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Huang CH, Yang TT, Lin KI. Mechanisms and functions of SUMOylation in health and disease: a review focusing on immune cells. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:16. [PMID: 38280996 PMCID: PMC10821541 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation, which is a type of post-translational modification that involves covalent conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to target substrates, regulates various important molecular and cellular processes, including transcription, the cell cycle, cell signaling, and DNA synthesis and repair. Newly synthesized SUMO is immature and cleaved by the SUMO-specific protease family, resulting in exposure of the C-terminal Gly-Gly motif to become the mature form. In the presence of ATP, mature SUMO is conjugated with the activating enzyme E1 through the cysteine residue of E1, followed by transfer to the cysteine residue of E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 in humans that recognizes and modifies the lysine residue of a substrate protein. E3 SUMO ligases promote SUMOylation. SUMOylation is a reversible modification and mediated by SUMO-specific proteases. Cumulative studies have indicated that SUMOylation affects the functions of protein substrates in various manners, including cellular localization and protein stability. Gene knockout studies in mice have revealed that several SUMO cycling machinery proteins are crucial for the development and differentiation of various cell lineages, including immune cells. Aberrant SUMOylation has been implicated in several types of diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the biochemistry of SUMO modification and the general biological functions of proteins involved in SUMOylation. In particular, this review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which SUMOylation regulates the development, maturation, and functions of immune cells, including T, B, dendritic, and myeloid cells. This review also discusses the underlying relevance of disruption of SUMO cycling and site-specific interruption of SUMOylation on target proteins in immune cells in diseases, including cancers and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsin Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Tzu Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Tagoe H, Hassan S, Bliss E, Youssef G, Heywood W, Mills K, Harper JI, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Chronic activation of Toll-like receptor 2 induces an ichthyotic skin phenotype. Br J Dermatol 2023; 189:91-102. [PMID: 36972303 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ichthyosis defines a group of chronic conditions that manifest phenotypically as a thick layer of scales, often affecting the entire skin. While the gene mutations that lead to ichthyosis are well documented, the actual signalling mechanisms that lead to scaling are poorly characterized; however, recent publications suggest that common mechanisms are active in ichthyotic tissue and in analogous models of ichthyosis. OBJECTIVES To determine common mechanisms of hyperkeratosis that may be easily targeted with small-molecule inhibitors. METHODS We combined gene expression analysis of gene-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdowns in rat epidermal keratinocytes (REKs) of two genes mutated in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), Tgm1 and Alox12b, and proteomic analysis of skin scale from patients with ARCI, as well as RNA sequencing data from rat epidermal keratinocytes treated with the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonist Pam3CSK4. RESULTS We identified common activation of the TLR2 pathway. Exogenous TLR2 activation led to increased expression of important cornified envelope genes and, in organotypic culture, caused hyperkeratosis. Conversely, blockade of TLR2 signalling in keratinocytes from patients with ichthyosis and our shRNA models reduced the expression of keratin 1, a structural protein overexpressed in ichthyosis scale. A time course of TLR2 activation in REKs revealed that although there was rapid initial activation of innate immune pathways, this was rapidly superseded by widespread upregulation of epidermal differentiation-related proteins. Both nuclear factor kappa B phosphorylation and GATA3 upregulation was associated with this switch, and GATA3 overexpression was sufficient to increase keratin 1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data define a dual role for TLR2 activation during epidermal barrier repair that may be a useful therapeutic modality in treating diseases of epidermal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hephzi Tagoe
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre
| | - Sakinah Hassan
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre
| | | | - Gehad Youssef
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre
| | | | | | - John I Harper
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre
- Department of Immunobiology and Dermatology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Murine precursors to type 1 conventional dendritic cells induce tumor cytotoxicity and exhibit activated PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273075. [PMID: 35980974 PMCID: PMC9387840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate precursor to murine type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) has recently been established and named “pre-cDC1s”. Mature CD8α+ cDC1s are recognized for suppressing graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) while promoting graft-versus-leukemia (GvL), however pre-cDC1s have not previously been investigated in the context of alloreactivity or anti-tumor responses. Characterization of pre-cDC1s, compared to CD8α+ cDC1s, found that a lower percentage of pre-cDC1s express PD-L1, yet express greater PD-L1 by MFI and a greater percent PIR-B, a GvHD-suppressing molecule. Functional assays were performed ex vivo following in vivo depletion of CD8α+ DCs to examine whether pre-cDC1s play a redundant role in alloreactivity. Proliferation assays revealed less allogeneic T-cell proliferation in the absence of CD8α+ cDC1s, with slightly greater CD8+ T-cell proliferation. Further, in the absence of CD8α+ cDC1s, stimulated CD8+ T-cells exhibited significantly less PD-1 expression compared to CD4+ T-cells, and alloreactive T-cell death was significantly lower, driven by reduced CD4+ T-cell death. Tumor-killing assays revealed that T-cells primed with CD8α-depleted DCs ex vivo induce greater killing of A20 B-cell leukemia cells, particularly when antigen (Ag) is limited. Bulk RNA sequencing revealed distinct transcriptional programs of these DCs, with pre-cDC1s exhibiting activated PD-1/PD-L1 signaling compared to CD8α+ cDC1s. These results indicate distinct T-cell-priming capabilities of murine pre-cDC1s compared to CD8α+ cDC1s ex vivo, with potentially clinically relevant implications in suppressing GvHD while promoting GvL responses, highlighting the need for greater investigation of murine pre-cDC1s.
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Shime H, Maruyama A, Yoshida S, Takeda Y, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Toll-like receptor 2 ligand and interferon-γ suppress anti-tumor T cell responses by enhancing the immunosuppressive activity of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1373231. [PMID: 29296526 PMCID: PMC5739553 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1373231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) suppress activation/proliferation of cytotoxic T cells, thereby hindering cancer immunotherapy. MDSCs are increased after adjuvant therapy with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands, such as Pam2CSK4, in tumor-bearing mice. However, it remains unknown if the activation of TLR2 in MDSCs affects their function and the therapeutic efficacy of TLR2 ligand. Here, we show that TLR2 signaling in CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6Chigh monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), but not CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs), enhances their immunosuppressive activity, thereby limiting anti-tumor T cell responses induced by TLR2-activated dendritic cells (DCs). iNOS induction was critical for Pam2CSK4-enhanced T cell suppression by M-MDSCs. iNOS was expressed in M-MDSC-derived macrophages, but not undifferentiated M-MDSCs, in cocultures with CD8+ T cells, CD11c+ DCs, antigen peptide and Pam2CSK4. Pam2CSK4 increased the differentiation frequency of M-MDSCs to macrophages, and iNOS expression required interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production by CD8+ T cells that had been transiently stimulated by M-MDSC-derived macrophages in an antigen/TLR2-dependent manner. Although Pam2CSK4 triggered DC maturation and tumor regression via induction of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in tumor-bearing mice, Pam2CSK4 plus antigen increased the frequency of iNOS+ macrophages in the tumor. Treatment with iNOS inhibitor enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of Pam2CSK4. Hence, the results suggest that TLR2 ligand and T cell-derived IFN-γ enhance M-MDSC-mediated immunosuppression, which may negatively regulate anti-tumor CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumito Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Generation of mouse and human dendritic cells in vitro. J Immunol Methods 2016; 432:24-9. [PMID: 26876301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) that can orchestrate immune responses and maintain host homeostasis, are indispensable components of the immune system. Although distributed widely in many lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, their rarity in number has become a limiting factor for DC related research and therapies. Therefore, methods for efficiently generating large numbers of DC resembling their in vivo counterparts are urgently needed for DC related research and therapies. Herein we summarize the current methods for generating mouse and human DC in vitro and hope that these will facilitate both studies of DC biology and their clinical applications.
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Auphan-Anezin N, Schmitt-Verhulst AM. Silence STAT3 in the procancer niche… and activate CD8+ T cells to kill premetastatic myeloid intruders. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:44-8. [PMID: 25471823 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies have implicated myeloid cells in providing a microenvironment that promotes tumor cell survival and metastasis, therefore preparing a "premetastatic niche" for cancer progression. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Zhang et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 71-81] address the regulation of immune cells in premetastatic lymph nodes in experimental mouse models. The authors show that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) ablation in murine myeloid cells, which renders the premetastatic niche less receptive to metastasis by B16 melanoma cells, also leads to local activation in the niche of CD8(+) T cells with increased expression of IFN-γ and granzyme B. Data further suggest that STAT3 activation in the myeloid population leads to poor tumor antigen presenting capacity as well as resistance to CD8(+) T-cell killing. Based on these studies in mice and observations in human cancer patients, the authors propose treatments designed to regulate STAT3 activation, which are correlated with increased cytolytic activity of CD8(+) T cells in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France; INSERM UMR 1104, Marseille, France; CNRS UMR 7280, Marseille, France
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