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Merlano MC, Denaro N, Galizia D, Ruatta F, Occelli M, Minei S, Abbona A, Paccagnella M, Ghidini M, Garrone O. How Chemotherapy Affects the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081822. [PMID: 36009369 PMCID: PMC9405073 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is much more effective in immunocompetent mice than in immunodeficient ones, and it is now acknowledged that an efficient immune system is necessary to optimize chemotherapy activity and efficacy. Furthermore, chemotherapy itself may reinvigorate immune response in different ways: by targeting cancer cells through the induction of cell stress, the release of damage signals and the induction of immunogenic cell death, by targeting immune cells, inhibiting immune suppressive cells and/or activating immune effector cells; and by targeting the host physiology through changes in the balance of gut microbiome. All these effects acting on immune and non-immune components interfere with the tumor microenvironment, leading to the different activity and efficacy of treatments. This article describes the correlation between chemotherapy and the immune changes induced in the tumor microenvironment. Our ultimate aim is to pave the way for the identification of the best drugs or combinations, the doses, the schedules and the right sequences to use when chemotherapy is combined with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlo Merlano
- Scientific Direction, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Nerina Denaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Danilo Galizia
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy;
| | - Fiorella Ruatta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Marcella Occelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Silvia Minei
- Post-Graduate School of Specialization Medical Oncology, University of Bari “A.Moro”, 70120 Bari, Italy;
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70120 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Abbona
- Translational Oncology ARCO Foundation, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Paccagnella
- Translational Oncology ARCO Foundation, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Ornella Garrone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
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How Macrophages Become Transcriptionally Dysregulated: A Hidden Impact of Antitumor Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052662. [PMID: 33800829 PMCID: PMC7961970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the essential components of the tumor microenvironment. TAMs originate from blood monocytes and undergo pro- or anti-inflammatory polarization during their life span within the tumor. The balance between macrophage functional populations and the efficacy of their antitumor activities rely on the transcription factors such as STAT1, NF-κB, IRF, and others. These molecular tools are of primary importance, as they contribute to the tumor adaptations and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy and can become important biomarkers for theranostics. Herein, we describe the major transcriptional mechanisms specific for TAM, as well as how radio- and chemotherapy can impact gene transcription and functionality of macrophages, and what are the consequences of the TAM-tumor cooperation.
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Larionova I, Cherdyntseva N, Liu T, Patysheva M, Rakina M, Kzhyshkowska J. Interaction of tumor-associated macrophages and cancer chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2019. [PMID: 31143517 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1596004] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently recognized that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an essential factor that defines the efficiency of chemotherapy. The local TME, consisting of immune cells with diverse phenotypes and functions, can strongly modulate the response to chemotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that display pronounced heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity are the major innate immune component in the microenvironment of solid tumors. In our review, we elucidate the complex role of TAMs in the progression of different types of solid tumors, summarize the current knowledge about the effects of different anticancer chemotherapeutic agents on monocytes/macrophages, and describe the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance mediated by TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,laboratory of molecular oncology and immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,laboratory of molecular oncology and immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marina Patysheva
- laboratory of molecular oncology and immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Militsa Rakina
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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Larionova I, Cherdyntseva N, Liu T, Patysheva M, Rakina M, Kzhyshkowska J. Interaction of tumor-associated macrophages and cancer chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1596004. [PMID: 31143517 PMCID: PMC6527283 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1596004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recently recognized that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an essential factor that defines the efficiency of chemotherapy. The local TME, consisting of immune cells with diverse phenotypes and functions, can strongly modulate the response to chemotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that display pronounced heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity are the major innate immune component in the microenvironment of solid tumors. In our review, we elucidate the complex role of TAMs in the progression of different types of solid tumors, summarize the current knowledge about the effects of different anticancer chemotherapeutic agents on monocytes/macrophages, and describe the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance mediated by TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,laboratory of molecular oncology and immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,laboratory of molecular oncology and immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marina Patysheva
- laboratory of molecular oncology and immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Militsa Rakina
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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Wu J, Tang C, Yin C. Co-delivery of doxorubicin and interleukin-2 via chitosan based nanoparticles for enhanced antitumor efficacy. Acta Biomater 2017; 47:81-90. [PMID: 27729232 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce toxicity and improve antitumor therapeutic effects of doxorubicin (DOX) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2), we developed a hydrophilic cationic polymer (N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, TMC) based nanocomplexes (FTCD/rhIL-2) which could efficiently mediate systemic co-delivery of hydrophobic DOX and water-soluble rhIL-2 to achieve the purpose of combination therapy. DOX was covalently conjugated to TMC through cis-aconitic anhydride (CA) which endowed nanocomplexes a pH-sensitive release of DOX, while rhIL-2 was loaded through electrostatic adsorption without compromise of bioactivity. The resultant nanocomplexes exhibited sub-spherical shape (∼200nm) and positive charge (>20mV). Folate (FA) modification was utilized with the intention of active targeting, which was however correlated with weakened tumor growth inhibition, emphasizing the importance of balance in overcoming diverse delivery barriers for efficacious antitumor therapy. Compared with free drugs, FTCD/rhIL-2 nanocomplexes significantly delayed tumor growth, increased the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) level and the amount of tumor infiltrated cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These results indicated that the combinational administration of DOX and rhIL-2 based on polymer nanoparticles could serve as an effective strategy in antitumor therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Combined administration of doxorubicin (DOX) and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) has been utilized for the treatment of tumors. However the traditional administration brought to severe side effects, and the efficiency of current delivery systems were unsatisfactory. Herein we developed a hydrophilic cationic polymer based nanoparticle delivery system which facilitated simultaneous and systemic co-delivery of hydrophobic DOX and water-soluble rhIL-2. This system achieved pH-sensitive release of DOX and sustained release of rhIL-2 in vitro, meanwhile, improved anti-tumor efficacy and reduced side-effect in vivo. Thus, our study provided a solution for combinational administration of DOX and rhIL-2 and could serve as an effective strategy in antitumor therapy.
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Frick A, Fedoriw Y, Richards K, Damania B, Parks B, Suzuki O, Benton CS, Chan E, Thomas RS, Wiltshire T. Immune cell-based screening assay for response to anticancer agents: applications in pharmacogenomics. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2015; 8:81-98. [PMID: 25897258 PMCID: PMC4397719 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s73312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpatient variability in immune and chemotherapeutic cytotoxic responses is likely due to complex genetic differences and is difficult to ascertain in humans. Through the use of a panel of genetically diverse mouse inbred strains, we developed a drug screening platform aimed at examining interstrain differences in viability on normal, noncancerous immune cells following chemotherapeutic cytotoxic insult. Drug effects were investigated by comparing selective chemotherapeutic agents, such as BEZ-235 and selumetinib, against conventional cytotoxic agents targeting multiple pathways, including doxorubicin and idarubicin. METHODS Splenocytes were isolated from 36 isogenic strains of mice using standard procedures. Of note, the splenocytes were not stimulated to avoid attributing responses to pathways involved with cellular stimulation rather than toxicity. Cells were incubated with compounds on a nine-point logarithmic dosing scale ranging from 15 nM to 100 μM (37°C, 5% CO2). At 4 hours posttreatment, cells were labeled with antibodies and physiological indicator dyes and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Cellular phenotypes (eg, viability) were collected and analyzed using flow cytometry. Dose-response curves with response normalized to the zero dose as a function of log concentration were generated using GraphPad Prism 6. RESULTS Phenotypes were quantified using flow cytometry, yielding interstrain variation for measured endpoints in different immune cells. The flow cytometry assays produced over 16,000 data points that were used to generate dose-response curves. The more targeted agents, BEZ-235 and selumetinib, were less toxic to immune cells than the anthracycline agents. The calculated heritability for the viability of immune cells was higher with anthracyclines than the novel agents, making them better suited for downstream genetic analysis. CONCLUSION Using this approach, we identify cell lines of variable sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and aim to identify robust, replicable endpoints of cellular response to drugs that provide the starting point for identifying candidate genes and cellular toxicity pathways for future validation in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Frick
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristy Richards
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bethany Parks
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Oscar Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cristina S Benton
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel Chan
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tim Wiltshire
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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