1
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Dahlgren MW, Plumb AW, Niss K, Lahl K, Brunak S, Johansson-Lindbom B. Type I Interferons Promote Germinal Centers Through B Cell Intrinsic Signaling and Dendritic Cell Dependent Th1 and Tfh Cell Lineages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932388. [PMID: 35911733 PMCID: PMC9326081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are essential for antiviral immunity, appear to represent a key component of mRNA vaccine-adjuvanticity, and correlate with severity of systemic autoimmune disease. Relevant to all, type I IFNs can enhance germinal center (GC) B cell responses but underlying signaling pathways are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that a succinct type I IFN response promotes GC formation and associated IgG subclass distribution primarily through signaling in cDCs and B cells. Type I IFN signaling in cDCs, distinct from cDC1, stimulates development of separable Tfh and Th1 cell subsets. However, Th cell-derived IFN-γ induces T-bet expression and IgG2c isotype switching in B cells prior to this bifurcation and has no evident effects once GCs and bona fide Tfh cells developed. This pathway acts in synergy with early B cell-intrinsic type I IFN signaling, which reinforces T-bet expression in B cells and leads to a selective amplification of the IgG2c+ GC B cell response. Despite the strong Th1 polarizing effect of type I IFNs, the Tfh cell subset develops into IL-4 producing cells that control the overall magnitude of the GCs and promote generation of IgG1+ GC B cells. Thus, type I IFNs act on B cells and cDCs to drive GC formation and to coordinate IgG subclass distribution through divergent Th1 and Tfh cell-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam W. Plumb
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Niss
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bengt Johansson-Lindbom
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bengt Johansson-Lindbom,
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2
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Kumova OK, Galani IE, Rao A, Johnson H, Triantafyllia V, Matt SM, Pascasio J, Gaskill PJ, Andreakos E, Katsikis PD, Carey AJ. Severity of neonatal influenza infection is driven by type I interferon and oxidative stress. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1309-1320. [PMID: 36352099 PMCID: PMC9724789 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonates exhibit increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infections, attributed to inflammation at the developing pulmonary air-blood interface. IFN I are antiviral cytokines critical to control viral replication, but also promote inflammation. Previously, we established a neonatal murine influenza virus (IV) model, which demonstrates increased mortality. Here, we sought to determine the role of IFN I in this increased mortality. We found that three-day-old IFNAR-deficient mice are highly protected from IV-induced mortality. In addition, exposure to IFNβ 24 h post IV infection accelerated death in WT neonatal animals but did not impact adult mortality. In contrast, IFN IIIs are protective to neonatal mice. IFNβ induced an oxidative stress imbalance specifically in primary neonatal IV-infected pulmonary type II epithelial cells (TIIEC), not in adult TIIECs. Moreover, neonates did not have an infection-induced increase in antioxidants, including a key antioxidant, superoxide dismutase 3, as compared to adults. Importantly, antioxidant treatment rescued IV-infected neonatal mice, but had no impact on adult morbidity. We propose that IFN I exacerbate an oxidative stress imbalance in the neonate because of IFN I-induced pulmonary TIIEC ROS production coupled with developmentally regulated, defective antioxidant production in response to IV infection. This age-specific imbalance contributes to mortality after respiratory infections in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogan K. Kumova
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ioanna-Evdokia Galani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vasiliki Triantafyllia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stephanie M. Matt
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judy Pascasio
- Pathology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter J. Gaskill
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alison J. Carey
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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La muqueuse pulmonaire en période périnatale : un monde à comprendre pour lutter contre la sensibilité du jeune à la bronchiolite. Rev Mal Respir 2022; 39:104-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Descamps D, Peres de Oliveira A, Gonnin L, Madrières S, Fix J, Drajac C, Marquant Q, Bouguyon E, Pietralunga V, Iha H, Morais Ventura A, Tangy F, Vidalain PO, Eléouët JF, Galloux M. Depletion of TAX1BP1 Amplifies Innate Immune Responses during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:e0091221. [PMID: 34431698 PMCID: PMC8549506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00912-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory infections in young children and also has a major impact on the elderly and immunocompromised people. In the absence of a vaccine or efficient treatment, a better understanding of RSV interactions with the host antiviral response during infection is needed. Previous studies revealed that cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs), where viral replication and transcription occur, could play a major role in the control of innate immunity during infection by recruiting cellular proteins involved in the host antiviral response. We recently showed that the morphogenesis of IBs relies on a liquid-liquid-phase separation mechanism depending on the interaction between viral nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P). These scaffold proteins are expected to play a central role in the recruitment of cellular proteins to IBs. Here, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using RSV N protein as bait and identified the cellular protein TAX1BP1 as a potential partner of this viral protein. This interaction was validated by pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays. We showed that TAX1BP1 suppression has only a limited impact on RSV infection in cell cultures. However, RSV replication is decreased in TAX1BP1-deficient (TAX1BP1 knockout [TAX1BP1KO]) mice, whereas the production of inflammatory and antiviral cytokines is enhanced. In vitro infection of wild-type or TAX1BP1KO alveolar macrophages confirmed that the innate immune response to RSV infection is enhanced in the absence of TAX1BP1. Altogether, our results suggest that RSV could hijack TAX1BP1 to restrain the host immune response during infection. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants, remains a medical problem in the absence of a vaccine or efficient treatment. This virus is also recognized as a main pathogen in the elderly and immunocompromised people, and the occurrence of coinfections (with other respiratory viruses and bacteria) amplifies the risks of developing respiratory distress. In this context, a better understanding of the pathogenesis associated with viral respiratory infections, which depends on both viral replication and the host immune response, is needed. The present study reveals that the cellular protein TAX1BP1, which interacts with the RSV nucleoprotein N, participates in the control of the innate immune response during RSV infection, suggesting that the N-TAX1BP1 interaction represents a new target for the development of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andressa Peres de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorène Gonnin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sarah Madrières
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jenna Fix
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Quentin Marquant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University Idaiga-oka, Hasama Yufu, Japan
| | - Armando Morais Ventura
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Marie Galloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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5
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Viswanathan P, Sharma Y, Jaber FL, Tchaikovskaya T, Gupta S. Transplanted hepatocytes rescue mice in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure through paracrine signals for hepatic ATM and STAT3 pathways. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21471. [PMID: 33683737 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002421r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure constitutes a devastating condition that needs novel cell and molecular therapies. To elicit synergisms in cell types of therapeutic interest, we studied hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial in mice with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. The context of regenerative signals was examined by transplants in peritoneal cavity because it possesses considerable capacity and allows soluble signals to enter the systemic circulation. Whereas transplanted hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells engrafted in peritoneal cavity, only the former could rescue mice in liver failure by improving injury outcomes, activating hepatic DNA damage repair, and inducing liver regeneration. The cytokines secreted by donor hepatocytes or liver sinusoidal endothelial cells differed and in hepatocytes from mice undergoing acetaminophen toxicity major cytokines were even rendered deficient (eg, G-CSF, VEGF, and others). Significantly, recapitulating hepatotoxicity-related DNA damage response in cultured cells identified impairments in ATM and JAK/STAT3 intersections since replacing cytokines produced less from injured hepatocytes restored these pathways to avoid acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Similarly, hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure restored ATM and JAK/STAT3 pathways to advance DNA damage/repair and liver regeneration. The unexpected identification of novel hepatic G-CSF receptor expression following injury allowed paradigmatic studies of G-CSF supplementation to confirm the centrality of this paracrine ATM and STAT3 intersection. Remarkably, DNA damage/repair and hepatic regeneration directed by G-CSF concerned rebalancing of regulatory gene networks overseeing inflammation, metabolism, and cell viability. We conclude that healthy donor hepatocytes offer templates for generating specialized cell types to replace metabolic functions and regenerative factors in liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Viswanathan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fadi-Luc Jaber
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tatyana Tchaikovskaya
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Diabetes Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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6
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Grimm SL, Dong X, Zhang Y, Carisey AF, Arnold AP, Moorthy B, Coarfa C, Lingappan K. Effect of sex chromosomes versus hormones in neonatal lung injury. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e146863. [PMID: 34061778 PMCID: PMC8410054 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main mechanisms underlying sexually dimorphic outcomes in neonatal lung injury are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that hormone- or sex chromosome–mediated mechanisms interact with hyperoxia exposure to impact injury and repair in the neonatal lung. To distinguish sex differences caused by gonadal hormones versus sex chromosome complement (XX versus XY), we used the Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice and exposed them to hyperoxia (95% FiO2, P1–P4: saccular stage) or room air. This model generates XX and XY mice that each have either testes (with Sry, XXM, or XYM) or ovaries (without Sry, XXF, or XYF). Lung alveolarization and vascular development were more severely impacted in XYM and XYF compared with XXF and XXM mice. Cell cycle–related pathways were enriched in the gonadal or chromosomal females, while muscle-related pathways were enriched in the gonadal males, and immune-response–related pathways were enriched in chromosomal males. Female gene signatures showed a negative correlation with human patients who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or needed oxygen therapy at 28 days. These results demonstrate that chromosomal sex — and not gonadal sex — impacted the response to neonatal hyperoxia exposure. The female sex chromosomal complement was protective and could mediate sex-specific differences in the neonatal lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Grimm
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, and
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department.,Center for Precision Environmental Health, and.,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Krithika Lingappan
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Control of IFN-I responses by the aminopeptidase IRAP in neonatal C57BL/6 alveolar macrophages during RSV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:949-962. [PMID: 33846534 PMCID: PMC8221999 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, in whom, the sensing of RSV by innate immune receptors and its regulation are still poorly described. However, the severe bronchiolitis following RSV infection in neonates has been associated with a defect in type I interferons (IFN-I) production, a cytokine produced mainly by alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection in adults. In the present study, neonatal C57BL/6 AMs mobilized very weakly the IFN-I pathway upon RSV infection in vitro and failed to restrain virus replication. However, IFN-I productions by neonatal AMs were substantially increased by the deletion of Insulin-Responsive AminoPeptidase (IRAP), a protein previously involved in the regulation of IFN-I production by dendritic cells. Moreover, neonatal IRAPKO AMs showed a higher expression of IFN-stimulated genes than their wild-type C57BL/6 counterpart. Interestingly, depletion of IRAP did not affect adult AM responses. Finally, we demonstrated that newborn IRAPKO mice infected with RSV had more IFN-I in their lungs and eliminated the virus more efficiently than WT neonates. Taken together, early-life susceptibility to RSV infection may be related to an original age-dependent suppressive function of IRAP on the IFN-I driven-antiviral responses in neonatal AMs.
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8
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Chen D, Duan Z, Zhou W, Zou W, Jin S, Li D, Chen X, Zhou Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Shresta S, Wen J. Japanese encephalitis virus-primed CD8+ T cells prevent antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20192152. [PMID: 32501510 PMCID: PMC7478723 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive anti-flaviviral immunity can influence the outcome of infections with heterologous flaviviruses. However, it is unclear how the interplay between cross-reactive antibodies and T cells tilts the balance toward pathogenesis versus protection during secondary Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections. We show that sera and IgG from JEV-vaccinated humans and JEV-inoculated mice cross-reacted with ZIKV, exacerbated lethal ZIKV infection upon transfer to mice, and promoted viral replication and mortality upon ZIKV infection of the neonates born to immune mothers. In contrast, transfer of CD8+ T cells from JEV-exposed mice was protective, reducing the viral burden and mortality of ZIKV-infected mice and abrogating the lethal effects of antibody-mediated enhancement of ZIKV infection in mice. Conversely, cross-reactive anti-ZIKV antibodies or CD8+ T cells displayed the same pathogenic or protective effects upon JEV infection, with the exception that maternally acquired anti-ZIKV antibodies had no effect on JEV infection of the neonates. These results provide clues for developing safe anti-JEV/ZIKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- The Sixth People’s Hospital of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Duan
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengwei Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dezhou Li
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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9
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Laubreton D, Drajac C, Eléouët JF, Rameix-Welti MA, Lo-Man R, Riffault S, Descamps D. Regulatory B Lymphocytes Colonize the Respiratory Tract of Neonatal Mice and Modulate Immune Responses of Alveolar Macrophages to RSV Infection in IL-10-Dependant Manner. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080822. [PMID: 32751234 PMCID: PMC7472339 DOI: 10.3390/v12080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the prevalent pathogen of lower respiratory tract infections in children. The presence of neonatal regulatory B lymphocytes (nBreg) has been associated with a poor control of RSV infection in human newborns and with bronchiolitis severity. So far, little is known about how nBreg may contribute to neonatal immunopathology to RSV. We tracked nBreg in neonatal BALB/c mice and we investigated their impact on lung innate immunity, especially their crosstalk with alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection. We showed that the colonization by nBreg during the first week of life is a hallmark of neonatal lung whereas this population is almost absent in adult lung. This particular period of age when nBreg are abundant corresponds to the same period when RSV replication in lungs fails to generate a type-I interferons (IFN-I) response and is not contained. When neonatal AMs are exposed to RSV in vitro, they produce IFN-I that in turn enhances IL-10 production by nBreg. IL-10 reciprocally can decrease IFN-I secretion by AMs. Thus, our work identified nBreg as an important component of neonatal lungs and pointed out new immunoregulatory interactions with AMs in the context of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Laubreton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et Inflammation, U1173, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France;
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
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10
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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11
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Rossi GA, Pohunek P, Feleszko W, Ballarini S, Colin AA. Viral infections and wheezing-asthma inception in childhood: is there a role for immunomodulation by oral bacterial lysates? Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:17. [PMID: 32509272 PMCID: PMC7255835 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and recurrent infections of the respiratory tract in early childhood constitute major risk factors for the development of bronchial hyper-responsiveness and obstructive respiratory diseases in later life. In the first years of life, the vast majority of respiratory tract infections (RTI) leading to wheezing and asthma are of a viral origin and severity and recurrence are the consequence of a greater exposure to infectious agents in a period when the immune system is still relatively immature. Therefore, boosting the efficiency of the host immune response against viral infections seems to be a rational preventative approach. In the last decades it has been demonstrated that living in farm environments, i.e. early-life exposure to microbes, may reduce the risk of allergic and infectious disorders, increasing the immune response efficacy. These findings have suggested that treatment with bacterial lysates could promote a nonspecific immunomodulation useful in the prevention of recurrent RTIs and of wheezing inception and persistence. Experimental and clinical studies showing the reduction of RTI frequency and severity in childhood and elucidating the involved mechanisms can support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Allergy Disease Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Center, G. Gaslini University Hospital, Largo G. Gaslini, 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Petr Pohunek
- Dept of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefania Ballarini
- Medical Affairs Lead, Infectious Diseases, OM Pharma, a Vifor Pharma Company, Meyrin, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew A Colin
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
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12
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Early-Life Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, Trained Immunity and Subsequent Pulmonary Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050505. [PMID: 32375305 PMCID: PMC7290378 DOI: 10.3390/v12050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is often the first clinically relevant pathogen encountered in life, with nearly all children infected by two years of age. Many studies have also linked early-life severe respiratory viral infection with more pathogenic immune responses later in life that lead to pulmonary diseases like childhood asthma. This phenomenon is thought to occur through long-term immune system alterations following early-life respiratory viral infection and may include local responses such as unresolved inflammation and/or direct structural or developmental modifications within the lung. Furthermore, systemic responses that could impact the bone marrow progenitors may be a significant cause of long-term alterations, through inflammatory mediators and shifts in metabolic profiles. Among these alterations may be changes in transcriptional and epigenetic programs that drive persistent modifications throughout life, leaving the immune system poised toward pathogenic responses upon secondary insult. This review will focus on early-life severe RSV infection and long-term alterations. Understanding these mechanisms will not only lead to better treatment options to limit initial RSV infection severity but also protect against the development of childhood asthma linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
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13
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Stephens LM, Varga SM. Function and Modulation of Type I Interferons during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020177. [PMID: 32290326 PMCID: PMC7349809 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory infections in infants and young children, accounting for an estimated 3 million hospitalizations annually worldwide. Despite the major health burden, there is currently no licensed RSV vaccine. RSV is recognized by a range of cellular receptors including both toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RIG-I). This interaction initiates signaling through mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) proteins, resulting in the induction of type I interferons (IFN). Early viral control is mediated by either IFN-α or IFN-β signaling through the IFN receptor (IFNAR), inducing the production of antiviral interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs). Type I IFNs also initiate the early production of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IFN-γ. Type I IFN levels correlate with age, and inadequate production may be a critical factor in facilitating the increased RSV disease severity observed in infants. Here, we review the current literature on the function of type I IFNs in RSV pathogenesis, as well as their involvement in the differential immune responses observed in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-335-7784
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14
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Hijano DR, Vu LD, Kauvar LM, Tripp RA, Polack FP, Cormier SA. Role of Type I Interferon (IFN) in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immune Response and Disease Severity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:566. [PMID: 30972063 PMCID: PMC6443902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children <2 years of age. Increased morbidity and mortality have been reported in high-risk patients, such as premature infants, patients with cardiac disease, and severely immune compromised patients. Severe disease is associated with the virulence of the virus as well as host factors specifically including the innate immune response. The role of type I interferons (IFNs) in the response to RSV infection is important in regulating the rate of virus clearance and in directing the character of the immune response, which is normally associated with protection and less severe disease. Two RSV non-structural proteins, NS1 and NS2, as well as the envelope G glycoprotein are known to suppress type I IFN production and a robust type I IFN response to RSV does not occur in human infants or neonatal mouse models of RSV infection. Additionally, presence of type I IFNs are associated with mild symptoms in infants and administration of IFN-α prior to infection of neonatal mice with RSV reduces immunopathology. This evidence has driven RSV prophylaxis and therapeutic efforts to consider strategies for enhancing type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hijano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Luan D Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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15
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Flt3 ligand treatment reduces enterovirus A71 lethality in mice with enhanced B cell responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12184. [PMID: 30111869 PMCID: PMC6093920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection can induce encephalitis, which causes death or long-term neurological sequelae, especially in young children. Using a murine infection model, we searched for anti-EV-A71 agents, because effective therapies are not available to control fatal infection. In EV-A71-infected mice, treatment with the hematopoietic growth factor, Fms-like tyrosine-kinase 3 ligand (Flt3 ligand) before infection reduced the lethality and tissue viral loads. Flt3 ligand failed to enhance the production of type I interferons. Instead, Flt3 ligand boosted the numbers of dendritic cells and, particularly lymphocytes in infected organs with an expansion of spleen B cells, and resulted in an increased titer of virus-specific antibody with neutralizing activity in the serum. The protective effect of Flt3 ligand was abolished in B cell-deficient mice. Our findings revealed that Flt3 ligand administration promotes resistance to EV-A71 infection with enhanced B cell response in a mechanism rarely reported before.
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16
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Hijano DR, Siefker DT, Shrestha B, Jaligama S, Vu LD, Tillman H, Finkelstein D, Saravia J, You D, Cormier SA. Type I Interferon Potentiates IgA Immunity to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection During Infancy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11034. [PMID: 30038294 PMCID: PMC6056463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in infants and young children worldwide. Although mucosal RSV vaccines can reduce RSV disease burden, little is known about mucosal immune response capabilities in children. Neonatal or adult mice were infected with RSV; a subset of neonatal mice received interferon alpha (IFN-α) (intranasal) prior to RSV infection. B cells, B cell activating factor (BAFF) and IgA were measured by flow cytometry. RSV specific IgA was measured in nasal washes. Nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and lungs were stained for BAFF and IgA. Herein, we show in a mouse model of RSV infection that IFN-α plays a dual role as an antiviral and immune modulator and age-related differences in IgA production upon RSV infection can be overcome by IFN-α administration. IFN-α administration before RSV infection in neonatal mice increased RSV-specific IgA production in the nasal mucosa and induced expression of the B-cell activating factor BAFF in NALT. These findings are important, as mucosal antibodies at the infection site, and not serum antibodies, have been shown to protect human adults from experimental RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hijano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David T Siefker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bishwas Shrestha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luan D Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Heather Tillman
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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17
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Restori KH, Srinivasa BT, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. Neonatal Immunity, Respiratory Virus Infections, and the Development of Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29915592 PMCID: PMC5994399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens in the first months of life. Although maternal antibodies acquired transplacentally protect full-term neonates from many systemic pathogens, infections at mucosal surfaces still occur with great frequency, causing significant morbidity and mortality. At least part of this elevated risk is attributable to the neonatal immune system that tends to favor T regulatory and Th2 type responses when microbes are first encountered. Early-life infection with respiratory viruses is of particular interest because such exposures can disrupt normal lung development and increase the risk of chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma. The immunologic mechanisms that underlie neonatal host-virus interactions that contribute to the subsequent development of asthma have not yet been fully defined. The goals of this review are (1) to outline the differences between the neonatal and adult immune systems and (2) to present murine and human data that support the hypothesis that early-life interactions between the immune system and respiratory viruses can create a lung environment conducive to the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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18
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Denney L, Branchett W, Gregory LG, Oliver RA, Lloyd CM. Epithelial-derived TGF-β1 acts as a pro-viral factor in the lung during influenza A infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:523-535. [PMID: 29067998 PMCID: PMC5797694 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are under constant bombardment from potentially antigenic particles and so must maintain a balance between homeostasis and inappropriate immune activation and consequent pathology. Epithelial cells have a vital role orchestrating pulmonary homeostasis and defense against pathogens. TGF-β regulates an array of immune responses-both inflammatory and regulatory-however, its function is highly location- and context-dependent. We demonstrate that epithelial-derived TGF-β acts as a pro-viral factor suppressing early immune responses during influenza A infection. Mice specifically lacking bronchial epithelial TGF-β1 (epTGFβKO) displayed marked protection from influenza-induced weight loss, airway inflammation, and pathology. However, protection from influenza-induced pathology was not associated with a heightened lymphocytic immune response. In contrast, the kinetics of interferon beta (IFNβ) release into the airways was significantly enhanced in epTGFβKO mice compared with control mice, with elevated IFNβ on day 1 in epTGFβKO compared with control mice. This induced a heighted antiviral state resulting in impaired viral replication in epTGFβKO mice. Thus, epithelial-derived TGF-β acts to suppress early IFNβ responses leading to increased viral burden and pathology. This study demonstrates the importance of the local epithelial microenvironmental niche in shaping initial immune responses to viral infection and controlling host disease.
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19
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Neonatal mice possess two phenotypically and functionally distinct lung-migratory CD103 + dendritic cell populations following respiratory infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:186-198. [PMID: 28378805 PMCID: PMC5628111 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CD103+ subset of lung-migratory dendritic cells (DCs) plays an important role in the generation of CD8+ T cell responses following respiratory infection. Here, we demonstrate that the dependence on CD103+ DCs for stimulation of RSV-specific T cells is both epitope and age-dependent. CD103+ DCs in neonatal mice develop two phenotypically and functionally distinct populations following respiratory infection. Neonatal CD103+ DCs expressing low levels of CD103 (CD103lo DCs) and other lineage and maturation markers including costimulatory molecules are phenotypically immature and functionally limited. CD103lo DCs sorted from infected neonates were unable to stimulate cells of the KdM282-90 specificity, which are potently stimulated by CD103hi DCs sorted from the same animals. These data suggest that the delayed maturation of CD103+ DCs in the neonate limits the KdM282-90-specific response and explain the distinct CD8+ T cell response hierarchy displayed in neonatal mice that differs from the hierarchy seen in adult mice. These findings have implications for the development of early-life vaccines, where the promotion of responses with less age bias may prove advantageous. Alternately, specific approaches may be used to enhance the maturation and function of the CD103lo DC population in neonates to promote more adult-like T cell responses.
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20
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Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity? J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8734504. [PMID: 29250560 PMCID: PMC5700507 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8734504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common and highly contagious viral agent responsible for acute lower respiratory infection in infants. This pathology characterized by mucus hypersecretion and a disturbed T cell immune response is one of the major causes of infant hospitalization for severe bronchiolitis. Although different risk factors are associated with acute RSV bronchiolitis, the immunological factors contributing to the susceptibility of RSV infection in infants are not clearly elucidated. Epidemiological studies have established that the age at initial infection plays a central role in the severity of the disease. Thus, neonatal susceptibility is intrinsically linked to the immunological characteristics of the young pulmonary mucosa. Early life is a critical period for the lung development with the first expositions to external environmental stimuli and microbiota colonization. Furthermore, neonates display a lung immune system that profoundly differs to those from adults, with the predominance of type 2 immune cells. In this review, we discuss the latest information about the lung immune environment in the early period of life at a steady state and upon RSV infection and how we can modulate neonatal susceptibility to RSV infection.
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21
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Abstract
The early stages of life are associated with increased susceptibility to infection, which is in part due to an ineffective immune system. In the context of infection, the immune system must be stimulated to provide efficient protection while avoiding insufficient or excessive activation. Yet, in early life, age-dependent immune regulation at molecular and cellular levels contributes to a reduced immunological fitness in terms of pathogen clearance and response to vaccines. To enable microbial colonization to be tolerated at birth, epigenetic immune cell programming and early life-specific immune regulatory and effector mechanisms ensure that vital functions and organ development are supported and that tissue damage is avoided. Advancement in our understanding of age-related remodelling of immune networks and the consequent tuning of immune responsiveness will open up new possibilities for immune intervention and vaccine strategies that are designed specifically for early life.
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22
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Rossi GA, Colin AA. Respiratory syncytial virus-Host interaction in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis and its impact on respiratory morbidity in later life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:320-331. [PMID: 28339145 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common agent of severe airway disease in infants and young children. Large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between RSV infection and subsequent recurrent wheezing and asthma into childhood, thought to be predominantly related to long-term changes in neuroimmune control of airway tone rather than to allergic sensitization. These changes appear to be governed by the severity of the first RSV infection in infancy which in term depends on viral characteristics and load, but perhaps as importantly, on the genetic susceptibility and on the constitutional characteristic of the host. A variety of viral and host factors and their interplay modify the efficiency of the response to infection, including viral replication and the magnitude of structural and functional damage to the respiratory structures, and ultimately the extent, severity, and duration of subsequent wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Rossi
- Pulmonary and Allergy Disease Pediatric Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrew A Colin
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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23
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Openshaw PJ, Chiu C, Culley FJ, Johansson C. Protective and Harmful Immunity to RSV Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:501-532. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J.M. Openshaw
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Chiu
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J. Culley
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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24
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Makris S, Paulsen M, Johansson C. Type I Interferons as Regulators of Lung Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:259. [PMID: 28344581 PMCID: PMC5344902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to lung infections must be tightly regulated in order to permit pathogen eradication while maintaining organ function. Exuberant or dysregulated inflammation can impair gas exchange and underlies many instances of lung disease. An important driver of inflammation in the lung is the interferon (IFN) response. Type I IFNs are antiviral cytokines that induce a large range of proteins that impair viral replication in infected cells. This cell-intrinsic action plays a crucial role in protecting the lungs from spread of respiratory viruses. However, type I IFNs have also recently been found to be central to the initiation of lung inflammatory responses, by inducing recruitment and activation of immune cells. This helps control virus burden but can cause detrimental immunopathology and contribute to disease severity. Furthermore, there is now increasing evidence that type I IFNs are not only induced after viral infections but also after infection with bacteria and fungi. The pro-inflammatory function of type I IFNs in the lung opens up the possibility of immune modulation directed against this antiviral cytokine family. In this review, the initiation and signaling of type I IFNs as well as their role in driving and maintaining lung inflammation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Makris
- Section of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Michelle Paulsen
- Section of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Section of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London , UK
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25
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infection in children and adults. However, infection with this virus sometimes leads to severe lower respiratory disease and is the major cause of infant hospitalisations in the developed world. Several risk factors such as baby prematurity and congenital heart disease are known to predispose towards severe disease but previously healthy, full-term infants can also develop bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia during RSV infection. The causes of severe disease are not fully understood but may include dysregulation of the immune response to the virus, resulting in excessive recruitment and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells that can cause damage. This review highlights recent discoveries on the balancing act of immune-mediated virus clearance versus immunopathology during RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections Section, St Mary's campus, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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26
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Pokharel SM, Shil NK, Bose S. Autophagy, TGF-β, and SMAD-2/3 Signaling Regulates Interferon-β Response in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infected Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:174. [PMID: 28018859 PMCID: PMC5149518 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a lung tropic virus causing severe airway diseases including bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants, children, and immuno-compromised individuals. RSV triggers transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) production from lung epithelial cells and TGF-β facilitates RSV infection of these cells. However, it is still unknown whether RSV infected myeloid cells like macrophages produce TGF-β and the role of TGF-β if any during RSV infection of these cells. Our study revealed that RSV infected macrophages produce TGF-β and as a consequence these cells activate TGF-β dependent SMAD-2/3 signaling pathway. Further mechanistic studies illustrated a role of autophagy in triggering TGF-β production from RSV infected macrophages. In an effort to elucidate the role of TGF-β and SMAD-2/3 signaling during RSV infection, we surprisingly unfolded the requirement of TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling in conferring optimal innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection of macrophages. Type-I interferon (e.g., interferon-β or IFN-β) is a critical host factor regulating innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection. Our study revealed that loss of TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling pathway in RSV infected macrophages led to diminished expression and production of IFN-β. Inhibiting autophagy in RSV infected macrophages also resulted in reduced production of IFN-β. Thus, our studies have unfolded the requirement of autophagy—TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling network for optimal innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Niraj K Shil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
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