1
|
Liu Y, Guo ZJ, Zhou XW. Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196576. [PMID: 36235111 PMCID: PMC9572669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the chemical characteristics of the main components and their pharmacological effects and mechanism on immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. The analysis revealed that Chinese Cordyceps promotes immune cells' antitumor function by via upregulating immune responses and downregulating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and resetting the immune cells' phenotype. Moreover, Chinese Cordyceps can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by death (including apoptosis and autophagy) induction, cell-cycle arrest, and angiogenesis inhibition. Recent evidence has revealed that the signal pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and serine/threonine kinase Akt were involved in the antitumor mechanisms. In conclusion, Chinese Cordyceps, one type of magic mushroom, can be potentially developed as immunomodulator and anticancer therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang P, Jia J, Zhang D. Purinergic signalling in liver diseases: Pathological functions and therapeutic opportunities. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100165. [PMID: 33103092 PMCID: PMC7575885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides, including ATP, are essential regulators of liver function and serve as danger signals that trigger inflammation upon injury. Ectonucleotidases, which are expressed by liver-resident cells and recruited immune cells sequentially hydrolyse nucleotides to adenosine. The nucleotide/nucleoside balance orchestrates liver homeostasis, tissue repair, and functional restoration by regulating the crosstalk between liver-resident cells and recruited immune cells. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge on the role of purinergic signals in liver homeostasis, restriction of inflammation, stimulation of liver regeneration, modulation of fibrogenesis, and regulation of carcinogenesis. Moreover, we discuss potential targeted therapeutic strategies for liver diseases based on purinergic signals involving blockade of nucleotide receptors, enhancement of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity, and activation of adenosine receptors.
Collapse
Key Words
- A1, adenosine receptor A1
- A2A, adenosine receptor A2A
- A2B, adenosine receptor A2B
- A3, adenosine receptor A3
- AIH, autoimmune hepatitis
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- APCP, α,β-methylene ADP
- Adenosine receptors
- BDL, bile duct ligation
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- CD73, ecto-5ʹ-nucleotidase
- ConA, concanavalin A
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DMN, dimethylnitrosamine
- Ecto-5ʹ-nucleotidase
- Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases 1
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL-, interleukin-
- IPC, ischaemic preconditioning
- IR, ischaemia-reperfusion
- Liver
- MAPK, mitogen-activating protein kinase
- MCDD, methionine- and choline-deficient diet
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NK, natural killer
- NKT, natural killer T
- NTPDases, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases
- Nucleotide receptors
- P1, purinergic type 1
- P2, purinergic type 2
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PH, partial hepatectomy
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPADS, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonate
- Purinergic signals
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jidong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Liver Cirrhosis & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang S, Gao S, Zhou D, Qian X, Luan J, Lv X. The role of the CD39-CD73-adenosine pathway in liver disease. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:851-862. [PMID: 32648591 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a danger signal released by dying and damaged cells, and it functions as an immunostimulatory signal that promotes inflammation. The ectonucleotidases CD39/ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 and CD73/ecto-5'-nucleotidase are cell-surface enzymes that breakdown extracellular ATP into adenosine. This drives a shift from an ATP-driven proinflammatory environment to an anti-inflammatory milieu induced by adenosine. The CD39-CD73-adenosine pathway changes dynamically with the pathophysiological context in which it is embedded. Accumulating evidence suggests that CD39 and CD73 play important roles in liver disease as critical components of the extracellular adenosinergic pathway. Recent studies have shown that the modification of the CD39-CD73-adenosine pathway alters the liver's response to injury. Moreover, adenosine exerts different effects on the pathophysiology of the liver through different receptors. In this review, we aim to describe the role of the CD39-CD73-adenosine pathway and adenosine receptors in liver disease, highlighting potential therapeutic targets in this pathway, which will facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Songsen Gao
- Department of Orthopedics (Spinal Surgery), The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dexi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xueyi Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The role of invariant natural killer T cells in experimental xenobiotic-induced cholestatic hepatotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 122:109579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
5
|
Activation of natural killer T cells contributes to triptolide-induced liver injury in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1847-1854. [PMID: 30013034 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the main active ingredient of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f, which has attracted great interest due to its promising efficacy for autoimmune diseases and tumors. However, severe adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity, have restricted its approval in the market. In the present study we explored the role of hepatic natural killer T (NKT) cells in the pathogenesis of TP-induced liver injury in mice. TP (600 μg/kg/day, i.g.) was administered to female mice for 1, 3, or 5 days. We found that administration of TP dose-dependently induced hepatotoxicity, evidenced by the body weight reduction, elevated serum ALT and AST levels, as well as significant histopathological changes in the livers. However, the mice were resistant to the development of TP-induced liver injury when their NKT cells were depleted by injection of anti-NK1.1 mAb (200 μg, i.p.) on days -2 and -1 before TP administration. We further revealed that TP administration activated NKT cells, dominantly releasing Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, recruiting neutrophils and macrophages, and leading to liver damage. After anti-NK1.1 injection, however, the mice mainly secreted Th2 cytokine IL-4 in the livers and exhibited a significantly lower percentage of hepatic infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages upon TP challenge. The activation of NKT cells was associated with the upregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel role of NKT cells contributing to the mechanisms of TP-induced liver injury. More importantly, the regulation of NKT cells may promote effective measures that control drug-induced liver injury.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bedard M, Salio M, Cerundolo V. Harnessing the Power of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1829. [PMID: 29326711 PMCID: PMC5741693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a distinct subset of innate-like lymphocytes bearing an invariant T-cell receptor, through which they recognize lipid antigens presented by monomorphic CD1d molecules. Upon activation, iNKT cells are capable of not only having a direct effector function but also transactivating NK cells, maturing dendritic cells, and activating B cells, through secretion of several cytokines and cognate TCR-CD1d interaction. Endowed with the ability to orchestrate an all-encompassing immune response, iNKT cells are critical in shaping immune responses against pathogens and cancer cells. In this review, we examine the critical role of iNKT cells in antitumor responses from two perspectives: (i) how iNKT cells potentiate antitumor immunity and (ii) how CD1d+ tumor cells may modulate their own expression of CD1d molecules. We further explore hypotheses to explain iNKT cell activation in the context of cancer and how the antitumor effects of iNKT cells can be exploited in different forms of cancer immunotherapy, including their role in the development of cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bedard
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Burnstock G. Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:661. [PMID: 28993732 PMCID: PMC5622197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling, i.e., the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised, which includes four subtypes of the P1 (adenosine) receptor, seven subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of the P2Y G protein-coupled receptor. Early studies were largely concerned with the physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry of purinergic signalling. More recently, the focus has been on the pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. There was early recognition of the use of P1 receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and A2A receptor antagonists are promising for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke, blocking P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Diquafosol, a long acting P2Y2 receptor agonist, is being used for the treatment of dry eye. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been developed that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic cough, bladder incontinence, visceral pain and hypertension. Antagonists to P2X7 receptors are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Other investigations are in progress for the use of purinergic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, depression, autism, diabetes, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical SchoolLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, MelbourneVIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Milosavljevic N, Gazdic M, Simovic Markovic B, Arsenijevic A, Nurkovic J, Dolicanin Z, Djonov V, Lukic ML, Volarevic V. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate acute liver injury by altering ratio between interleukin 17 producing and regulatory natural killer T cells. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:1040-1050. [PMID: 28481005 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are, due to immunomodulatory characteristics, considered as novel agents in the treatment of immune-mediated acute liver failure. Although it is known that MSCs can regulate activation of T lymphocytes, their capacity to modulate function of neutrophils and natural killer T (NKT) cells, major interleukin (IL) 17-producing cells in acute liver injury, is still unknown. By using 2 well-established murine models of neutrophil and NKT cell-mediated acute liver failure (induced by carbon tetrachloride and α-galactoceramide), we investigated molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in MSC-mediated modulation of IL17 signaling during acute liver injury. Single intravenous injection of MSCs attenuate acute hepatitis and hepatotoxicity of NKT cells in a paracrine, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-dependent manner. Decreased levels of inflammatory IL17 and increased levels of immunosuppressive IL10 in serum, reduced number of interleukin 17-producing natural killer T (NKT17) cells, and increased presence of forkhead box P3 + IL10-producing natural killer T regulatory cells (NKTregs) were noticed in the injured livers of MSC-treated mice. MSCs did not significantly alter the total number of IL17-producing neutrophils, CD4+, and CD8 + T lymphocytes in the injured livers. Injection of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) resulted with an increased NKTreg/NKT17 ratio in the liver and attenuated hepatitis in vivo and significantly reduced hepatotoxicity of NKT cells in vitro. This phenomenon was completely abrogated in the presence of IDO inhibitor, 1-methyltryptophan. In conclusion, the capacity of MSCs to alter NKT17/NKTreg ratio and suppress hepatotoxicity of NKT cells in an IDO-dependent manner may be used as a new therapeutic approach in IL17-driven liver inflammation. Liver Transplantation 23 1040-1050 2017 AASLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Milosavljevic
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Marina Gazdic
- Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Jasmin Nurkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Zana Dolicanin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | | | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Almishri W, Deans J, Swain MG. Rapid activation and hepatic recruitment of innate-like regulatory B cells after invariant NKT cell stimulation in mice. J Hepatol 2015; 63:943-51. [PMID: 26095178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are present within the liver and have been implicated in the development of many liver diseases. Upon activation by glycolipid ligands (including α-galactosylceramide; αGalCer), hepatic iNKT cells produce numerous cytokines and recruit both pro-inflammatory and regulatory immune cells. However, the involvement of B cells in this process is poorly defined. METHODS Wild-type (male, C57BL/6), B cell deficient, or B cell depleted mice were injected with αGalCer or vehicle, hepatic B cell phenotype and liver injury was subsequently determined. RESULTS iNKT cell activation resulted in liver injury and the rapid activation and hepatic recruitment of B cells (mainly innate-like B1 and MZ-like B cells) from the spleen and peritoneal cavity. B cells recruited to the liver produce IL-10 and TGFβ, and express cell surface CD73 (ectoenzyme which generates adenosine). B cell deficient mice developed augmented αGalCer-induced hepatitis, enhanced neutrophil recruitment and striking alterations in the hepatic cytokine milieu. αGalCer-induced hepatitis was unaltered in IL-10(-/-) mice, or after TGFβ neutralization, but was significantly worsened in mice treated with a CD73 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS iNKT cell stimulation recruits innate-like regulatory B cells to the liver which suppress hepatic inflammation through IL-10 and TGFβ1 independent mechanisms, but involve CD73 activity. These findings highlight an important inflammation suppressing role for B cells at early time points during the development of an innate immune response within the liver, and represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wagdi Almishri
- Gastrointestinal Research Groups, Snyder Institute, Canada
| | - Julie Deans
- Immunology and Snyder Institute, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark G Swain
- Immunology and Snyder Institute, Canada; Gastrointestinal Research Groups, Snyder Institute, Canada; Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Volarevic V, Markovic BS, Bojic S, Stojanovic M, Nilsson U, Leffler H, Besra GS, Arsenijevic N, Paunovic V, Trajkovic V, Lukic ML. Gal-3 regulates the capacity of dendritic cells to promote NKT-cell-induced liver injury. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:531-43. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Volarevic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Sanja Bojic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Maja Stojanovic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Ulf Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Section MIG; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Verica Paunovic
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology; School of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology; School of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM. Purinergic signalling and immune cells. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:529-64. [PMID: 25352330 PMCID: PMC4272370 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a historical perspective on the role of purinergic signalling in the regulation of various subsets of immune cells from early discoveries to current understanding. It is now recognised that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides are released from cells following stress or injury. They can act on virtually all subsets of immune cells through a spectrum of P2X ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Furthermore, ATP is rapidly degraded into adenosine by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, and adenosine exerts additional regulatory effects through its own receptors. The resulting effect ranges from stimulation to tolerance depending on the amount and time courses of nucleotides released, and the balance between ATP and adenosine. This review identifies the various receptors involved in the different subsets of immune cells and their effects on the function of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
| | | |
Collapse
|