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Ferreira-Gomes M, Chen Y, Durek P, Rincon-Arevalo H, Heinrich F, Bauer L, Szelinski F, Guerra GM, Stefanski AL, Niedobitek A, Wiedemann A, Bondareva M, Ritter J, Lehmann K, Hardt S, Hipfl C, Hein S, Hildt E, Matz M, Mei HE, Cheng Q, Dang VD, Witkowski M, Lino AC, Kruglov A, Melchers F, Perka C, Schrezenmeier EV, Hutloff A, Radbruch A, Dörner T, Mashreghi MF. Recruitment of plasma cells from IL-21-dependent and IL-21-independent immune reactions to the bone marrow. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4182. [PMID: 38755157 PMCID: PMC11099182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) are the correlate of humoral immunity, consistently releasing antibodies into the bloodstream. It remains unclear if BMPC reflect different activation environments or maturation of their precursors. Here we define human BMPC heterogeneity and track the recruitment of antibody-secreting cells (ASC) from SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immune reactions to the bone marrow (BM). Trajectories based on single-cell transcriptomes and repertoires of peripheral and BM ASC reveal sequential colonisation of BMPC compartments. In activated B cells, IL-21 suppresses CD19 expression, indicating that CD19low-BMPC are derived from follicular, while CD19high-BMPC originate from extrafollicular immune reactions. In primary immune reactions, both CD19low- and CD19high-BMPC compartments are populated. In secondary immune reactions, most BMPC are recruited to CD19high-BMPC compartments, reflecting their origin from extrafollicular reactivations of memory B cells. A pattern also observable in vaccinated-convalescent individuals and upon diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis recall-vaccination. Thus, BMPC diversity reflects the evolution of a given humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferreira-Gomes
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yidan Chen
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hector Rincon-Arevalo
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Bauer
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Maria Guerra
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana-Luisa Stefanski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Niedobitek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Bondareva
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Ritter
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Lehmann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hardt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hipfl
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Hein
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Langen, Germany
| | - Mareen Matz
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik E Mei
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Witkowski
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreia C Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Kruglov
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Perka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva V Schrezenmeier
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany.
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Morales-Núñez JJ, Muñoz-Valle JF, García-Chagollán M, Cerpa-Cruz S, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Medina-Rosales VM, Díaz-Pérez SA, Nicoletti F, Hernández-Bello J. Aberrant B-cell activation and B-cell subpopulations in rheumatoid arthritis: analysis by clinical activity, autoantibody seropositivity, and treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:314-327. [PMID: 37464892 PMCID: PMC10719220 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies analyze the role of B-cell subpopulations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathophysiology. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the differences in B-cell subpopulations and B-cell activation according to disease activity, RA subtype, and absence of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) therapy. These subgroups were compared with control subjects (CS). One hundred and thirty-nine subjects were included, of which 114 were RA patients, and 25 were controls. Patients were divided into 99 with seropositive RA, 6 with seronegative RA, and 9 without DMARDs. The patients with seropositive RA were subclassified based on the DAS28 index. A seven-color multicolor flow cytometry panel was used to identify B-cell immunophenotypes and cell activation markers. There were no changes in total B-cell frequencies between RA patients and controls. However, a lower frequency of memory B cells and pre-plasmablasts was observed in seropositive RA compared to controls (P < 0.0001; P = 0.0043, respectively). In contrast, a higher frequency of mature B cells was observed in RA than in controls (P = 0.0002). Among patients with RA, those with moderate activity had a higher percentage of B cells (P = 0.0021). The CD69+ marker was increased (P < 0.0001) in RA compared to controls, while the CD40+ frequency was decreased in patients (P < 0.0001). Transitional, naïve, and double-negative B-cell subpopulations were higher in seronegative RA than in seropositive (P < 0.01). In conclusion, in seropositive and seronegative RA patients, there are alterations in B-cell activation and B-cell subpopulations, independently of clinical activity and DMARDs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mariel García-Chagollán
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sergio Cerpa-Cruz
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Servicio de Reumatología, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Vianey Monserrat Medina-Rosales
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Licenciatura en Médico, Cirujano y Partero, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Saúl Alberto Díaz-Pérez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Zhang H, Wang N, Xu Y, Pei M, Zheng Y. Comparative analysis of peripheral blood immunoinflammatory landscapes in patients with acute cholangitis and its secondary septic shock using single-cell RNA sequencing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 683:149121. [PMID: 37864923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute cholangitis (AC) is a key pathogeny of septic shock, which has a high mortality rate. AC has significant clinical heterogeneity, but no study has analyzed the discrepancies in immunoresponsiveness between AC and its secondary septic shock. The immune inflammatory responses play a critical role in the development of septic shock. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze the differences of immunocytes in immunoresponse and inflammation between the early stages of AC (A1, A2, and A3) and its secondary septic shock (B1, B2, and B3). RESULTS This study has identified seven cell types, including T cells, B cells, plasma cells, neutrophils, monocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. We mainly focused on neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. Neutrophil subpopulation analysis indicated that neutrophil progenitors (proNeus) were identified in neutrophil subsets. Compared with patients suffering from AC, the gene phenotypes of proNeus (ELANE, AZU1, MPO, and PRTN3) were significantly upregulated in septic shock. The differentiation direction of neutrophil subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined; Moreover, the proNeus in septic shock presented a state of "expansion", with upregulation of neutrophil degranulation and downregulation of monocyte and T cell proliferation. Neutrophils-7 (CCL5, RPL23A, RPL13, RPS19 and RPS18) were mainly involved in the regulation of cellular functions. The neutrophils-7 subpopulation in septic shock were in a state of "exhaustion", and its biological functions showed the characteristics of weakening neutrophil migration and phagocytosis, etc., which maked infection difficult to control and aggravated the development of septic shock. Analysis of monocyte and T cell subpopulations showed that the expression genes and biological functions of subpopulations were closely related to immunoinflammatory regulation. In addition, CCL3 - CCR1, CXCL1 - CXCR2 and other ligand-receptors were highly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes, enhancing interactions between immune cells. CONCLUSION ScRNA-seq revealed significant differences in immune cells between AC and its secondary septic shock, which were primarily manifested in the cellular numbers, differentially expressed genes, functions of cellular subsets, differentiation trajectories, cell-cell interactions and so on. We identified many subsets of neutrophil, T cell and monocyte were associated with inflammation and immunosuppression induced by septic shock. These provided a reference for accurately evaluating the pathological severity of patients with AC and discovering the targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuntian Xu
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingchao Pei
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Department of Emergency ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Gauthier J, Grégoire M, Reizine F, Lesouhaitier M, Desvois Y, Ghukasyan G, Moreau C, Amé P, Tarte K, Tadié JM, Delaloy C. Citrulline enteral administration markedly reduces immunosuppressive extrafollicular plasma cell differentiation in a preclinical model of sepsis. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250154. [PMID: 36564641 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The sustained immunosuppression associated with severe sepsis favors an increased susceptibility to secondary infections and remains incompletely understood. Plasmablast and plasma cell subsets, whose primary function is to secrete antibodies, have emerged as important suppressive populations that expand during sepsis. In particular, sepsis supports CD39hi plasmablast metabolic reprogramming associated with adenosine-mediated suppressive activity. Arginine deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of secondary infections in sepsis. Overcoming arginine shortage by citrulline administration efficiently improves sepsis-induced immunosuppression and secondary infections in the cecal ligation and puncture murine model. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of citrulline administration on B cell suppressive responses in sepsis. We demonstrate that restoring arginine bioavailability through citrulline administration markedly reduces the dominant extrafollicular B cell response, decreasing the immunosuppressive LAG3+ and CD39+ plasma cell populations, and restoring splenic follicles. At the molecular level, the IRF4/MYC-mediated B cell reprogramming required for extrafollicular plasma cell differentiation is shunted in the splenic B cells of mice fed with citrulline. Our study reveals a prominent impact of nutrition on B cell responses and plasma cell differentiation and further supports the development of citrulline-based clinical studies to prevent sepsis-associated immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murielle Grégoire
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Florian Reizine
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Lesouhaitier
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Yoni Desvois
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
| | | | - Caroline Moreau
- CHU Rennes, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET, UMR S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tadié
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Delaloy
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
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Karal-ogly DD, Shumeev AN, Keburiya VV, Mintel MV, Rybtsov SA. Age-Related Changes in the Clustering of Blood Populations in Cynomolgus Monkeys Depend on Sex and Immune Status. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020316. [PMID: 36836673 PMCID: PMC9965083 DOI: 10.3390/life13020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-anthropoid primates cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), also known as crab-eating macaques, are increasingly used in biomedical and preclinical studies due to their evolutionary proximity to humans, sharing similar diets, infectious and senile diseases. Age-related changes and sexual dimorphism of the immune system of C. monkeys have not been sufficiently characterized in literature, though age and sex differences affect the course of diseases and sensitivity to medications. Aging in C. monkeys is accompanied by an increase in CD3+CD4+CD8+ (DP-T) cells, plasma B-cells, and a decrease in platelets. Erythromyeloid bias has also been noticed in older animals. There was an increase in eosinophils, haematocrit (HCT) and haemoglobin concentration (HGB). Senile decline in the function of the immune system had sex differences. An increase in the number of monocytes, cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) and a decrease in the T-helper population were more pronounced in older females. A significant reduction in the number of B-cells and activated T-cells was detected in males only. A moderate correlation with the regression model of aging was established for DP-T, HCT and HGB. The reduction in the B cells count in males and the increase in CTL level in females are moderately correlated with age. Other blood cell populations did not show significant correlations in the regression models due to their high sample variability. The novel cell population CD3-CD20loCD16/CD56+, presumably NK-cells subset, was revealed. This cell population demonstrated an increase trend with age in both sexes. Population-statistical age norms for different sexes for young and very old macaques were established. The blood population clusters associated with sex and immune status in older animals were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander N. Shumeev
- Centre for Cell Technology and Immunology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | | | - Marina V. Mintel
- The Research Institute of Medical Primatology, 354383 Sochi, Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Rybtsov
- Centre for Cell Technology and Immunology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
- Correspondence:
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Van Eyndhoven LC, Tel J. Revising immune cell coordination: Origins and importance of single-cell variation. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1889-1897. [PMID: 36250412 PMCID: PMC10092580 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Moving from the optimalization of single-cell technologies to the interpretation of the multi-complex single-cell data, the field of immunoengineering is granted with numerous important insights into the coordination of immune cell activation and how to modulate it for therapeutic purposes. However, insights come with additional follow-up questions that challenge our perception on how immune responses are generated and fine-tuned to fight a wide array of pathogens in ever-changing and often unpredictable microenvironments. Are immune responses really either being tightly regulated by molecular determinants, or highly flexible attributed to stochasticity? What exactly makes up the basic rules by which single cells cooperate to establish tissue-level immunity? Taking the type I IFN system and its newest insights as a main example throughout this review, we revise the basic concepts of (single) immune cell coordination, redefine the concepts of noise, stochasticity and determinism, and highlight the importance of single-cell variation in immunology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Van Eyndhoven
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Murtinger M, Wirleitner B, Spitzer D, Bralo H, Miglar S, Schuff M. Diagnosing chronic endometritis: when simplification fails to clarify. Hum Reprod Open 2022; 2022:hoac023. [PMID: 35722504 PMCID: PMC9202642 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive immunology has grown in importance in recent years and has even developed into a discipline of its own within the field of reproductive medicine. Many aspects of reproductive failure such as repeated implantation failure or recurrent miscarriages are, meanwhile, seen as a consequence of aberrant expression of immunological factors. This is reflected by the increasing number of tests for assessing and quantifying different immune cell types as well as by a wide range of immune therapies offered to a clientele consisting of desperate patients requesting additional ‘IVF tools’: first, what is still usually disregarded is the enormous plasticity and fluctuation of most immune cells in the genital tract; second, their still poorly characterized functions in the endometrial cycle: further, their partially unknown role in embryo implantation and in establishing a pregnancy; and third, the fact that one of the fundamental hypotheses of reproductive immunology—of note—the Medawar concept or ‘Medawar's Paradox’ of semi-allogeneic graft embryo, is partially based on an erroneous assumption, i.e. the immunologic rejection and tolerance of an embryo. In the present opinion article, we comment on the diagnostic procedures and therapy approaches for chronic endometritis within the scope of reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helena Bralo
- Next Fertility IVF Prof. Zech—Bregenz , Bregenz, Austria
| | - Susanna Miglar
- Next Fertility IVF Prof. Zech—Salzburg , Salzburg, Austria
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Broketa M, Bruhns P. Single-Cell Technologies for the Study of Antibody-Secreting Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:821729. [PMID: 35173713 PMCID: PMC8841722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.821729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASC), plasmablasts and plasma cells, are terminally differentiated B cells responsible for large-scale production and secretion of antibodies. ASC are derived from activated B cells, which may differentiate extrafollicularly or form germinal center (GC) reactions within secondary lymphoid organs. ASC therefore consist of short-lived, poorly matured plasmablasts that generally secrete lower-affinity antibodies, or long-lived, highly matured plasma cells that generally secrete higher-affinity antibodies. The ASC population is responsible for producing an immediate humoral B cell response, the polyclonal antibody repertoire, as well as in parallel building effective humoral memory and immunity, or potentially driving pathology in the case of autoimmunity. ASC are phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct from other B cells and further distinguishable by morphology, varied lifespans, and anatomical localization. Single cell analyses are required to interrogate the functional and transcriptional diversity of ASC and their secreted antibody repertoire and understand the contribution of individual ASC responses to the polyclonal humoral response. Here we summarize the current and emerging functional and molecular techniques for high-throughput characterization of ASC with single cell resolution, including flow and mass cytometry, spot-based and microfluidic-based assays, focusing on functional approaches of the secreted antibodies: specificity, affinity, and secretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Broketa
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Matteo Broketa, ; Pierre Bruhns,
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Matteo Broketa, ; Pierre Bruhns,
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