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Oberacher H, Pitterl F, Erb R, Plattner S. Mass spectrometric methods for monitoring redox processes in electrochemical cells. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:64-92. [PMID: 24338642 PMCID: PMC4286209 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry (EC) is a mature scientific discipline aimed to study the movement of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. EC covers techniques that use a measurement of potential, charge, or current to determine the concentration or the chemical reactivity of analytes. The electrical signal is directly converted into chemical information. For in-depth characterization of complex electrochemical reactions involving the formation of diverse intermediates, products and byproducts, EC is usually combined with other analytical techniques, and particularly the hyphenation of EC with mass spectrometry (MS) has found broad applicability. The analysis of gases and volatile intermediates and products formed at electrode surfaces is enabled by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). In DEMS an electrochemical cell is sampled with a membrane interface for electron ionization (EI)-MS. The chemical space amenable to EC/MS (i.e., bioorganic molecules including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and drugs) was significantly increased by employing electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. In the simplest setup, the EC of the ESI process is used to analytical advantage. A limitation of this approach is, however, its inability to precisely control the electrochemical potential at the emitter electrode. Thus, particularly for studying mechanistic aspects of electrochemical processes, the hyphenation of discrete electrochemical cells with ESI-MS was found to be more appropriate. The analytical power of EC/ESI-MS can further be increased by integrating liquid chromatography (LC) as an additional dimension of separation. Chromatographic separation was found to be particularly useful to reduce the complexity of the sample submitted either to the EC cell or to ESI-MS. Thus, both EC/LC/ESI-MS and LC/EC/ESI-MS are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Erb
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Plattner
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
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Sözen-Aktaş P, Del Rosal I, Manoury E, Demirhan F, Lledós A, Poli R. Speciation of [Cp*(2)M(2)O(5)] in polar and donor solvents. Chemistry 2013; 19:3969-85. [PMID: 23400876 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The speciation of compounds [Cp*2 M2 O5 ] (M=Mo, W; Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) in different protic and aprotic polar solvents (methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, acetonitrile), in the presence of variable amounts of water or acid/base, has been investigated by (1) H NMR spectrometry and electrical conductivity. Specific hypotheses suggested by the experimental results have been further probed by DFT calculations. The solvent (S)-assisted ionic dissociation to generate [Cp*MO2 (S)](+) and [Cp*MO3 ](-) takes place extensively for both metals only in water/methanol mixtures. Equilibrium amounts of the neutral hydroxido species [Cp*MO2 (OH)] are generated in the presence of water, with the relative amount increasing in the order MeCN≈acetone<MeOH<DMSO. Addition of a base (Et3 N) converts [Cp*2 M2 O5 ] into [Et3 NH](+) [Cp*MO3 ](-) , for which the presence of a NH⋅⋅⋅OM interaction is revealed by (1) H NMR spectroscopy in comparison with the sodium salts, Na(+) [Cp*MO3 ](-) . These are fully dissociated in DMSO and MeOH, but display a slow equilibrium between free ions and the ion pair in MeCN and acetone. Only one resonance is observed for mixtures of [Cp*MO3 ](-) and [Cp*MO2 (OH)] because of a rapid self-exchange. In the presence of extensive ionic dissociation, only one resonance is observed for mixtures of the cationic [Cp*MO2 (S)](+) product and the residual undissociated [Cp*2 M2 O5 ] because of a rapid associative exchange via the trinuclear [Cp*3 M3 O7 ](+) intermediate. In neat methanol, complex [Cp*2 W2 O5 ] reacts to yield extensive amounts of a new species, formulated as the mononuclear methoxido complex [Cp*WO2 (OMe)] on the basis of the DFT study. An equivalent product is not observed for the Mo system. The addition of increasing amounts of water results in the rapid decrease of this product in favor of [Cp*2 W2 O5 ] and [Cp*WO2 (OH)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Sözen-Aktaş
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Jahn S, Karst U. Electrochemistry coupled to (liquid chromatography/) mass spectrometry—Current state and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:16-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Corella-Ochoa MN, Miras HN, Long DL, Cronin L. Controlling the Self-Assembly of a Mixed-Metal Mo/V-Selenite Family of Polyoxometalates. Chemistry 2012; 18:13743-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Li S, Wang Z, Hor TSA, Zhao J. First crystallographic elucidation of a high-valent molybdenum oxoN-heterocyclic carbene complex [CpMoVIO2(IBz)]2[Mo6O19]. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1454-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11616b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Jirásko R, Holčapek M. Structural analysis of organometallic compounds with soft ionization mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1013-1036. [PMID: 21104914 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of organometallic compounds with mass spectrometry has some special features in comparison with organic and bioorganic compounds. The first step is the choice of a suitable ionization technique, where the electrospray ionization is certainly the best possibility for most classes of organometallic compounds and metal complexes. Some ionization mechanisms of organometallic compounds are comparable to organic molecules, such as protonation/deprotonation, and adduct formation with sodium or potassium ions; however, in many cases, different mechanisms and their combinations complicate the spectra interpretation. Organometallics frequently undergo various types of adduct and polymerization reactions that result in significantly higher masses observed in the spectra in comparison to molecular weights of studied compounds. Metal elements typically have more natural isotopes than common organic elements, which cause characteristic wide distributions of isotopic peaks; for example, tin has ten natural isotopes. The isotopic pattern can be used for the identification of the type and number of metal elements in particular ions. The ionization and fragmentation behavior also depend on the type of metal atom; therefore, our discussion of mass spectra interpretation is divided according to the different type of organometallic compounds. Among various types of mass spectrometers available on the market, trap-based analyzers (linear or spherical ion-traps, Orbitrap) are suitable to study complex fragmentation pathways of organometallic ions and their adducts, whereas high-resolution and high-mass accuracy analyzers (time-of-flight-based analyzers, or Fourier transform-based analyzers-Orbitrap or ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers) provide accurate masses applicable for the determination of the elemental composition of individual ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jirásko
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Reaction of [Cp∗2W2O5] with mercaptocarboxylic acids: Addition rather than reduction. Isolation and characterization of Cp∗WO2(SCH2CH2COOH). J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wilson EF, Miras HN, Rosnes MH, Cronin L. Real-Time Observation of the Self-Assembly of Hybrid Polyoxometalates Using Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3720-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wilson EF, Miras HN, Rosnes MH, Cronin L. Real-Time Observation of the Self-Assembly of Hybrid Polyoxometalates Using Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Gun J, Bharathi S, Gutkin V, Rizkov D, Voloshenko A, Shelkov R, Sladkevich S, Kyi N, Rona M, Wolanov Y, Rizkov D, Koch M, Mizrahi S, Pridkhochenko PV, Modestov A, Lev O. Highlights in Coupled Electrochemical Flow Cell-Mass Spectrometry, EC/MS. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gutkin V, Gun J, Lev O. Electrochemical Deposition−Stripping Analysis of Molecules and Proteins by Online Electrochemical Flow Cell/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8396-404. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901285m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Gutkin
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jenny Gun
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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12
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Miras HN, Wilson EF, Cronin L. Unravelling the complexities of inorganic and supramolecular self-assembly in solution with electrospray and cryospray mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1297-311. [DOI: 10.1039/b819534j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Dinoi C, Sözen P, Taban G, Demir D, Demirhan F, Prikhodchenko P, Gun J, Lev O, Daran J, Poli R. Aqueous Reduction of [Cp*
2
W
2
O
5
]: Characterization of the Triangular Clusters [Cp*
3
W
3
O
4
(OH)
2
]
2+
and [Cp*
3
W
3
O
6
]
+
– Comparison with Molybdenum. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dinoi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241 liée par convention à l'Université Paul Sabatier et à l'Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France, Fax: +33‐561553003
| | - Pelin Sözen
- Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Sciences & Liberal Arts, Department of Chemistry, 45030 Muradiye‐Manisa, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Taban
- Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Sciences & Liberal Arts, Department of Chemistry, 45030 Muradiye‐Manisa, Turkey
| | - Deniz Demir
- Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Sciences & Liberal Arts, Department of Chemistry, 45030 Muradiye‐Manisa, Turkey
| | - Funda Demirhan
- Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Sciences & Liberal Arts, Department of Chemistry, 45030 Muradiye‐Manisa, Turkey
| | - Petr Prikhodchenko
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jenny Gun
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jean‐Claude Daran
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241 liée par convention à l'Université Paul Sabatier et à l'Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France, Fax: +33‐561553003
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241 liée par convention à l'Université Paul Sabatier et à l'Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France, Fax: +33‐561553003
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Le Goff A, Le Roy C, Pétillon FY, Schollhammer P, Talarmin J. Formation of New μ-Thioalkylidene and μ-Borohydride Dimolybdenum Complexes from the μ-Alkylidyne Precursor [Mo2Cp2(μ-SMe)3(μ-CCH2Ph)]. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om7003496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Le Goff
- UMR CNRS 6521, Chimie, Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex 3, France
| | - Christine Le Roy
- UMR CNRS 6521, Chimie, Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex 3, France
| | - François Y. Pétillon
- UMR CNRS 6521, Chimie, Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex 3, France
| | - Philippe Schollhammer
- UMR CNRS 6521, Chimie, Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex 3, France
| | - Jean Talarmin
- UMR CNRS 6521, Chimie, Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex 3, France
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Freund C, Abrantes M, Kühn FE. Monomeric cyclopentadiene molybdenum oxides and their carbonyl precursors as epoxidation catalysts. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Zettersten C, Lomoth R, Hammarström L, Sjöberg PJ, Nyholm L. The influence of the thin-layer flow cell design on the mass spectra when coupling electrochemistry to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Kühn FE, Santos AM, Abrantes M. Mononuclear Organomolybdenum(VI) Dioxo Complexes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Catalytic Applications. Chem Rev 2006; 106:2455-75. [PMID: 16771456 DOI: 10.1021/cr040703p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz E Kühn
- Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional No. 10, 2686-953 Sacavem, Portugal.
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18
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Demirhan F, Taban G, Baya M, Dinoi C, Daran JC, Poli R. Reduction of by thioglycolic acid in an aqueous medium: Synthesis and structure of [{Cp*Mo(μ-SCH2COO)}2(μ-S)]. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Demirhan F, Çağatay B, Demir D, Baya M, Daran JC, Poli R. Reduction of [Cp*2Mo2O5] in Aqueous Medium: Structure and Properties of a Triangular Mixed Oxo-Hydroxo-Bridged Product, [Cp*3Mo3(μ-O)2(μ-OH)4](X)2 (X = CF3CO2 or CF3SO3). Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Algarra AG, Basallote MG, Esther Castillo C, Corao C, Llusar R, Jesús Fernández-Trujillo M, Vicent C. A combined stopped-flow, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and31P NMR study on the acetic acid-mediated fragmentation of the hydroxo-chalcogenide cluster [W3Se4(OH)3(dmpe)3]+(dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphanyl)ethane) to yield the dinuclear [W2Se2(µ-Se)2(µ-CH3CO2)(dmpe)2]+complex. Dalton Trans 2006:5725-33. [PMID: 17146537 DOI: 10.1039/b611274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the incomplete-cuboidal [W(3)Se(4)(OH)(3)(dmpe)(3)](+) ([1](+)) cluster with acetic acid in acetonitrile solution leads to cluster fragmentation with formation of the dinuclear [W(2)Se(2)(mu-Se)(2)(mu-CH(3)CO(2))(dmpe)(2)](+) ([2](+)) complex. The X-ray structure of [2]PF(6) presents two equivalent metal centres bridged by one acetate ligand. Each W atom is additionally coordinated by one terminal selenium atom, two bridging selenido and two diphosphane phosphorus atoms in an essentially octahedral environment. Stopped-flow and conventional UV-vis studies indicate that fragmentation of [1](+) into [2](+) occurs through a complex mechanism. Three steps can be distinguished in the stopped-flow time scale, all of them showing a first order dependence with respect to the acetic acid concentration, followed by very slow spectral changes that lead to the formation of [2](+). Phosphorus NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) have been used to identify the nature of the reaction intermediates formed in the different steps. These studies indicate that the first two steps correspond to the formal substitutions of the hydroxo ligands at two metal centres by terminal acetate ligands. The third step involves bridging of one of the terminal acetate ligands, which actually prepares the trinuclear cluster to afford the acetate-bridged [W(2)Se(2)(mu-Se)(2)(mu-CH(3)CO(2))(dmpe)(2)](+) ([2](+)) complex. Although the precise details of the final conversion to [2](+) have not been established, the results obtained by combination of the different experimental techniques provide a complete picture of the speciation of the cluster [1](+) in acetonitrile solutions containing acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G Algarra
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apartado 40, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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Gun J, Modestov A, Lev O, Poli R. Reduction of [(C5Me5)2Mo2O5] and [(C5Me5)2Mo2O4] in Methanol/Water/Trifluoroacetate Solutions Investigated by Combined On-Line Electrochemistry/Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200200627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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