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Bégué D, Lafargue-Dit-Hauret W, Dargelos A, Wentrup C. CHNO - Formylnitrene, Cyanic, Isocyanic, Fulminic, and Isofulminic Acids and their Interrelationships at DFT and CASPT2 Levels of Theory. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9088-9097. [PMID: 37875391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Fulminic and cyanic acids played a decisive role in the conception of isomerism 200 years ago. Cyanic (HOCN), isocyanic (HNCO), and fulminic (HCNO) acids have been detected in several interstellar sources, but isofulminic acid (HONC) is little known. Here we examine the interrelationships between the four acids and formylnitrene, HC(O)N, at the CASPT2 and three DFT levels. Formylnitrene has a triplet ground state, T0, a closed shell singlet (CSS), S0, and an open-shell singlet (OSS), S1, lying ∼7 and 27 kcal/mol above T0, respectively. The CSS is weakly stabilized by a 12 kcal/mol bond between the N and the O atoms. A conical intersection 12 kcal/mol above T0 permits easy T0-S0 interchange. Formyl azide and formylnitrene (T0 and S0) are isomerized thermally to HNCO. HOCN is best obtained via dissociation of the nitrene (or of HNCO) to H• + NCO• radicals ∼46 kcal/mol above the T0 nitrene. Isofulminic acid, HONC, isomerizes readily to cyanic acid, HOCN, in thermal and photochemical reactions. Fulminic acid, HCNO, can isomerize to HNCO via CSS formylnitrene. Easy tautomerization prevents the preparation of HOCN in quantity. The barrier to isomerization is strongly reduced in small hydrogen-bonded aggregates so that trace amounts of HOCN can exist in equilibrium with HNCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Bégué
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - William Lafargue-Dit-Hauret
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Alain Dargelos
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Shlyaykher A, Tambornino F. Synthesis and Stability of Ammonium Selenocyanate [NH 4][SeCN] and Its Reactivity toward Ag[SeCN]. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37453070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
[NH4][SeCN] and Ag[SeCN] were synthesized by salt metathesis starting from the respective chlorides and K[SeCN]. Both products were fully characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TGA), and solid-state IR and Raman spectroscopy. Quantum-mechanical calculations allowed for detailed assignment and interpretation of vibrational spectra. For dissolved [NH4][SeCN], nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were collected. High-temperature powder X-ray diffraction (HT-PXRD) allowed for the analysis of the thermal behavior of solid [NH4][SeCN]. Furthermore, the reaction of [NH4][SeCN] with Ag[SeCN] leads to the formation of the ternary salts [NH4][Ag(SeCN)2] and [NH4]3[Ag(SeCN)4]. The structures of the latter were determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) data, and bulk analysis was performed by Rietveld refinement, Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Shlyaykher
- Fachbereich Chemie, Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Tambornino
- Fachbereich Chemie, Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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Wurzenberger MHH, Gruhne MS, Lommel M, Braun V, Szimhardt N, Stierstorfer J. Taming the Dragon: Complexation of Silver Fulminate with Nitrogen-Rich Azole Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17875-17879. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Vanessa Braun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Norbert Szimhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
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Frogley BJ, Hill AF, Shang R, Sharma M, Willis AC. In Search of Fulminate Analogues: L
n
M≡CP=NR. Chemistry 2020; 26:8819-8827. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Frogley
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Anthony F. Hill
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Rong Shang
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Manab Sharma
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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Abstract
This Essay deals with the fascinating and highly explosive compounds fulminating gold and fulminating silver, which are easily made by treatment of gold dissolved in aqua regia with ammonia, and by reaction of silver oxide or silver salts with ammonia, respectively. Fulminating gold in particular captivated the alchemists in the 16th to 18th centuries. Numerous preparations were described, as well as numerous attempts to make volatile, sublimable or distillable gold, and to use the products so obtained (which were most likely gold chlorides) to make the sought-after tincture, which would "heal" the "impure" metals and transform them into gold, and equally be a panacea to cure all human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australien
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Wentrup C. Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Energetic Compounds. 64 Years of Fascinating Chemistry. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This essay details the author’s work with high-energy molecules based on sulfur or nitrogen, or both, which started with amateur rocket propellants like zinc dust and sulfur followed by experiments with the highly sensitive compounds nitrogen trichloride and fulminating gold. Research on the inorganic and organic fulminates and the isomeric cyanates led to detailed investigations of reactive intermediates generated by flash vacuum pyrolysis or photolysis, in particular nitrenes and carbenes derived from azides, diazo compounds, triazoles, and tetrazoles and characterized in low temperature matrices.
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Zhang Y, Feng Z, Xu K, Song J, Zhao F. Four new energetic complexes constructed from nickel(II) and 2-(dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacyclopentane: synthesis, characterization and thermal properties. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Piercey DG, Chavez DE, Scott BL, Imler GH, Parrish DA. An Energetic Triazolo-1,2,4-Triazine and its N-Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15315-15318. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Chavez
- M Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Brian L. Scott
- C Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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Piercey DG, Chavez DE, Scott BL, Imler GH, Parrish DA. An Energetic Triazolo-1,2,4-Triazine and its N-Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Chavez
- M Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Brian L. Scott
- C Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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Fehlhammer WP, Beck W. Azide Chemistry - An Inorganic Perspective, Part II[‡][3+2]-Cycloaddition Reactions of Metal Azides and Related Systems. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Damianos K, Frank I. Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Sodium Fulminate. Chemistry 2010; 16:8041-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fehlhammer W, Schoder F, Weinberger B, Stolzenberg H, Beck W. X-ray Structure of the Isodiazomethane Complex Cr(CO)5C≡N-NH2and [3+2]-Cycloadditions to the Metallo-Nitrile-Imine [Cr(CO)5C≡N-NH]-[1]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200900085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Beck W, Evers J, Göbel M, Oehlinger G, Klapötke TM. The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Mercury Fulminate (Knallquecksilber). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Beck
- München, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Department Chemie und Biochemie
| | - Jürgen Evers
- München, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Department Chemie und Biochemie
| | - Michael Göbel
- München, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Department Chemie und Biochemie
| | - Gilbert Oehlinger
- München, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Department Chemie und Biochemie
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- München, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Department Chemie und Biochemie
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