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Yao Y, Ye T, Ren J, Li H. Morphological Evolution of Calcite Grown in Zwitterionic Hydrogels: Charge Effects Enhanced by Gel-Incorporation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300169. [PMID: 36793152 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of charged biomacromolecules is widely found in biomineralization. To investigate the significance of this biological strategy for mineralization control, gelatin-incorporated calcite crystals grown from gelatin hydrogels with different charge concentrations along the gel networks are examined. It is found that the bound charged groups on gelatin networks (amino cations, gelatin-NH3 + and carboxylic anions, gelatin-COO- ) play crucial roles in controlling the single-crystallinity and the crystal morphology. And the charge effects are greatly enhanced by the gel-incorporation because the incorporated gel networks force the bound charged groups on them to attach to crystallization fronts. In contrast, ammonium ions (NH4 + ) and acetate ions (Ac- ) dissolve in the crystallization media do not exhibit the similar charge effects because the balance of attachment/detachment make them more difficult to be incorporated. Employing the revealed charge effects, the calcite crystal composites with different morphologies can be flexibly prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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2
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Kababya S, Ben Shir I, Schmidt A. From molecular level to macroscopic properties: A solid-state NMR biomineralization and biomimetic exploration. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Brittain K, Harvey M, Cisek R, Pillai S, Christie SD, Tokarz D. Second harmonic generation microscopy of otoconia. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3593-3600. [PMID: 35781949 PMCID: PMC9208607 DOI: 10.1364/boe.457967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The origin of second harmonic generation (SHG) signal in otoconia was investigated. SHG signal intensity from otoconia was compared to pure calcite crystals, given calcite is the primary component of otoconia and is known to emit surface SHG. The SHG intensity from calcite was found to be ∼41× weaker than the SHG intensity from otoconia signifying that the SHG signal from otoconia is likely generated from the organic matrix. Furthermore, the SHG intensity from otoconia increased when treated with a chelating agent known to dissolve calcite which confirms that calcite is not the source of SHG. Additionally, polarization-resolved SHG microscopy imaging revealed that the arrangement of the SHG emitters is radial and can form highly ordered domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Brittain
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - MacAulay Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Saranyan Pillai
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, #3814-1796 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Sean D Christie
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, #3814-1796 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3A7, Canada
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
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Molecular mechanism of calcium induced trimerization of C1q-like domain of otolin-1 from human and zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12778. [PMID: 34140580 PMCID: PMC8211825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The C1q superfamily includes proteins involved in innate immunity, insulin sensitivity, biomineralization and more. Among these proteins is otolin-1, which is a collagen-like protein that forms a scaffold for the biomineralization of inner ear stones in vertebrates. The globular C1q-like domain (gC1q), which is the most conserved part of otolin-1, binds Ca2+ and stabilizes its collagen-like triple helix. The molecular details of the assembly of gC1q otolin-1 trimers are not known. Here, we substituted putative Ca2+-binding acidic residues of gC1q otolin-1 with alanine to analyse how alanine influences the formation of gC1q trimers. We used human and zebrafish gC1q otolin-1 to assess how evolutionary changes affected the function of the protein. Surprisingly, the mutated forms of gC1q otolin-1 trimerized even in the absence of Ca2+, although they were less stable than native proteins saturated with Ca2+. We also found that the zebrafish gC1q domain was less stable than the human homologue under all tested conditions and became stabilized at higher concentrations of Ca2+, which showed that specific interactions leading to the neutralization of the negative charge at the axis of a gC1q trimer by Ca2+ are required for the trimers to form. Moreover, human gC1q otolin-1 seems to be optimized to function at lower concentrations of Ca2+, which is consistent with reported Ca2+ concentrations in the endolymphs of fish and mammals. Our results allow us to explain the molecular mechanism of assembly of proteins from the C1q superfamily, the modulating role of Ca2+ and expand the knowledge of biomineralization of vertebrate inner ear stones: otoliths and otoconia.
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Athanasiadou D, Jiang W, Reznikov N, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Kröger R, Bilton M, González-Segura A, Hu Y, Nelea V, McKee MD. Nanostructure of mouse otoconia. J Struct Biol 2020; 210:107489. [PMID: 32142754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian otoconia of the inner ear vestibular apparatus are calcium carbonate-containing mineralized structures critical for maintaining balance and detecting linear acceleration. The mineral phase of otoconia is calcite, which coherently diffracts X-rays much like a single-crystal. Otoconia contain osteopontin (OPN), a mineral-binding protein influencing mineralization processes in bones, teeth and avian eggshells, for example, and in pathologic mineral deposits. Here we describe mineral nanostructure and the distribution of OPN in mouse otoconia. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy of intact and cleaved mouse otoconia revealed an internal nanostructure (~50 nm). Transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography of focused ion beam-prepared sections of otoconia confirmed this mineral nanostructure, and identified even smaller (~10 nm) nanograin dimensions. X-ray diffraction of mature otoconia (8-day-old mice) showed crystallite size in a similar range (73 nm and smaller). Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopy - both methods being sensitive to the detection of crystalline and amorphous forms in the sample - showed no evidence of amorphous calcium carbonate in these mature otoconia. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy combined with colloidal-gold immunolabeling for OPN revealed that this protein was located at the surface of the otoconia, correlating with a site where surface nanostructure was observed. OPN addition to calcite growing in vitro produced similar surface nanostructure. These findings provide details on the composition and nanostructure of mammalian otoconia, and suggest that while OPN may influence surface rounding and surface nanostructure in otoconia, other incorporated proteins (also possibly including OPN) likely participate in creating internal nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenge Jiang
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | | | | | - Roland Kröger
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Matthew Bilton
- Imaging Centre at Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | | | - Yongfeng Hu
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Valentin Nelea
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Marc D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada.
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Walther LE, Wulfes J, Blödow A, Kniep R. Magnesium as an intrinsic component of human otoconia. Acta Otolaryngol 2018; 138:775-778. [PMID: 29764268 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2018.1467572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate morphology changes of artificial otoconia (CGC) in the presence of magnesium during growth under in vitro conditions. METHODS Investigating human otoconia by environmental scanning electron microscope and determining their magnesium content by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). Comparing structural and morphological data of human and artificial otoconia (CGC, Ca1Mg0) without and with magnesium substitution (Ca1-xMgx). RESULTS EDX- and X-ray data reveals that the inorganic component in human otoconia consists of calcite containing a minor amount of magnesium substitution (Ca1-xMgx). CGC containing magnesium (length 397.0 ± 146.4 µm, diameter 325.6 ± 100.1 µm) are slimmer and significantly smaller (p < .01) than pure CGC (length 548.6 ± 160 µm, diameter 373.0 ± 110.4 µm) and reveal a significant influence on the final morphology. The length/diameter ratio is significantly higher by incorporation of magnesium into CGC (1.84 ± 0.25 µm versus 1.48 ± 0.11 µm in pure CGC, p < .01), which brings the overall shape to a close relationship with human otoconia (1.98 ± 0.08 µm). CONCLUSIONS Magnesium is an intrinsic component of human otoconia by partial substitution of calcium in the calcite crystal structure (Ca1-xMgx) and affects the development of the shape of artificial otoconia (calcite gelatin composites, CGC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Erik Walther
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Wulfes
- Chemical Physics of Solids, Max Planck Institute, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Blödow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Medizinische Fakultät, Halle, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Kniep
- Chemical Physics of Solids, Max Planck Institute, Dresden, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York City, New York 10003, United States
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Kniep R, Zahn D, Wulfes J, Walther LE. The sense of balance in humans: Structural features of otoconia and their response to linear acceleration. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175769. [PMID: 28406968 PMCID: PMC5391102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the functional role of individual otoconia within the otolith system of mammalians responsible for the detection of linear accelerations and head tilts in relation to the gravity vector. Details of the inner structure and the shape of intact human and artificial otoconia were studied using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), including decalcification by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to discriminate local calcium carbonate density. Considerable differences between the rhombohedral faces of human and artificial otoconia already indicate that the inner architecture of otoconia is not consistent with the point group -3m. This is clearly confirmed by decalcified otoconia specimen which are characterized by a non-centrosymmetric volume distribution of the compact 3+3 branches. This structural evidence for asymmetric mass distribution was further supported by light microscopy in combination with a high speed camera showing the movement of single otoconia specimen (artificial specimen) under gravitational influence within a viscous medium (artificial endolymph). Moreover, the response of otoconia to linear acceleration forces was investigated by particle dynamics simulations. Both, time-resolved microscopy and computer simulations of otoconia acceleration show that the dislocation of otoconia include significant rotational movement stemming from density asymmetry. Based on these findings, we suggest an otolith membrane expansion/stiffening mechanism for enhanced response to linear acceleration transmitted to the vestibular hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Kniep
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Computer Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Wulfes
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leif Erik Walther
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Walther LE. [Otoconia : Current aspects of research]. HNO 2016; 64:767-76. [PMID: 27590488 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-016-0234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Otoconia are calcite-based nanocomposites containing >90 % calcite and <10 % organic material. The mean size is approximately 10 µm. The external structure of all otoconia in the utricle and saccule is similar, with a cylindrical bulbous body with a slightly hexagonal contour. The internal structure consists of a composite with varying volume thickness, dense branching structures (branches) and less dense surrounding areas (bellies). Intact otoconia can be clearly identified only by scanning electron microscopy. In the case of morphological changes (e.g. due to "degeneration") the origin of even very small particles of otoconia can be assigned using physical and chemical analytical methods. The inorganic component of otoconia (calcite) is extremely sensitive to chemical influences, which leads to morphological alterations. A "degeneration" of otoconia can be objectively accomplished in vitro by alterations in pH, electrolyte imbalance and by the influence of complex formation. These three main processes then lead to irreversible morphological alterations. Artificial (biomimetic) otoconia serve as a suitable model system for detailed investigation of growth and degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Walther
- HNO-Gemeinschaftspraxis, Main-Taunus-Zentrum, 65843, Sulzbach (Taunus), Deutschland.
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Fu M, Wang A, Zhang X, Dai L, Li J. Direct Observation of the Distribution of Gelatin in Calcium Carbonate Crystals by Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Anhe Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Luru Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
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Fu M, Wang A, Zhang X, Dai L, Li J. Direct Observation of the Distribution of Gelatin in Calcium Carbonate Crystals by Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:908-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Anhe Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Luru Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Junbai Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
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Kniep R. Otoconia: Mimicking a calcite-based functional material of the human body. From basic research to medical aspects. PURE APPL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2015-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOtoconia (calcite-based biominerals) are part of the sensory system in the inner ear of vertebrates, acting as gravity receptors responding to linear accelerations. Biomimetic otoconia are grown by double-diffusion into gelatine-gel matrices, and represent the first example of successful imitation of a biomineral, not only in outer shape but also in composite structure and hierarchical inner architecture. Biomimetic and biogenic (human) otoconia are investigated by X-ray methods, chemical analytics, ESEM, and TEM. Shape development (morphogenesis) as well as (partial) dissolution of the calcite component of the composite underline the hierarchical inner architecture built of more dense rhombohedral branches (with plane end-faces) and a rounded, more porous belly area. Atomistic simulations are performed in order to get insight into very first nucleation steps. Based on the detailed observations made up to now, first assumptions for the function of otoconia are developed, including the questions of density distribution within the volume of the specimen, the surrounding endolymph, as well as anchoring and interconnections of otoconia. A final point concerns the degeneration of otoconia which is caused by complexing agents and/or changes in ion concentrations (and pH) of the endolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Kniep
- 1Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Kniep R, Buder J, Blödow A, Walther LE. Destructive properties of formalin on human otoconia. Histol Histopathol 2015. [DOI: 10.7243/2055-091x-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Walther LE, Blödow A, Buder J, Kniep R. Principles of calcite dissolution in human and artificial otoconia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102516. [PMID: 25048115 PMCID: PMC4105460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human otoconia provide mechanical stimuli to deflect hair cells of the vestibular sensory epithelium for purposes of detecting linear acceleration and head tilts. During lifetime, the volume and number of otoconia are gradually reduced. In a process of degeneration morphological changes occur. Structural changes in human otoconia are assumed to cause vertigo and balance disorders such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The aim of this study was to investigate the main principles of morphological changes in human otoconia in dissolution experiments by exposure to hydrochloric acid, EDTA, demineralized water and completely purified water respectively. For comparison reasons artificial (biomimetic) otoconia (calcite gelatin nanocomposits) and natural calcite were used. Morphological changes were detected in time steps by the use of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Under in vitro conditions three main dissolution mechanisms were identified as causing characteristic morphological changes of the specimen under consideration: pH drops in the acidic range, complex formation with calcium ions and changes of ion concentrations in the vicinity of otoconia. Shifts in pH cause a more uniform reduction of otoconia size (isotropic dissolution) whereas complexation reactions and changes of the ionic concentrations within the surrounding medium bring about preferred attacks at specific areas (anisotropic dissolution) of human and artificial otoconia. Owing to successive reduction of material, all the dissolution mechanisms finally produce fragments and remnants of otoconia. It can be assumed that the organic component of otoconia is not significantly attacked under the given conditions. Artificial otoconia serve as a suitable model system mimicking chemical attacks on biogenic specimens. The underlying principles of calcite dissolution under in vitro conditions may play a role in otoconia degeneration processes such as BPPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Erik Walther
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexander Blödow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helios Clinic Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Buder
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Kniep
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany
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Walther LE, Wenzel A, Buder J, Blödow A, Kniep R. Gentamicin-induced structural damage of human and artificial (biomimetic) otoconia. Acta Otolaryngol 2014; 134:111-7. [PMID: 24215218 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2013.849384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Gentamicin causes irreversible structural damage of human and artificial otoconia by progressive dissolution of calcite. The inner architecture of otoconia is strongly affected by degradation scenarios during gentamicin exposure. Artificial otoconia can be used as a model system mimicking the chemical attacks for detailed investigations. OBJECTIVES To investigate the chemical interactions of gentamicin with natural calcite and human and artificial otoconia under in vivo conditions. METHODS Pure calcite crystals and artificial and human otoconia were exposed to gentamicin injection solutions at various concentrations. Morphological changes were observed in time steps by the use of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). RESULTS Dissolution of pure calcite crystals results in the formation of well oriented nanoshoots indicating an irreversible chemical reaction with gentamicin. Human and artificial otoconia reveal irreversible structural changes of their surface areas as well as of their inner structure, resulting in characteristic changes at different gentamicin concentrations. Minor changes are first observed by surface alterations and dissolution of calcite in the belly region. Major changes result in further reduction of the belly area reaching the center of symmetry. Finally, a complete dissolution of the branches takes place. Artificial otoconia provide detailed insight into surface alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Erik Walther
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
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