Guidelines for mouse and human DC functional assays

Protocol for mapping the heterogeneous dendritic cell network across the murine tissue landscape via high-dimensional flow cytometry

Dendritic cells (DCs) populate nearly all tissues and represent the central orchestrators of immunity. Here, we present a protocol for the mild but efficient preparation of single-cell suspensions from multiple murine tissues and the downstream analysis of the DC network via high-parameter flow cytometry. Additionally, we provide evaluation strategies that facilitate the stringent separation of the DC family from other myeloid cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, and include an in-depth assessment of DC-intrinsic heterogeneity. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Amon et al.1.

Principles of organelle positioning in motile and non-motile cells

Cells are equipped with asymmetrically localised and functionally specialised components, including cytoskeletal structures and organelles. Positioning these components to specific intracellular locations in an asymmetric manner is critical for their functionality and affects processes like immune responses, tissue maintenance, muscle functionality, and neurobiology. Here, we provide an overview of strategies to actively move, position, and anchor organelles to specific locations. By conceptualizing the cytoskeletal forces and the organelle-to-cytoskeleton connectivity, we present a framework of active positioning of both membrane-enclosed and membrane-less organelles. Using this framework, we discuss how different principles of force generation and organelle anchorage are utilised by different cells, such as mesenchymal and amoeboid cells, and how the microenvironment influences the plasticity of organelle positioning. Given that motile cells face the challenge of coordinating the positioning of their content with cellular motion, we particularly focus on principles of organelle positioning during migration. In this context, we discuss novel findings on organelle positioning by anchorage-independent mechanisms and their advantages and disadvantages in motile as well as stationary cells.

Adaptive pathfinding by nucleokinesis during amoeboid migration

Motile cells encounter microenvironments with locally heterogeneous mechanochemical composition. Individual compositional parameters, such as chemokines and extracellular matrix pore sizes, are well known to provide guidance cues for pathfinding. However, motile cells face diverse cues at the same time, raising the question of how they respond to multiple and potentially competing signals on their paths. Here, we reveal that amoeboid cells require nuclear repositioning, termed nucleokinesis, for adaptive pathfinding in heterogeneous mechanochemical micro-environments. Using mammalian immune cells and the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, we discover that frequent, rapid and long-distance nucleokinesis is a basic component of amoeboid pathfinding, enabling cells to reorientate quickly between locally competing cues. Amoeboid nucleokinesis comprises a two-step polarity switch and is driven by myosin-II forces that readjust the nuclear to the cellular path. Impaired nucleokinesis distorts path adaptions and causes cellular arrest in the microenvironment. Our findings establish that nucleokinesis is required for amoeboid cell navigation. Given that many immune cells, amoebae, and some cancer cells utilize an amoeboid migration strategy, these results suggest that nucleokinesis underlies cellular navigation during unicellular biology, immunity, and disease.