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Ding S, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang X, Zhu X, Zhu B, Xiao C, Ge J, Yang X. The downstream network of STAT6 in promoting vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch and neointimal formation. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1573-1588. [PMID: 37303238 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intimal thickening caused by the excessive multiplication of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the pathological process central to cardiovascular diseases, including restenosis. In response to vascular injury, VSMCs would undergo phenotypic switching from a fully differentiated, low proliferative rate phenotype to a more pro-proliferative, promigratory, and incompletely-differentiated state. The lack of a full understanding of the molecular pathways coupling the vascular injury stimuli to VSMCs phenotype switching largely limits the development of medical therapies for treating intima hyperplasia-related diseases. The role of signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) in modulating the proliferation and differentiation of various cell types, especially macrophage, has been well investigated, but little is known about its pathophysiological role and target genes in restenosis after vascular injury. In the present work, Stat6-/- mice were observed to exhibit less severe intimal hyperplasia compared with Stat6+/+ mice after carotid injury. The expression of STAT6 was upregulated in VSMCs located in the injured vascular walls. STAT6 deletion leads to decreased proliferation and migration of VSMCs while STAT6 overexpression enhances the proliferation and migration of VSMCs companies with reduced expression of VSMCs marker genes and organized stress fibers. The effect of STAT6 in mouse VSMCs was conserved in human aortic SMCs. RNA-deep-sequencing and experiments verification revealed LncRNA C7orf69/LOC100996318-miR-370-3p/FOXO1-ER stress signaling as the downstream network mediating the pro-dedifferentiation effect of STAT6 in VSMCs. These findings broaden our understanding of vascular pathological molecules and throw a beam of light on the therapy of a variety of proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangfei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoling Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Guangdong, Huizhou, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Guangdong, Huizhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Kader HA, Azeem M, Jwayed SA, Al-Shehhi A, Tabassum A, Ayoub MA, Hetta HF, Waheed Y, Iratni R, Al-Dhaheri A, Muhammad K. Current Insights into Immunology and Novel Therapeutics of Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061392. [PMID: 34200009 PMCID: PMC8226506 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent inflammatory disease among non-fatal skin diseases, affecting up to one fifth of the population in developed countries. AD is characterized by recurrent pruritic and localized eczema with seasonal fluctuations. AD initializes the phenomenon of atopic march, during which infant AD patients are predisposed to progressive secondary allergies such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergies. The pathophysiology of AD is complex; onset of the disease is caused by several factors, including strong genetic predisposition, disrupted epidermal barrier, and immune dysregulation. AD was initially characterized by defects in the innate immune system and a vigorous skewed adaptive Th2 response to environmental agents; there are compelling evidences that the disorder involves multiple immune pathways. Symptomatic palliative treatment is the only strategy to manage the disease and restore skin integrity. Researchers are trying to more precisely define the contribution of different AD genotypes and elucidate the role of various immune axes. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge about the roles of innate and adaptive immune responsive cells in AD. In addition, current and novel treatment strategies for the management of AD are comprehensively described, including some ongoing clinical trials and promising therapeutic agents. This information will provide an asset towards identifying personalized targets for better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidaya A. Kader
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.A.K.); (S.A.J.); (A.A.-S.); (M.A.A.); (R.I.)
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Suhib A. Jwayed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.A.K.); (S.A.J.); (A.A.-S.); (M.A.A.); (R.I.)
| | - Aaesha Al-Shehhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.A.K.); (S.A.J.); (A.A.-S.); (M.A.A.); (R.I.)
| | - Attia Tabassum
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Hospital, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.A.K.); (S.A.J.); (A.A.-S.); (M.A.A.); (R.I.)
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.A.K.); (S.A.J.); (A.A.-S.); (M.A.A.); (R.I.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Dhaheri
- Department of Dermatology, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.A.K.); (S.A.J.); (A.A.-S.); (M.A.A.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang W, Wang L, Zha B. The roles of STAT6 in regulating B cell fate, activation, and function. Immunol Lett 2021; 233:87-91. [PMID: 33662403 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) family of proteins are the key signal molecules in the JAK-STAT classical activation pathway of cell biology. STAT6, as a member of the STATs family, is principally activated by IL-4 and IL-13. In addition to Th2 cell differentiation, it plays a crucial role in promoting the development, differentiation, and class switching of B cells. STAT6 deficiency leads to impaired immune function, decreased glycolysis, and morphological changes in B cells, which will help develop various diseases. In this review, we will systematically summarize the major findings of how STAT6 regulates B cells to reveal the potential of STAT6 in treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bingbing Zha
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Haase P, Voehringer D. Regulation of the humoral type 2 immune response against allergens and helminths. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:273-279. [PMID: 33305358 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 immune response is associated with helminth infections and allergic inflammation where antibody production of the IgG1 and IgE isotypes can elicit protective or proinflammatory functions. Studies over the past few years revealed important new insights regarding the regulatory mechanisms orchestrating the humoral type 2 immune response. This includes investigations on B-cell extrinsic signals, such IL-4 and IL-21, derived from different T-helper cell subsets or discovery of new follicular helper T cells with regulatory or IgE-promoting activities. In addition, studies on B-cell intrinsic factors required for germinal center formation and class switch recombination, including the transcription factors STAT3, STAT6, and BCL-6, led to a better understanding of these processes in type 2 immune responses. Here, we review the current understanding of mechanisms controlling humoral type 2 immunity in vivo including the generation of IgE-producing plasma cells and the memory IgE response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haase
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Zhang W, Zhu B, Ding S, Wang X, Wu J, Zhu X, Zou Y, Ge J, Tong M, Yang X. Disruption of STAT6 Signal Promotes Cardiac Fibrosis Through the Mobilization and Transformation of CD11b + Immature Myeloid Cells. Front Physiol 2020; 11:579712. [PMID: 33192584 PMCID: PMC7642801 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.579712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is an important pathological basis of various cardiovascular diseases. The roles of STAT6 signal in allergy, immune regulation, tumorigenesis, and renal fibrosis have been documented. However, the function and mechanism of STAT6 signal in sympathetic overactivation-induced cardiac fibrosis have not been fully elucidated. This study explores the novel role of STAT6 signal in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac fibrosis through the regulation of inflammatory response and the differentiation of macrophages from immature myeloid cells. The expression levels of STAT6, β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR), and inflammatory factors [interleukin α (IL-1α), IL-6, IL-18, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)] in CD11b+ myeloid cells were analyzed with a microarray study. The levels of IL-6 and TGF-β1 in the CD11b+ myeloid cells-derived macrophages were detected with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). STAT6-knockout (KO) and WT mice were used to establish a murine cardiac fibrosis model by ISO injection. Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from the hearts of newborn STAT6-KO and WT mice, and STAT6 expression was measured by Western blotting and RT-PCR after ISO stimulation, while α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was detected by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining. Cardiac function and pathological characteristics were examined by echocardiography and immunohistochemistry staining, respectively. Immunohistochemistry staining with anti-CD11b was performed to detect the infiltration of CD11b+ myeloid cells in heart tissue. Flow cytometry analysis was used to measure the percentages of CD11b+ myeloid cells and CD11b+Ly6C+ macrophages in the peripheral blood. The results showed that STAT6 was highly expressed in CD11b+ myeloid cells located in injured hearts, and STAT6 expression in cardiac fibroblasts was down-regulated after ISO treatment. STAT6 deficiency further aggravated ISO-induced increased expression of α-SMA in cardiac fibroblasts, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction. The activation of ISO/β1-AR signal aggravated cardiac inflammatory infiltration, promoted CD11b+ myeloid cell mobilization, and enhanced CD11b+Ly6C+/low macrophage differentiation, which was further exacerbated by STAT6 deficiency. Furthermore, β1-AR mRNA expression significantly increased in splenic CD11b+ myeloid cells compared to their bone marrow-derived controls, and STAT6 deficiency promoted β1-AR expression in an MI-induced sensitive cardiac fibrosis mouse model. The spleen-derived CD11b+ myeloid cells of STAT6-KO mice produced more IL-1α, IL-18, and TGF-β than their WT counterparts. Taken together, these results suggest that STAT6 signal plays a critical role in ISO-induced β1-AR overactivation and systemic inflammatory cascades, contributing to cardiac fibrogenesis. STAT6 should be a promising cardioprotective target against myocardial fibrosis and heart failure after β1-AR overactivation-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoling Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suling Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangfei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghong Tong
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, TongRen Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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