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Shan Y, Xie T, Sun Y, Lu Z, Topatana W, Juengpanich S, Chen T, Han Y, Cao J, Hu J, Li S, Cai X, Chen M. Lipid metabolism in tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells: perspective to precision immunotherapy. Biomark Res 2024; 12:41. [PMID: 38644503 PMCID: PMC11034130 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to the negative regulation of the immune system, as they avoid excessive inflammation and mediate tumor development. The abundance of Tregs in tumor tissues suggests that Tregs may be eliminated or functionally inhibited to stimulate antitumor immunity. However, immunotherapy targeting Tregs has been severely hampered by autoimmune diseases due to the systemic elimination of Tregs. Recently, emerging studies have shown that metabolic regulation can specifically target tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and lipid accumulation in TME is associated with immunosuppression. Nevertheless, how Tregs actively regulate metabolic reprogramming to outcompete effector T cells (Teffs), and how lipid metabolic reprogramming contributes to the immunomodulatory capacity of Tregs have not been fully discussed. This review will discuss the physiological processes by which lipid accumulation confers a metabolic advantage to tumor-infiltrating Tregs (TI-Tregs) and amplifies their immunosuppressive functions. Furthermore, we will provide a summary of the driving effects of various metabolic regulators on the metabolic reprogramming of Tregs. Finally, we propose that targeting the lipid metabolism of TI-Tregs could be efficacious either alone or in conjunction with immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Shan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianao Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Win Topatana
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sarun Juengpanich
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yina Han
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No.3 East Qingchun Road, 310016, Hangzhou, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, 310016, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Li Y, Han L, Hou B, Ji Y. Novel ginsenoside monomer RT4 promotes colitis repair in mice by regulating miR-144-3p/SLC7A11 signaling pathway. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:1129-1138. [PMID: 37350460 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside RT4 (RT4) is a new biologically active compound extracted from ginseng that possesses numerous medicinal and pharmacological properties. However, its potential therapeutic effect of ginsenoside RT4 on ulcerative colitis remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside RT4 and its underlying molecular mechanism in the treatment of ulcerative colitis mice induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Our results demonstrate that ginsenoside RT4 effectively reduced weight, shortening of colonic tract length, colonic bowel damage, and disease activity index (DAI) scores in DSS-induced colitis mice. Additionally, ginsenoside RT4 regulates miR-144-3p expression in DSS-induced colitis mice, and we further confirmed that the solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) was the target gene of miR-144-3p by database analysis. Finally, ginsenoside RT4 inhibits the activation of the miR-144-3p/SLC7A11 signaling pathway, which alleviates colitis. Ginsenoside RT4 significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ginsenoside RT4 may have therapeutic potential for treating ulcerative colitis by downregulating levels of miR-144-3p/SLC7A11 signaling pathway, which are expected to be useful in treating clinical ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Immunology in Chronic Diseases, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liu Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University of Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Binfen Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital & Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China
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3
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Wu D, Wang X, Yang X, Gu L, McGeachy MJ, Liu X. Temporary consumption of western diet trains the immune system to reduce future gut inflammation. iScience 2023; 26:106915. [PMID: 37305694 PMCID: PMC10250831 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization drives the popularity of western diet (WD), which increased burden in metabolic diseases but also in inflammatory diseases. Here, we show continuous WD disrupted the gut barrier, initiating low-grade inflammation and enhancing the colitis response. Nevertheless, transient WD consumption followed by ad libitum normal diet enhanced mucin production and tight junction protein expression in recovered mice. Furthermore, transient WD consumption surprisingly reduced the subsequent inflammatory response in DSS colitis and Citrobacter rodentium-infection induced colitis. The protective effect of WD training was not sex-dependent, and co-housing experiments suggested microbiota changes were not responsible. We identified important roles for cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and macrophages, pointing to innate myeloid training. Together, these data suggest detrimental effects of WD consumption can be reversed on return to a healthier diet. Furthermore, transient WD consumption leads to beneficial immune training, suggesting an evolutionary mechanism to benefit from feasting when abundant food is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwen Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mandy J. McGeachy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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Pandit M, Kil YS, Ahn JH, Pokhrel RH, Gu Y, Mishra S, Han Y, Ouh YT, Kang B, Jeong MS, Kim JO, Nam JW, Ko HJ, Chang JH. Methionine consumption by cancer cells drives a progressive upregulation of PD-1 expression in CD4 T cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2593. [PMID: 37147330 PMCID: PMC10162977 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), expressed on tumor-infiltrating T cells, is a T cell exhaustion marker. The mechanisms underlying PD-1 upregulation in CD4 T cells remain unknown. Here we develop nutrient-deprived media and a conditional knockout female mouse model to study the mechanism underlying PD-1 upregulation. Reduced methionine increases PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells. The genetic ablation of SLC43A2 in cancer cells restores methionine metabolism in CD4 T cells, increasing the intracellular levels of S-adenosylmethionine and yielding H3K79me2. Reduced H3K79me2 due to methionine deprivation downregulates AMPK, upregulates PD-1 expression and impairs antitumor immunity in CD4 T cells. Methionine supplementation restores H3K79 methylation and AMPK expression, lowering PD-1 levels. AMPK-deficient CD4 T cells exhibit increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and Xbp1s transcript levels. Our results demonstrate that AMPK is a methionine-dependent regulator of the epigenetic control of PD-1 expression in CD4 T cells, a metabolic checkpoint for CD4 T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Pandit
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Seo Kil
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Ahn
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ram Hari Pokhrel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Mishra
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Taek Ouh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Ben Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 68-Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Jeong
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Sinnett-Smith J, Torres-Marquez ME, Chang JK, Shimizu Y, Hao F, Martin MG, Rozengurt E. Statins inhibit protein kinase D (PKD) activation in intestinal cells and prevent PKD1-induced growth of murine enteroids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C807-C820. [PMID: 36779664 PMCID: PMC10042602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00286.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined the impact of statins on protein kinase D (PKD) activation by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Treatment of intestinal IEC-18 cells with cerivastatin inhibited PKD autophosphorylation at Ser916 induced by angiotensin II (ANG II) or vasopressin in a dose-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibition at 0.2 µM. Cerivastatin treatment inhibited PKD activation stimulated by these agonists for different times (5-60 min) and blunted HDAC5 phosphorylation, a substrate of PKD. Other lipophilic statins, including simvastatin, atorvastatin, and fluvastatin also prevented PKD activation in a dose-dependent manner. Using IEC-18 cell lines expressing PKD1 tagged with EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), cerivastatin or simvastatin blocked GPCR-mediated PKD1-EGFP translocation to the plasma membrane and its subsequent nuclear accumulation. Similar results were obtained in IEC-18 cells expressing PKD3-EGFP. Mechanistically, statins inhibited agonist-dependent PKD activation rather than acting directly on PKD catalytic activity since exposure to cerivastatin or simvastatin did not impair PKD autophosphorylation or PKD1-EGFP membrane translocation in response to phorbol dibutyrate, which bypasses GPCRs and directly stimulates PKC and PKD. Furthermore, cerivastatin did not inhibit recombinant PKD activity determined via an in vitro kinase assay. Using enteroids generated from intestinal crypt-derived epithelial cells from PKD1 transgenic mice as a model of intestinal regeneration, we show that statins oppose PKD1-mediated increase in enteroid area, complexity (number of crypt-like buds), and DNA synthesis. Our results revealed a previously unappreciated inhibitory effect of statins on receptor-mediated PKD activation and in opposing the growth-promoting effects of PKD1 on intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sinnett-Smith
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - M Eugenia Torres-Marquez
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jen-Kuan Chang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Fang Hao
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Feng R, Fan Y, Chen L, Ge Q, Xu J, Yang M, Chen K. Based on 16 S rRNA sequencing and metabonomics to reveal the new mechanism of aluminum potassium sulfate induced inflammation and abnormal lipid metabolism in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114214. [PMID: 36327783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
More and more discoveries have been made about the chronic toxic effects of aluminum, but the specific mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, we explored the perturbation of aluminum on intestinal microflora and its effects on host and microbial metabolites through a more realistic nutrient absorption model. The microorganisms Turicibacter, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus_reuteri and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum may be the main targets of the aluminum affecting microbiota. Lysine, proline, putrescine, serotonin and cholesterol may be important metabolites affected by aluminum ions after the interference of intestinal flora composition, leading to abnormal metabolism pathways of amino acids and lipids in the body, and thus promoting inflammation and lesion. The possible mechanisms of aluminum action on the body: (1) Affecting immune cell response, ROS generation and production of a series of pro-inflammatory factors to promote inflammation; (2) Through the disturbance of intestinal microbiota composition structure, change the abundance of metabolites, and then affect amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism pathways. The joint analysis of multiple omics showed significant difference in microbiome abundance and metabolomics expression between high dose group and the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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ANGPTL3 deficiency associates with the expansion of regulatory T cells with reduced lipid content. Atherosclerosis 2022; 362:38-46. [PMID: 36253169 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) regulates lipid and glucose metabolism. Loss-of-function mutations in its gene, leading to ANGPTL3 deficiency, cause in humans the familial combined hypolipidemia type 2 (FHBL2) phenotype, characterized by very low concentrations of circulating lipoproteins and reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Whether this condition is accompanied by immune dysfunctions is unknown. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are CD4 T lymphocytes endowed with immune suppressive and atheroprotective functions and sensitive to metabolic signals. By investigating FHBL2, we explored the hypothesis that Tregs expand in response to extreme hypolipidemia, through a modulation of the Treg-intrinsic lipid metabolism. METHODS Treg frequency, phenotype, and intracellular lipid content were assessed ex vivo from FHBL2 subjects and age- and sex-matched controls, through multiparameter flow cytometry. The response of CD4 T cells from healthy controls to marked hypolipidemia was tested in vitro in low-lipid culture conditions. RESULTS The ex vivo analysis revealed that FHBL2 subjects showed higher percentages of Tregs with a phenotype undistinguishable from controls and with a lower lipid content, which directly correlated with the concentrations of circulating lipoproteins. In vitro, lipid restriction induced the upregulation of genes of the mevalonate pathway, including those involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis, and concurrently increased the expression of the Treg markers FOXP3 and Helios. The latter event was found to be prenylation-dependent, and likely related to increased IL-2 production and signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that FHBL2 is characterized by high Treg frequencies, a feature which may concur to the reduced atherosclerotic risk in this condition. Mechanistically, hypolipidemia may directly favor Treg expansion, through the induction of the mevalonate pathway and the prenylation of key signaling proteins.
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8
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Gigliotti CL, Boggio E, Favero F, Incarnato D, Santoro C, Oliviero S, Rojo JM, Zucchelli S, Persichetti F, Baldanzi G, Dianzani U, Corà D. Specific transcriptional programs differentiate ICOS from CD28 costimulatory signaling in human Naïve CD4+ T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915963. [PMID: 36131938 PMCID: PMC9484324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules of the CD28 family play a crucial role in the activation of immune responses in T lymphocytes, complementing and modulating signals originating from the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex. Although distinct functional roles have been demonstrated for each family member, the specific signaling pathways differentiating ICOS- from CD28-mediated costimulation during early T-cell activation are poorly characterized. In the present study, we have performed RNA-Seq-based global transcriptome profiling of anti-CD3-treated naïve CD4+ T cells upon costimulation through either inducible costimulator (ICOS) or CD28, revealing a set of signaling pathways specifically associated with each signal. In particular, we show that CD3/ICOS costimulation plays a major role in pathways related to STAT3 function and osteoarthritis (OA), whereas the CD3/CD28 axis mainly regulates p38 MAPK signaling. Furthermore, we report the activation of distinct immunometabolic pathways, with CD3/ICOS costimulation preferentially targeting glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and CD3/CD28 regulating mitochondrial respiratory chain and cholesterol biosynthesis. These data suggest that ICOS and CD28 costimulatory signals play distinct roles during the activation of naïve T cells by modulating distinct sets of immunological and immunometabolic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimiro Luca Gigliotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Boggio
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Favero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, Novara, Italy
| | - Danny Incarnato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Claudio Santoro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, Novara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Torino, Italy
| | - Josè Maria Rojo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Zucchelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Persichetti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, Novara, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Biochemical Chemistry, “Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, Novara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Umberto Dianzani,
| | - Davide Corà
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- CAAD - Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, Novara, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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9
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Avery TY, Köhler N, Zeiser R, Brummer T, Ruess DA. Onco-immunomodulatory properties of pharmacological interference with RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway hyperactivation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:931774. [PMID: 35965494 PMCID: PMC9363660 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.931774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade - a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway – has a well-known association with oncogenesis of leading tumor entities, including non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Increasing evidence shows that genetic alterations leading to RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway hyperactivation mediate contact- and soluble-dependent crosstalk between tumor, tumor microenvironment (TME) and the immune system resulting in immune escape mechanisms and establishment of a tumor-sustaining environment. Consequently, pharmacological interruption of this pathway not only leads to tumor-cell intrinsic disruptive effects but also modification of the TME and anti-tumor immunomodulation. At the same time, the importance of ERK signaling in immune cell physiology and potentiation of anti-tumor immune responses through ERK signaling inhibition within immune cell subsets has received growing appreciation. Specifically, a strong case was made for targeted MEK inhibition due to promising associated immune cell intrinsic modulatory effects. However, the successful transition of therapeutic agents interrupting RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK hyperactivation is still being hampered by significant limitations regarding durable efficacy, therapy resistance and toxicity. We here collate and summarize the multifaceted role of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling in physiology and oncoimmunology and outline the rationale and concepts for exploitation of immunomodulatory properties of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK inhibition while accentuating the role of MEK inhibition in combinatorial and intermittent anticancer therapy. Furthermore, we point out the extensive scientific efforts dedicated to overcoming the challenges encountered during the clinical transition of various therapeutic agents in the search for the most effective and safe patient- and tumor-tailored treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yul Avery
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center of Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Yul Avery, ; Dietrich Alexander Ruess,
| | - Natalie Köhler
- Department of Medicine I - Medical Center, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I - Medical Center, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Alexander Ruess
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center of Surgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium Deutsches Konsortium Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas Yul Avery, ; Dietrich Alexander Ruess,
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10
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Chen P, Zhong C, Jin S, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia Q, Cheng J, Fan X, Lin H. Global Trends in Research of Lipid Metabolism in T lymphocytes From 1985 to 2022: A Bibliometric Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884030. [PMID: 35720273 PMCID: PMC9204382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are involved in both energy metabolism and signaling transduction. Abnormal lipid metabolism in T cells is associated with the differentiation, longevity and activity of T cells, which has received increasing concern since its firstly reported in 1985. To evaluate the trends of lipid metabolism in T cells and map knowledge structure, we employed bibliometric analysis. A total of 286 related publications obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection published between 1985 and 2022 were analyzed using indicators of publication and citation metrics, countries, institutes, authors, cited references and key words. The present research status, the global trends and the future development directions in lipid metabolism and T cells were visualized and discussed. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive display on the field of lipid metabolism in T cells, which will help researchers explore lipid metabolism in T cells more effectively and intuitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengxi Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yirun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Pinzon Grimaldos A, Bini S, Pacella I, Rossi A, Di Costanzo A, Minicocci I, D’Erasmo L, Arca M, Piconese S. The role of lipid metabolism in shaping the expansion and the function of regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 208:181-192. [PMID: 35020862 PMCID: PMC9188345 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic inflammation, defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation, is implicated in numerous metabolic diseases. In recent years, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as key controllers of metabolic inflammation has emerged, but our comprehension on how different metabolic pathways influence Treg functions needs a deeper understanding. Here we focus on how circulating and intracellular lipid metabolism, in particular cholesterol metabolism, regulates Treg homeostasis, expansion, and functions. Cholesterol is carried through the bloodstream by circulating lipoproteins (chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins). Tregs are equipped with a wide array of metabolic sensors able to perceive and respond to changes in the lipid environment through the activation of different intracellular pathways thus conferring to these cells a crucial metabolic and functional plasticity. Nevertheless, altered cholesterol transport, as observed in genetic dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis, impairs Treg proliferation and function through defective cellular metabolism. The intracellular pathway devoted to the cholesterol synthesis is the mevalonate pathway and several studies have shown that this pathway is essential for Treg stability and suppressive activity. High cholesterol concentrations in the extracellular environment may induce massive accumulation of cholesterol inside the cell thus impairing nutrients sensors and inhibiting the mevalonate pathway. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of circulating and cellular cholesterol metabolism in the regulation of Treg metabolism and functions. In particular, we will discuss how different pathological conditions affecting cholesterol transport may affect cellular metabolism in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Minicocci
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura D’Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Correspondence: Silvia Piconese, Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Pokhrel RH, Acharya S, Ahn JH, Gu Y, Pandit M, Kim JO, Park YY, Kang B, Ko HJ, Chang JH. AMPK promotes antitumor immunity by downregulating PD-1 in regulatory T cells via the HMGCR/p38 signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:133. [PMID: 34649584 PMCID: PMC8515644 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. AMPK functions as a tumor suppressor in different cancers; however, its role in regulating antitumor immunity, particularly the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), is poorly defined. Methods AMPKα1fl/flFoxp3YFP-Cre, Foxp3YFP-Cre, Rag1−/−, and C57BL/6 J mice were used for our research. Flow cytometry and cell sorting, western blotting, immuno-precipitation, immuno-fluorescence, glycolysis assay, and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the role of AMPK in suppressing programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression and for mechanistic investigation. Results The deletion of the AMPKα1 subunit in Tregs accelerates tumor growth by increasing the expression of PD-1. Metabolically, loss of AMPK in Tregs promotes glycolysis and the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Mechanistically, AMPK activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that phosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), inhibiting the expression of PD-1 in Tregs. Conclusion Our study identified an AMPK regulatory mechanism of PD-1 expression via the HMGCR/p38 MAPK/GSK3β signaling pathway. We propose that the AMPK activator can display synergic antitumor effect in murine tumor models, supporting their potential clinical use when combined with anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or a HMGCR inhibitor. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12943-021-01420-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Hari Pokhrel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suman Acharya
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Ahn
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Pandit
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Yong Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ben Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Department of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Li R, Cheng L, Wang Q, Zhou L. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Immunosuppressive Targets of Mesalazine in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis. Front Genet 2021; 12:698983. [PMID: 34456974 PMCID: PMC8386351 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.698983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a complex inflammatory bowel disorder that can induce colonic and rectal dysfunction. Mesalazine, a first-line medicine, is routinely prescribed for UC treatment. However, the pharmacological targets of mesalazine against UC are not detailed in current publications. In the current study, a transcriptomics strategy was applied to reveal the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms of mesalazine for treating dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice. Compared with the UC group, a total of 1,663 differentially expressed genes were identified in mesalazine-treated mice, of which 262 were upregulated and 1,401 were downregulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that the protective actions of mesalazine for treating UC were related to the functional regulation of immune inflammatory response, such as the regulation of T cells, white blood cells, and cytokine receptor pathways. In addition, ingenuity pathway analysis of the gene network further revealed the inhibitory action of mesalazine on C-C motif chemokine ligands (CCL11 and CCL21) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligands (CXCL3 and CXCR2). Taken together, the current transcriptomic findings revealed anti-UC pharmacological targets, including the newly discovered biotargets CCL11, CCL21, CXCL3, and CXCR2, of mesalazine against DSS-induced intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Saxena V, Lakhan R, Iyyathurai J, Bromberg JS. Mechanisms of exTreg induction. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1956-1967. [PMID: 33975379 PMCID: PMC8338747 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs play an important role in the maintenance of the immune system by regulating immune responses and resolving inflammation. Tregs exert their function by suppressing other immune cells and mediating peripheral self-tolerance. Under homeostatic conditions, Tregs are stable T-cell populations. However, under inflammatory environments, Tregs are converted to CD4+ CD25low Foxp3low cells. These cells are termed "exTreg" or "exFoxp3" cells. The molecular mechanism of Treg transition to exTregs remains incompletely understood. Uncertainties might be explained by a lack of consensus of biological markers to define Treg subsets in general and exTregs in particular. In this review, we summarize known markers of Tregs and factors responsible for exTreg generation including cytokines, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms. We also identify studies demonstrating the presence of exTregs in various diseases and sources of exTregs. Understanding the biology of Treg transition to exTregs will help in designing Treg-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ram Lakhan
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jegan Iyyathurai
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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15
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Cholesterol metabolism: a new molecular switch to control inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1389-1408. [PMID: 34086048 PMCID: PMC8187928 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system protects the body against harm by inducing inflammation. During the immune response, cells of the immune system get activated, divided and differentiated in order to eliminate the danger signal. This process relies on the metabolic reprogramming of both catabolic and anabolic pathways not only to produce energy in the form of ATP but also to generate metabolites that exert key functions in controlling the response. Equally important to mounting an appropriate effector response is the process of immune resolution, as uncontrolled inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including allergy, chronic inflammation and cancer. In this review, we aim to introduce the reader to the field of cholesterol immunometabolism and discuss how both metabolites arising from the pathway and cholesterol homeostasis are able to impact innate and adaptive immune cells, staging cholesterol homeostasis at the centre of an adequate immune response. We also review evidence that demonstrates the clear impact that cholesterol metabolism has in both the induction and the resolution of the inflammatory response. Finally, we propose that emerging data in this field not only increase our understanding of immunometabolism but also provide new tools for monitoring and intervening in human diseases, where controlling and/or modifying inflammation is desirable.
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Pandit M, Timilshina M, Chang JH. LKB1-PTEN axis controls Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation via regulating mTORC1. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1139-1150. [PMID: 34003330 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Immuno-environmental change triggers CD4+ T cell differentiation. T cell specialization activates metabolic signal pathways to meet energy requirements. Defective T cell-intrinsic metabolism can aggravate immunopathology in chronic diseases. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) deletion in T cell or Treg cell results in systemic inflammatory symptoms, indicating a crucial role of LKB1 in T cells. However, the mechanism underlying the development of inflammation is unclear. In our study, LKB1-deficient T cells were differentiated preferentially into Th1 and Th17 cells in the absence of inflammation. Mechanistically, LKB1 directly binds and phosphorylates phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), an upstream regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is independent of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). As a result, LKB1 deficiency was associated with increased mTORC1 activity and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α-mediated glycolysis. Inhibition of glycolysis or biallelic disruption of LKB1 and HIF1α abrogated this phenotype, suggesting Th1- and Th17-biased differentiation in LKB1-deficient T cells was mediated by glycolysis. Our study indicates that LKB1 controls mTORC1 signaling through PTEN activation, not AMPK, which controls effector T cell differentiation in a T cell-intrinsic manner. KEY MESSAGES: • LKB1 maintains T cell homeostasis in a cell intrinsic manner. • Glycolysis is involved in the LKB1-mediated T cell differentiation. • LKB1 phosphorylates PTEN, not AMPK, to regulate mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Pandit
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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