawed Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303 039, India
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat that will only be defeated by a combination of better drugs, diagnostics and vaccines. The only licensed TB vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), protects against extrapulmonary TB in infants. RECENT FINDINGS Novel vaccine candidates that could protect against pulmonary TB either in TB naïve or in latent TB-infected healthy individuals have been developed and are currently being assessed in clinical trials. Subunit booster vaccines are either based on viral vectors expressing TB-specific antigens or on TB-protein antigens in adjuvants. Subunit vaccines are administered on top of BCG. Replacement vaccines for BCG are recombinant viable BCG or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Several candidates are undergoing, or will soon start, phase IIb assessment for efficacy. The first vaccine candidate, MVA85A, to complete a phase IIb trial, unfortunately failed to show protection against TB in infants. Therapeutic vaccines composed of killed mycobacterial preparations target patients with complicated TB in adjunct to drug treatment. SUMMARY With increasing numbers of TB vaccine candidates in clinical trials, financial, regulatory and infrastructural issues arise, which would be best tackled by a global strategy. In addition, selection of the most promising vaccine candidates for further clinical development gains increasing importance.
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Marinova D, Gonzalo-Asensio J, Aguilo N, Martin C. Recent developments in tuberculosis vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:1431-48. [PMID: 24195481 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.856765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substantial efforts have been made over the past decade to develop vaccines against tuberculosis. We review recent developments in tuberculosis vaccines in the global portfolio, including those designed for use in a prophylactic setting, either alone or as boosts to Bacille Calmette-Guérin, and therapeutic vaccines designed to improve chemotherapy. While there is no doubt that progress is still being made, there are limitations to our animal model screening processes, which are further amplified by the lack of understanding of the immunological responses involved and the precise type of long-lived immunity that new vaccines need to induce. The challenge ahead is to optimize the planning for advanced clinical trials in poor endemic settings, which could be greatly facilitated by identifying correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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