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Cesari C, Shon JH, Zacchini S, Berben LA. Metal carbonyl clusters of groups 8-10: synthesis and catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9503-9539. [PMID: 34259674 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we discuss advances in the chemistry of metal carbonyl clusters (MCCs) spanning the last three decades, with an emphasis on the more recent reports and those involving groups 8-10 elements. Synthetic methods have advanced and been refined, leading to higher-nuclearity clusters and a wider array of structures and nuclearities. Our understanding of the electronic structure in MCCs has advanced to a point where molecular chemistry tools and other advanced tools can probe their properties at a level of detail that surpasses that possible with other nanomaterials and solid-state materials. MCCs therefore advance our understanding of structure-property-reactivity correlations in other higher-nuclearity materials. With respect to catalysis, this article focuses only on homogeneous applications, but it includes both thermally and electrochemically driven catalysis. Applications in thermally driven catalysis have found success where the reaction conditions stabilise the compounds toward loss of CO. In more recent years, MCCs, which exhibit delocalised bonding and possess many electron-withdrawing CO ligands, have emerged as very stable and effective for reductive electrocatalysis reactions since reduction often strengthens M-C(O) bonds and since room-temperature reaction conditions are sufficient for driving the electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Funaioli T, Iapalucci MC, Merighi S, Zacchini S. The redox chemistry of [Ni9C(CO)17]2– and [Ni10(C2)(CO)16]2–: Synthesis, electrochemistry and structure of [Ni12C(CO)18]4– and [Ni22(C2)4(CO)28(Et2S)]2–. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Heindl C, Peresypkina E, Virovets AV, Bushmarinov IS, Medvedev MG, Krämer B, Dittrich B, Scheer M. An Icosidodecahedral Supramolecule Based on Pentaphosphaferrocene: From a Disordered Average Structure to Individual Isomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13237-13243. [PMID: 28793182 PMCID: PMC5656825 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pentaphosphaferrocenes [CpR Fe(η5 -P5 )] (1) and CuI halides are excellent building blocks for the formation of discrete supramolecules. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of Cu(CF3 SO3 ) for the construction of the novel 2D polymer [{Cp*Fe(μ4 ,η5:1:1:1 -P5 )}{Cu(CF3 SO3 )}]n (2) and the unprecedented nanosphere (CH2 Cl2 )1.4 @[{CpBn Fe(η5 -P5 )}12 {Cu(CF3 SO3 )}19.6 ] (3). The supramolecule 3 has a unique scaffold beyond the fullerene topology, with 20 copper atoms statistically distributed over the 30 vertices of an icosidodecahedron. Combinatorics was used to interpret the average disordered structure of the supramolecules. In this case, only two pairs of enantiomers with D5 and D2 symmetry are possible for bidentate bridging coordination of the triflate ligands. DFT calculations showed that differences in the energies of the isomers are negligible. The benzyl ligands enhance the solubility of 3, enabling NMR-spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Heindl
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Eugenia Peresypkina
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic ChemistrySiberian Division of RASNovosibirskRussia
| | - Alexander V. Virovets
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic ChemistrySiberian Division of RASNovosibirskRussia
| | | | - Michael G. Medvedev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RASMoscowRussia
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RASMoscowRussia
| | - Barbara Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Structural ChemistryHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversität Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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Heindl C, Peresypkina E, Virovets AV, Bushmarinov IS, Medvedev MG, Krämer B, Dittrich B, Scheer M. Ein ikosidodekaedrisches Supramolekül auf Basis von Pentaphosphaferrocen: von einer fehlgeordneten gemittelten Struktur zu einzelnen Isomeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Heindl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Eugenia Peresypkina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Division of RAS; Nowosibirsk Russland
| | - Alexander V. Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Division of RAS; Nowosibirsk Russland
| | | | - Michael G. Medvedev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS; Moskau Russland
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS; 119991 Moskau Russland
| | - Barbara Krämer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Deutschland
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Gaboardi M, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Pontiroli D, Riccò M, Zacchini S. Structural rearrangements induced by acid-base reactions in metal carbonyl clusters: the case of [H(3-n)Co15Pd9C3(CO)38]n- (n = 0-3). Dalton Trans 2014; 43:4388-99. [PMID: 24264428 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The new bimetallic [HCo15Pd9C3(CO)38](2-) tri-carbide carbonyl cluster has been obtained from the reaction of [H2Co20Pd16C4(CO)48](4-) with an excess of acid in CH2Cl2 solution. The mono-hydride di-anion can be reversibly protonated and deprotonated by means of acid-base reactions leading to closely related [H(3-n)Co15Pd9C3(CO)38](n-) (n = 0-3) clusters. The crystal structures of the three anionic and the neutral clusters have been determined as their H3Co15Pd9C3(CO)38·2thf, [NEt4][H2Co15Pd9C3(CO)38]·0.5C6H14, [NMe3(CH2Ph)]2[HCo15Pd9C3(CO)38]·C6H14 and [NEt4]3[Co15Pd9C3(CO)38]·thf salts. They are composed of a Pd9(μ3-CO)2 core stabilised by three Co5C(CO)12 organometallic fragments. The poly-hydride nature of these clusters has been indirectly inferred via chemical, electrochemical and magnetic measurements. Besides, cyclic voltammetry shows that the [H(3-n)Co15Pd9C3(CO)38](n-) (n = 1-3) anions are multivalent, since they undergo two or three reversible oxidations. SQUID measurements of [HCo15Pd9C3(CO)38](2-) indicate that this even electron cluster is paramagnetic with two unpaired electrons, giving further support to its hydride nature. Finally, structural studies show that the Pd9 core of [H(3-n)Co15Pd9C3(CO)38](n-) (n = 0,1) is a tri-capped octahedron, which becomes a tri-capped trigonal prism in the more charged [H(3-n)Co15Pd9C3(CO)38](n-) (n = 2,3) anions. Such a significant structural rearrangement of the metal core of a large carbonyl cluster upon protonation-deprotonation reactions is unprecedented in cluster chemistry, and suggests that interstitial hydrides may have relevant stereochemical effects even in large carbonyl clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Ciabatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Hayatifar M, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Pinzino C, Solmi MV, Zacchini S. The Redox Chemistry of [Co6C(CO)15]2–: A Synthetic Route to New Co-Carbide Carbonyl Clusters. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3818-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Ciabatti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4 - 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4 - 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohammad Hayatifar
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4 - 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4 - 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliano Longoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4 - 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Calogero Pinzino
- Area
della Ricerca, ICCOM-CNR UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matilde Valeria Solmi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4 - 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4 - 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Ciabatti I, Fabrizi de Biani F, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Zacchini S. Metal Segregation in Bimetallic CoPd Carbide Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis, Structure, Reactivity and Electrochemistry of [H6−nCo20Pd16C4(CO)48]n−(n=3-6). Chempluschem 2013; 78:1456-1465. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ciabatti I, Fabrizi de Biani F, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Zacchini S. Selective synthesis of the [Ni36Co8C8(CO)48]6- octa-carbide carbonyl cluster by thermal decomposition of the [H2Ni22Co6C6(CO)36]4- hexa-carbide. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:9662-70. [PMID: 23676989 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50710f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal decomposition in thf solution of [H2Ni22Co6C6(CO)36](4-) results in the new [HNi36Co8C8(CO)48](5-) bimetallic Ni-Co octa-carbide, which can be converted into the closely related [H6-nNi36Co8C8(CO)48](n-) (n = 3-6) polyhydrides by means of acid-base reactions. The structure of the [Ni36Co8C8(CO)48](6-) hexa-anion has been established via X-ray crystallography, showing that the eight interstitial carbide atoms are lodged within different metal cages. Thus, two C-atoms are enclosed within regular square anti-prismatic Ni8C cages, four within irregular Ni8C square anti-prismatic cages, and the last two within mono-capped trigonal prismatic Ni5Co2C cages. The structure of [Ni36Co8C8(CO)48](6-) is non-compact and closely related to [Ni32C6(CO)38](6-) and [HNi38C6(CO)44](5-). [Ni36Co8C8(CO)48](6-) approaches the nanosize regime and the whole molecular ion has a diameter (measured from the outer oxygen atoms) of ca. 1.61 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Ciabatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale Toso Montanari, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Zacchini S. Bimetallic Nickel–Cobalt Hexacarbido Carbonyl Clusters [H6–nNi22Co6C6(CO)36]n− (n = 3–6) Possessing Polyhydride Nature and Their Base-Induced Degradation to the Monoacetylide [Ni9CoC2(CO)16–x]3– (x = 0, 1). Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300412d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Ciabatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica
Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica
Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica
Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliano Longoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica
Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica
Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
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Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Longoni G, Zacchini S, Fedi S, Fabrizi de Biani F. Nickel poly-acetylide carbonyl clusters: structural features, bonding and electrochemical behaviour. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:4649-63. [PMID: 22373840 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11806h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of [NEt(4)](2)[Ni(6)(CO)(12)] with miscellaneous carbon halides (e.g. CCl(4), C(4)Cl(6)) in CH(2)Cl(2) have been extensively investigated particularly focusing on the stoichiometric ratio of the reagents and reaction temperature. This allowed the preparation of the previously known acetylide clusters [Ni(16)(C(2))(2)(CO)(23)](4-), [HNi(25)(C(2))(4)(CO)(32)](3-) and [Ni(22)(C(2))(4)(CO)(28)Cl](3-), as well as isolation and full characterisation of the closely related [Ni(17)(C(2))(2)(CO)(24)](4-) and [Ni(25)(C(2))(4)(CO)(32)](4-) tetraanions. From a structural point of view, all these clusters are based on a Ni(16) square orthobicupola which contain interstitial C(2), Ni(η(2)-C(2))(4) or Ni(2)(μ-η(2)-C(2))(4) moieties, displaying rather short C-C bonds. Electrochemical studies reveal that all these species undergo different redox processes, even if their stability is rather limited. This is corroborated by an extensive analysis of the interaction between interstitial C(2) acetylide units and the metal cluster cage by Extended Huckel Molecular Orbital (EHMO) calculations, which indicates that tightly bonded C-C units are less effective than isolated C-atoms in stabilising the cluster cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4-40136 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Zacchini S. Using Metal Carbonyl Clusters To Develop a Molecular Approach towards Metal Nanoparticles. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4‐40136 Bologna, Italy, Fax: +39‐0512093690
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