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Bhatia P, Pandey K, Kumar D. Zwitterionic Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Structural Diversity and Energetic Properties. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400481. [PMID: 38856102 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Zwitterionic compounds are an emergent class of energetic materials and have gained synthetic interest of many in the recent years. Due to their better packing efficiencies and strong inter/intramolecular electrostatic interactions, they often ensue superior energetic properties than their salt analogues. A systematic review from the perspective of design, synthesis, and physicochemical properties evaluation of the zwitterionic energetic materials is presented. Depending on the parent ring(s) used for the synthesis and the type of moieties bearing positive and negative charges, different classes of energetic materials, such as primary explosives, secondary explosives, heat resistant explosives, oxidizers, etc., may result. The properties of some of the energetic zwitterionic compounds are also compared with analogous energetic salts. This review will encourage readers to explore the possibility of designing new zwitterionic energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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2
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Lu Z, Qin J, Wu J, Cao W, Kuang B, Zhang J. Advances in the Synthesis of Energetic Compounds Based on 1,2,3-Triazoles. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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3
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Yount J, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. 4,4'-Dinitrimino-5,5'-diamino-3,3'-azo-bis-1,2,4-triazole: A High-Performing Zwitterionic Energetic Material. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16204-16212. [PMID: 34586784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixed acid nitration of electrochemically generated 4,4',5,5'-tetraamino-3,3'-azo-bis-1,2,4-triazole (TAABT) generated the novel energetic material 4,4'-dinitrimino-5,5'-diamino-3,3'-azo-bis-1,2,4-triazole (DNDAABT). Various energetic salts of DNDAABT were also prepared and characterized to confirm their structures and determine their explosive sensitivities and performances. The free acid of DNDAABT exists as a zwitterionic molecule that leads to a high-density material with predicted detonation parameters comparable to those of TKX-50 (bis(hydroxylammonium) 5,5'-bis(tetrazolate-1 N-oxide). Due to the insensitive nature of TAABT, it was predicted that DNDAABT would demonstrate remarkably low sensitivities for a primary N-nitramine. However, it was found that DNDAABT and all salts produced have primary explosive sensitivities, albeit with relatively high thermal stabilities for primary N-nitramines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yount
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Edward F C Byrd
- Detonation Sciences & Modeling Branch, CCDC U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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4
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Li G, Huang H, Yang J, Yan C, Li W, Duan H. Synthesis and properties of three guanidinium salts based on high-oxygen-balanced 1,4-dinitramino-3,5-dinitropyrazolate anion. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Creegan SE, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. Synthesis and Characterization of the Energetic 3‐Azido‐5‐amino‐6‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazine. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Creegan
- Department of Materials Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47904 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | | | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47904 USA
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Abstract
The evergrowing demand for cleaner, high-performing energetic materials (EMs) has led to a quest for replacement of currently used toxic metal-based traditional energetic compounds such as lead azide and lead styphnate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Herweyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Jaclyn L. Brusso
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
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Glorian J, Han K, Braun S, Baschung B. Heat of Formation of Triazole‐Based Salts: Prediction and Experimental Validation. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Glorian
- Propellant and Energetic Materials (PEM) group French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis 5 rue du Général Cassagnou 68300 Saint-Louis France
| | - Kyung‐Tae Han
- Propellant and Energetic Materials (PEM) group French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis 5 rue du Général Cassagnou 68300 Saint-Louis France
| | - Silke Braun
- Propellant and Energetic Materials (PEM) group French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis 5 rue du Général Cassagnou 68300 Saint-Louis France
| | - Barbara Baschung
- Propellant and Energetic Materials (PEM) group French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis 5 rue du Général Cassagnou 68300 Saint-Louis France
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8
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O'Sullivan OT, Zdilla MJ. Properties and Promise of Catenated Nitrogen Systems As High-Energy-Density Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5682-5744. [PMID: 32543838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of catenated nitrogen molecules, molecules containing internal chains of bonded nitrogen atoms, is of fundamental scientific interest in chemical structure and bonding, as nitrogen is uniquely situated in the periodic table to form kinetically stable compounds often with chemically stable N-N bonds but which are thermodynamically unstable in that the formation of stable multiply bonded N2 is usually thermodynamically preferable. This unique placement in the periodic table makes catenated nitrogen compounds of interest for development of high-energy-density materials, including explosives for defense and construction purposes, as well as propellants for missile propulsion and for space exploration. This review, designed for a chemical audience, describes foundational subjects, methods, and metrics relevant to the energetic materials community and provides an overview of important classes of catenated nitrogen compounds ranging from theoretical investigation of hypothetical molecules to the practical application of real-world energetic materials. The review is intended to provide detailed chemical insight into the synthesis and decomposition of such materials as well as foundational knowledge of energetic science new to most chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T O'Sullivan
- ASEE Fellow, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (NSWC IHD), 4005 Indian Head Hwy, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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9
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Creegan SE, Piercey DG. Nitroacetonitrile as a versatile precursor in energetic materials synthesis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39478-39484. [PMID: 35515370 PMCID: PMC9057483 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07579e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroacetonitrile is the simplest α-nitronitrile; it possesses a single central carbon attached to two strong electronegative, electron-withdrawing groups allowing extensive chemistry through the active methylene center. Free nitroacetonitrile has purification and stability issues, however stable salts of nitroacetonitrile possess the same reactivity as the free acid and are much more stable. Nitroacetonitrile serves as a versatile synthetic precursor in the formation of heterocyclic and polyfunctional aliphatic products and can allow for straightforward conversion to amino, acyl, and other functional groups. A main advantage of using nitroacetonitrile in the formation of heterocyclic-based energetics is its ability to add vicinal amino and nitro moieties onto fused ring structures, a common structural motif in insensitive energetic materials. In this minireview we discuss the preparation of nitroacetonitrile and its stable salts, as well as discuss the range of energetic materials this versatile precursor has found use in. Nitroacetonitrile is a useful synthetic precursor capable of participating in a wide range of reactions and enables the simple synthesis of annulated heterocyclic systems which are rapidly becoming promising new energetic materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Creegan
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC)
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Purdue Energetics Research Center (PERC)
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
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10
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Sasidharan N, Kumar AS, Hng HH. Combustion Studies of 4-Nitramino-1,2,4-Triazole (4-NRTZ) and Its Salts: High Impulse Nitrogenous Fuels for Propellant Composite Materials. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh Sasidharan
- Energetics Research Institute (E n RI); Nanyang Technological University N1-B4a-02, 50 Nanyang Avenue; Singapore 639798
| | - A. Sudheer Kumar
- Energetics Research Institute (E n RI); Nanyang Technological University N1-B4a-02, 50 Nanyang Avenue; Singapore 639798
| | - Huey Hoon Hng
- Energetics Research Institute (E n RI); Nanyang Technological University N1-B4a-02, 50 Nanyang Avenue; Singapore 639798
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11
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Estimation of heats of formation for nitrogen-rich cations using G3, G4, and G4 (MP2) theoretical methods. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Energetic cations play important roles in energetic performance, which may attribute to the diverse backbones and substituted groups of energetic cations. This review emphasizes the roles of backbones and substituted groups in the energetic performance of energetic salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organic Materials Testing Technology & Quality Evaluation
- Beijing
- China
| | - W. L. Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Organic Materials Testing Technology & Quality Evaluation
- Beijing
- China
| | - S. P. Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
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13
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Huang H, Shi Y, Liu Y, Yang J. High-Oxygen-Balance Furazan Anions: A Good Choice for High-Performance Energetic Salts. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1688-96. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Yameng Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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14
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Wu JT, Zhang JG, Jin X, Yin X, Zhang TL. Syntheses, crystal structures and thermal analyses of two new ionic complexes based on 3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2016.1160378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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15
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Zhang X, Yang J, Gong X. Theoretical studies on the stability of salts formed by 3-substituted 6-nitraminotetrazines with different cations. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2521. [PMID: 25408509 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of energetic salts based on the cations NH4 (+), NH3OH(+), N2H5 (+) and C(NH2)3 (+) and the anions of 6-nitraminotetrazine and its 3-substituted derivatives of -NH2, -N3, -ONO2, -NF2 or -NO2 was studied using dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D). In comparison with salts of unsubstituted 6-nitraminotetrazine, -NH2 substitution strengthens the hydrogen bonding interaction and other intramolecular interactions (such as charge transfer, binding energy, second-order perturbation energy and dispersion energy), -N3 has tiny effects on these interactions, and other groups weaken these interactions, with weakening decreasing in the order -NO2 > -NF2 > -ONO2. The ability of the cations to produce strong intramolecular interactions decreases in the order NH3OH(+) > N2H5 (+) > NH4 (+) > C(NH2)3 (+), which is contrary to the order of the basicity of bases. Stronger intramolecular interactions lead to more stable salts. All substituent groups improved the chemical stability except -ONO2, while cations had no effect on chemical stability. All substituent groups were helpful in improving aromaticity, in the sequence -ONO2 > -NF2 > -NO2 > -N3 > -NH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
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16
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Bian C, Wang K, Liang L, Zhang M, Li C, Zhou Z. Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Salts of Bis-Heterocycle-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazole (HTANFT). Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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A computational study of proton transfer and solvent effect on nitroamino[1,3,5]triazine-based ammonium energetic salts. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Hu B, Jin X, Jia H, Liu Z, Lv C. Synthesis and Characteristics of Energetic Materials Based on 1,2-Dinitroguanidine. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of energetic salts based on 1,2-dinitroguanidine were successfully synthesised and fully characterised using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that all the salts possess higher detonation properties (detonation pressures and velocities ranging from 24.8 to 30.3 GPa and 7665 to 8422 m s–1, respectively) than those of trinitrotolouene (TNT, 2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene). The thermal stability and thermal kinetic parameters were also investigated to give a better understanding of the physical and chemical properties of these energetic salts.
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Su Z, Liu X, Yang Q, Zhang S, Wei Q, Xie G, Chen S, Gao S. Intermolecular interaction influenced energy and sensitivity of highly energetic salts: structure and physicochemical properties. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on supramolecular interactions, three stable energetic compounds (TATA+)·(TZA−)·H2O, (AT+)2·(OX2−) and (DAT2+)·(NO3−)2 were synthesized and structurally characterized and their physicochemical properties theoretically and experimentally studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Gang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Sanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Shengli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069, China
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20
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Wu JT, Zhang JG, Yin X, Sun M, Zhang TL. Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Analysis of Two Energetic Ionic Salts Based on 3,4-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DATr). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Dippold AA, Izsák D, Klapötke TM. A Study of 5-(1,2,4-Triazol-C-yl)tetrazol-1-ols: Combining the Benefits of Different Heterocycles for the Design of Energetic Materials. Chemistry 2013; 19:12042-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Dippold AA, Klapötke TM. A study of dinitro-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1'-diol and derivatives: design of high-performance insensitive energetic materials by the introduction of N-oxides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9931-8. [PMID: 23763597 DOI: 10.1021/ja404164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution we report on the synthesis and full structural as well as spectroscopic characterization of 3,3'-dinitro-5,5'-bis-1,2,4-triazole-1,1'-diol and nitrogen-rich salts thereof. The first synthesis and characterization of an energetic 1-hydroxy-bistriazole in excellent yields and high purity is presented. This simple and straightforward method of N-oxide introduction in triazole compounds using commercially available oxone improves the energetic properties and reveals a straightforward synthetic pathway toward novel energetic 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. X-ray crystallographic measurements were performed and deliver insight into structural characteristics and strong intermolecular interactions. The standard enthalpies of formation were calculated for all compounds at the CBS-4 M level of theory, revealing highly positive heats of formation for all compounds. The energetic properties of all compounds (detonation velocity, pressure, etc.) were calculated using the EXPLO5.05 program, and the ionic derivatives show superior performance in comparison to the corresponding compounds bearing no N-oxide. All substances were characterized in terms of sensitivities (impact, friction, electrostatic) and thermal stabilities, and the ionic derivatives were found to be high thermally stable, insensitive compounds that are exceedingly powerful but safe to handle and prepare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Dippold
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13, Haus D, 80539 Munich, Germany
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23
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Zhang J, He C, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Nitramines with varying sensitivities: functionalized dipyrazolyl-N-nitromethanamines as energetic materials. Chemistry 2013; 19:8929-36. [PMID: 23681737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dichloro-2-nitro-2-azapropane is an excellent precursor to dense energetic functionalized dipyrazolyl-N-nitromethanamines. This new family of energetic compounds was fully characterized by using (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N NMR and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, elemental analysis, and impact sensitivity tests. Additionally, single-crystal X-ray structuring was done for 3 and 5·CH3CN, which gave insight into structural characteristics. The experimentally determined densities of 2-9 fall between 1.69 and 1.90 g cm(-3). Heats of formation and detonation properties were calculated by using Gaussian 03 and EXPLO5 programs, respectively. The influence of different energetic moieties on the structural and energetic properties was established theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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24
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Dippold AA, Klapötke TM. Synthesis and Characterization of 5-(1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl)tetrazoles with Various Energetic Functionalities. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1463-71. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Song J, Wang K, Liang L, Bian C, Zhou Z. High-energy-density materials based on 1-nitramino-2,4-dinitroimidazole. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40410b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Dippold AA, Klapötke TM, Oswald M. Asymmetrically substituted 5,5′-bistriazoles – nitrogen-rich materials with various energetic functionalities. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11136-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Klapötke TM, Petermayer C, Piercey DG, Stierstorfer J. 1,3-Bis(nitroimido)-1,2,3-triazolate Anion, theN-Nitroimide Moiety, and the Strategy of Alternating Positive and Negative Charges in the Design of Energetic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310384y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandstr. 5−13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Energetic Concepts Development, CECD, University of Maryland, UMD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Christian Petermayer
- Department of Chemistry, Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandstr. 5−13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- Department of Chemistry, Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandstr. 5−13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Energetic Materials Research, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandstr. 5−13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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28
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Kumar AS, Ghule VD, Subrahmanyam S, Sahoo AK. Synthesis of Thermally Stable Energetic 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives. Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Dippold AA, Klapötke TM. Nitrogen-Rich Bis-1,2,4-triazoles-A Comparative Study of Structural and Energetic Properties. Chemistry 2012; 18:16742-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Qi C, Li SH, Li YC, Wang Y, Zhao XX, Pang SP. Synthesis and Promising Properties of a New Family of High-Nitrogen Compounds: Polyazido- and Polyamino-SubstitutedN,N′-Azo-1,2,4-triazoles. Chemistry 2012; 18:16562-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Wang F, Du H, Liu H, Gong X. Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions and Properties of Energetic Nitroamino[1,3,5]triazine‐Based Guanidinium Salts: DFT‐D and QTAIM Studies. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2577-91. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Materials Computation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (P.R. China), Fax.: (+86) 25‐84315947‐803
| | - Hongchen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Materials Computation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (P.R. China), Fax.: (+86) 25‐84315947‐803
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Materials Computation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (P.R. China), Fax.: (+86) 25‐84315947‐803
| | - Xuedong Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular and Materials Computation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094 (P.R. China), Fax.: (+86) 25‐84315947‐803
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32
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Dippold AA, Klapötke TM, Winter N. Insensitive Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Compounds Based on the 5,5′-Dinitro-3,3′-bi-1,2,4-triazol-2-ide Anion. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Song J, Zhou Z, Huang H, Cao D, Liang L, Wang K, Zhang J, Zhao FQ. Synthesis and Characteristics of Bis(2, 2-dinitroethyl-N-nitro)ethylenediamine-Based Energetic Salts. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Nitraminoazoles Based on ANTA - A Comprehensive Study of Structural and Energetic Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Song J, Zhou Z, Cao D, Huang H, Liang L, Wang K, Zhang J. 2-(Dinitromethylene)-1-nitro-1, 3-diazacyclopentane-Based Energetic Salts. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Huang H, Zhou Z, Liang L, Song J, Wang K, Cao D, Sun W, Bian C, Xue M. Nitrogen-rich energetic monoanionic salts of 3,4-bis(1H-5-tetrazolyl)furoxan. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:707-14. [PMID: 22262569 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Bis(1H-5-tetrazolyl)furoxan (H(2)BTF, 2) and its monoanionic salts that contain nitrogen-rich cations were readily synthesized and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR ((1)H, (13)C) and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analyses. Hydrazinium (3) and 4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium (7) salts crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n and have calculated densities of 1.820 and 1.764 g cm(-3), respectively. The densities of the energetic salts range between 1.63 and 1.79 g cm(-3), as measured by a gas pycnometer. Detonation pressures and detonation velocities were calculated to be 23.1-32.5 GPa and 7740-8790 m s(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 P. R. China
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37
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Huang H, Zhou Z, Liang L, Song J, Wang K, Cao D, Bian C, Sun W, Xue M. Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Dianionic Salts of 3, 4-Bis(1H-5-tetrazolyl)furoxan with Excellent Thermal Stability. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Klapötke TM, Martin FA, Stierstorfer J. N-Bound Primary Nitramines Based on 1,5-Diaminotetrazole. Chemistry 2011; 18:1487-501. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Wang K, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. 3-Azido-N-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine-Based Energetic Salts. Chemistry 2011; 17:14485-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Huang H, Zhou Z, Song J, Liang L, Wang K, Cao D, Sun W, Dong X, Xue M. Energetic salts based on dipicrylamine and its amino derivative. Chemistry 2011; 17:13593-602. [PMID: 22038898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Energetic salts based on dipicrylamine and its amino derivative were synthesized. All salts were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (13)C), vibrational spectroscopy (IR), and elemental analysis. Ethylenediammonium di-DPA (DPA=dipicrylamine) and 1,3-diaminoguanidinium DPA were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These salts exhibit reasonable physical properties, such as high densities (1.71-1.81 g cm(-3)), good thermal stabilities (T(d) =155-285 °C), and low solubilities in water. The impact sensitivity of 1-methyl-3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazolium DPA is lower than that of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and for some other energetic salts their impact sensitivities are comparable to that of TNT. Based on experimental densities and theoretical calculations carried out by using the Gaussian 03 suite of programs, all the salts have calculated detonation pressures (22.5-27.8 GPa) and velocities (7226-7917 m s(-1)) that exceed those of conventional TNT. The toxicities of these salts measured by luminescent bacteria toxicity tests are much lower than that of TNT, and two binary eutectic mixtures with melting points that fall between 70 and 100 °C were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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42
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Miró Sabaté C, Jeanneau E, Stierstorfer J. Synthesis and Comprehensive Characterization of Hydrated Alkaline Earth Metal Salts of 5-Amino-1H-tetrazole. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Dippold A, Klapötke T, Martin F. Synthesis and Characterization of Bis(triaminoguanidinium) 5,5′-Dinitrimino-3,3′-azo-1H-1,2,4-triazolate - A Novel Insensitive Energetic Material. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Wu B, Wang S, Yang L, Zhang T, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Yu K. Preparation, Crystal Structures, Thermal Decomposition and Explosive Properties of Two Novel Energetic Compounds M(IMI)
4
(N
3
)
2
(M = Cu
II
and Ni
II
, IMI = Imidazole): The New High–Nitrogen Materials (N > 46 %). Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi‐dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Fax: +86‐10‐68‐911‐202
| | - Shi‐wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Fax: +86‐10‐68‐911‐202
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Fax: +86‐10‐68‐911‐202
| | - Tong‐lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Fax: +86‐10‐68‐911‐202
| | - Jian‐guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Fax: +86‐10‐68‐911‐202
| | - Zun‐ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Fax: +86‐10‐68‐911‐202
| | - Kai‐bei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Fax: +86‐10‐68‐911‐202
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45
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Gao H, Joo Y, Parrish DA, Vo T, Shreeve JM. 1‐Amino‐1‐hydrazino‐2,2‐dinitroethene and Corresponding Salts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermolysis Studies. Chemistry 2011; 17:4613-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10‐62733830
| | - Young‐Hyuk Joo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6030, Washington, D.C. 20375‐5001 (USA)
| | - Thao Vo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
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46
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Huang Y, Zhang Y, Shreeve JM. Nitrogen-Rich Salts Based on Energetic Nitroaminodiazido[1,3,5]triazine and Guanazine. Chemistry 2010; 17:1538-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Zhang Y, Guo Y, Joo YH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. 3,4,5-Trinitropyrazole-Based Energetic Salts. Chemistry 2010; 16:10778-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Wang R, Guo Y, Sa R, Shreeve J. Nitroguanidine-Fused Bicyclic Guanidinium Salts: A Family of High-Density Energetic Materials. Chemistry 2010; 16:8522-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Chavez D, Tappan B, Mason B, Parrish D. Synthesis and Energetic Properties of Bis-(Triaminoguanidinium) 3,3′-Dinitro-5,5′-Azo-1,2,4-Triazolate (TAGDNAT): A New High-Nitrogen Material. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.200800081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Klapötke TM, Miró Sabaté C. 5-Aminotetrazolium 5-Aminotetrazolates - New Insensitive Nitrogen-rich Materials. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200801357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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