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Yadav N, Parmar R, Patel H, Patidar M, Dalai SK. Infectious sporozoite challenge modulates radiation attenuated sporozoite vaccine-induced memory CD8 + T cells for better survival characteristics. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 66:41-51. [PMID: 34674290 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Radiation attenuated sporozoite (RAS), a whole parasite vaccine approach provides sterile protection against malaria. However, RAS immunization does not confer protection for long, and that has been correlated with the waning parasite-induced memory CD8+ T cell responses. Interestingly, an intermittent infectious (wild-type) sporozoite challenge to the RAS vaccinated mice lengthened the protection period from 6 to 18 months. Herein, we have studied the changes that infectious sporozoite brought in RAS-induced memory CD8+ T cells for conferring lengthened protection. We observed that the infectious sporozoite challenge has boosted the frequency of foreign antigen-experienced memory CD8+ T cells. In those CD8+ T cells, it has reduced the Annexin-V reactivity, raised Bcl-2 expression, and also more cells undergone homeostatic proliferation (Ki-67+ ). It has also scaled down the frequency of Nur77 and CX3CR1 high expressing cells in those memory CD8+ T cell populations which we further correlated with better survival signals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Yadav
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
| | - Rajesh Parmar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
| | - Hardik Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
| | - Manoj Patidar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
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Goh YS, McGuire D, Rénia L. Vaccination With Sporozoites: Models and Correlates of Protection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1227. [PMID: 31231377 PMCID: PMC6560154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous efforts, the century-old goal of eradicating malaria still remains. Multiple control interventions need to be in place simultaneously to achieve this goal. In addition to effective control measures, drug therapies and insecticides, vaccines are critical to reduce mortality and morbidity. Hence, there are numerous studies investigating various malaria vaccine candidates. Most of the malaria vaccine candidates are subunit vaccines. However, they have shown limited efficacy in Phase II and III studies. To date, only whole parasite formulations have been shown to induce sterile immunity in human. In this article, we review and discuss the recent developments in vaccination with sporozoites and the mechanisms of protection involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shan Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel McGuire
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Pichugin A, Zarling S, Perazzo L, Duffy PE, Ploegh HL, Krzych U. Identification of a Novel CD8 T Cell Epitope Derived from Plasmodium berghei Protective Liver-Stage Antigen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:91. [PMID: 29434602 PMCID: PMC5796907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified novel Plasmodium berghei (Pb) liver stage (LS) genes that as DNA vaccines significantly reduce Pb LS parasite burden (LPB) in C57Bl/6 (B6) mice through a mechanism mediated, in part, by CD8 T cells. In this study, we sought to determine fine antigen (Ag) specificities of CD8 T cells that target LS malaria parasites. Guided by algorithms for predicting MHC class I-restricted epitopes, we ranked sequences of 32 Pb LS Ags and selected ~400 peptides restricted by mouse H-2Kb and H-2Db alleles for analysis in the high-throughput method of caged MHC class I-tetramer technology. We identified a 9-mer H-2Kb restricted CD8 T cell epitope, Kb-17, which specifically recognized and activated CD8 T cell responses in B6 mice immunized with Pb radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) and challenged with infectious sporozoites (spz). The Kb-17 peptide is derived from the recently described novel protective Pb LS Ag, PBANKA_1031000 (MIF4G-like protein). Notably, immunization with the Kb-17 epitope delivered in the form of a minigene in the adenovirus serotype 5 vector reduced LPB in mice infected with spz. On the basis of our results, Kb-17 peptide was available for CD8 T cell activation and recall following immunization with Pb RAS and challenge with infectious spz. The identification of a novel MHC class I-restricted epitope from the protective Pb LS Ag, MIF4G-like protein, is crucial for advancing our understanding of immune responses to Plasmodium and by extension, toward vaccine development against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pichugin
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Stasya Zarling
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Leah Perazzo
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Patrick Emmet Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Hidde Lolke Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MD, United States
| | - Urszula Krzych
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Sacci JB, Hollingdale MR, Sedegah M. Cellular immune response to DNA and vaccinia prime-boost immunization kills Plasmodium yoelii-infected hepatocytes in vitro. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3798571. [PMID: 28475711 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmid DNA encoding Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (PyCSP) followed by boosting with recombinant vaccinia virus containing the PyCSP elicited significant protective immunity in mice that was primarily mediated by CD8+ T-cell responses directed to P. yoelii -infected hepatocytes. This study was to further explore protection using in vitro cultures of P. yoelii parasites in mouse hepatocytes. Spleen cells from DNA/vaccinia virus-immunized mice were co-cultured in vitro with mouse hepatocytes containing developing P. yoelii liver stage parasites. A semipermeable membrane separating spleen cells and hepatocytes was used to demonstrate if cell-to-cell contact was required. Inhibitors of mediators likely involved in spleen cell killing were added to these co-cultures. Spleen cells from immunized mice inhibited in vitro P. yoelii parasite development, and inhibition was eliminated by separating effectors and targets with the semipermeable membrane. Additionally, inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase, caspase activation, NF-κB activation as well as antibodies against interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and ICAM-1 reduced parasite inhibition. These findings suggest that direct contact between spleen cells from immunized mice and P. yoelii-infected hepatocytes is required for eliminating liver stage parasites and provide more insight into CD8+ T-cell-mediated inhibition of malaria liver stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Sacci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Abstract
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium have a complex life cycle. They alternate between their final mosquito host and their intermediate hosts. The parasite can be either extra- or intracellular, depending on the stage of development. By modifying their shape, motility, and metabolic requirements, the parasite adapts to the different environments in their different hosts. The parasite has evolved to escape the multiple immune mechanisms in the host that try to block parasite development at the different stages of their development. In this article, we describe the mechanisms reported thus far that allow the Plasmodium parasite to evade innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yun Shan Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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Singer M, Frischknecht F. Time for Genome Editing: Next-Generation Attenuated Malaria Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2016; 33:202-213. [PMID: 27793562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with malaria parasites that developmentally arrest in or immediately after the liver stage is the only way currently known to confer sterilizing immunity in both humans and rodent models. There are various ways to attenuate parasite development resulting in different timings of arrest, which has a significant impact on vaccination efficiency. To understand what most impacts vaccination efficiency, newly developed gain-of-function methods can now be used to generate a wide array of differently attenuated parasites. The combination of multiple attenuation approaches offers the potential to engineer efficiently attenuated Plasmodium parasites and learn about their fascinating biology at the same time. Here we discuss recent studies and the potential of targeted parasite manipulation using genome editing to develop live attenuated malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Singer
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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