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Borg RE, Ozbakir HF, Xu B, Li E, Fang X, Peng H, Chen IA, Mukherjee A. Genetically engineered filamentous phage for bacterial detection using magnetic resonance imaging. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2023; 2:948-955. [PMID: 38405385 PMCID: PMC10888512 DOI: 10.1039/d3sd00026e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Detecting bacterial cells with high specificity in deep tissues is challenging. Optical probes provide specificity, but are limited by the scattering and absorption of light in biological tissues. Conversely, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows unfettered access to deep tissues, but lacks contrast agents for detecting specific bacterial strains. Here, we introduce a biomolecular platform that combines both capabilities by exploiting the modularity of M13 phage to target bacteria with tunable specificity and allow deep-tissue imaging using T1-weighted MRI. We engineered two types of phage probes: one for detecting the phage's natural host, viz., F-pilus expressing E. coli; and the other for detecting a different (F-negative) bacterial target, V. cholerae. We show that these phage sensors generate 3-9-fold stronger T1 relaxation upon recognizing target cells relative to non-target bacteria. We further establish a preliminary proof-of-concept for in vivo applications, by demonstrating that phage-labeled bacteria can be detected in mice using MRI. The framework developed in this study may have potential utility in a broad range of applications, from basic biomedical research to in situ diagnostics, which require methods to detect and track specific bacteria in the context of intact living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Borg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Harun F Ozbakir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Binzhi Xu
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eugene Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Xiwen Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Huan Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Irene A Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arnab Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Biological Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Urnezius E, Gushtyuk EI, Huynh BQ, Young BM, Valente EJ. Synthesis and structures of EOM-protected 2,6-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-methylphenol and its deprotected P-chalcogenides, 2,6-bis(Ph 2P = E)-4-methylphenols (E = O, S, Se). PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2134374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenijus Urnezius
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Bao Q. Huynh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brytney M. Young
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Edward J. Valente
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Li T, Yang M, Yao Q, Xie X, Hu HY. Gadolinium-Labeled Aminoglycoside and Its Potential Application as a Bacteria-Targeting Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1934-1940. [PMID: 29293308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful diagnostic technique that can penetrate deep into tissue providing excellent spatial resolution without the need for ionizing radiation or harmful radionuclides. However, diagnosing bacterial infections in vivo with clinical MRI is severely hampered by the lack of contrast agents with high relaxivity, targeting capabilities, and bacterial penetration and specificity. Here, we report the development of the first gadolinium (Gd)-based bacteria-specific targeting MRI contrast agent, probe 1, by conjugating neomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, with Dotarem (Gd-DOTA, an FDA approved T1-weighted MRI contrast agent). The T1 relaxivity of probe 1 was found to be comparable to that of Gd-DOTA; additionally, probe 1-treated bacteria generated a significantly brighter T1-weighted MR signal than Gd-DOTA-treated bacteria. More importantly, in vitro cellular studies and preliminary in vivo MRI demonstrated probe 1 exhibits the ability to efficiently target bacteria over macrophage-like cells, indicating its great potential for high-resolution imaging of bacterial infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan, Shandong 250200, China.,Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province , Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | | | | | | | - Qingqiang Yao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province , Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Xilei Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014, China
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Giovenzana GB, Lattuada L, Negri R. Recent Advances in Bifunctional Paramagnetic Chelates for MRI. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni B. Giovenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”; L.go Donegani 2/3 I-28100 Novara Italy
| | - Luciano Lattuada
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre; Via Ribes 5 I-10010 Colleretto Giacosa TO, Italy
| | - Roberto Negri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco; Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”; L.go Donegani 2/3 I-28100 Novara Italy
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Alizadeh M, Wood RL, Buchanan CM, Bledsoe CG, Wood ME, McClellan DS, Blanco R, Ravsten TV, Husseini GA, Hickey CL, Robison RA, Pitt WG. Rapid separation of bacteria from blood - Chemical aspects. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 154:365-372. [PMID: 28365426 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To rapidly diagnose infectious organisms causing blood sepsis, bacteria must be rapidly separated from blood, a very difficult process considering that concentrations of bacteria are many orders of magnitude lower than concentrations of blood cells. We have successfully separated bacteria from red and white blood cells using a sedimentation process in which the separation is driven by differences in density and size. Seven mL of whole human blood spiked with bacteria is placed in a 12-cm hollow disk and spun at 3000rpm for 1min. The red and white cells sediment more than 30-fold faster than bacteria, leaving much of the bacteria in the plasma. When the disk is slowly decelerated, the plasma flows to a collection site and the red and white cells are trapped in the disk. Analysis of the recovered plasma shows that about 36% of the bacteria is recovered in the plasma. The plasma is not perfectly clear of red blood cells, but about 94% have been removed. This paper describes the effects of various chemical aspects of this process, including the influence of anticoagulant chemistry on the separation efficiency and the use of wetting agents and platelet aggregators that may influence the bacterial recovery. In a clinical scenario, the recovered bacteria can be subsequently analyzed to determine their species and resistance to various antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alizadeh
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Ryan L Wood
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Clara M Buchanan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Colin G Bledsoe
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Madison E Wood
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Daniel S McClellan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Rae Blanco
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Tanner V Ravsten
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Ghaleb A Husseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Caroline L Hickey
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States
| | - William G Pitt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States.
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Rice DR, Clear KJ, Smith BD. Imaging and therapeutic applications of zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine molecular probes for anionic biomembranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8787-801. [PMID: 27302091 PMCID: PMC4949593 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03669d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This feature article describes the development of synthetic zinc(ii)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) receptors as selective targeting agents for anionic membranes in cell culture and living subjects. There is a strong connection between anionic cell surface charge and disease, and ZnDPA probes have been employed extensively for molecular imaging and targeted therapeutics. Fluorescence and nuclear imaging applications include detection of diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, arthritis, and microbial infection, and also quantification of cell death caused by therapy. Therapeutic applications include selective targeting of cytotoxic agents and drug delivery systems, photodynamic inactivation, and modulation of the immune system. The article concludes with a summary of expected future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
| | - Kasey J Clear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
| | - Bradley D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556 IN, USA.
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Pitt WG, Alizadeh M, Husseini GA, McClellan DS, Buchanan CM, Bledsoe CG, Robison RA, Blanco R, Roeder BL, Melville M, Hunter AK. Rapid separation of bacteria from blood-review and outlook. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:823-39. [PMID: 27160415 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality rate of bloodstream infections involving antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitate a rapid identification of the infectious organism and its resistance profile. Traditional methods based on culturing the blood typically require at least 24 h, and genetic amplification by PCR in the presence of blood components has been problematic. The rapid separation of bacteria from blood would facilitate their genetic identification by PCR or other methods so that the proper antibiotic regimen can quickly be selected for the septic patient. Microfluidic systems that separate bacteria from whole blood have been developed, but these are designed to process only microliter quantities of whole blood or only highly diluted blood. However, symptoms of clinical blood infections can be manifest with bacterial burdens perhaps as low as 10 CFU/mL, and thus milliliter quantities of blood must be processed to collect enough bacteria for reliable genetic analysis. This review considers the advantages and shortcomings of various methods to separate bacteria from blood, with emphasis on techniques that can be done in less than 10 min on milliliter-quantities of whole blood. These techniques include filtration, screening, centrifugation, sedimentation, hydrodynamic focusing, chemical capture on surfaces or beads, field-flow fractionation, and dielectrophoresis. Techniques with the most promise include screening, sedimentation, and magnetic bead capture, as they allow large quantities of blood to be processed quickly. Some microfluidic techniques can be scaled up. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:823-839, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Pitt
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Mahsa Alizadeh
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Ghaleb A Husseini
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | - Clara M Buchanan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Colin G Bledsoe
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Richard A Robison
- Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Rae Blanco
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | | | - Madison Melville
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Alex K Hunter
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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Rice DR, Plaunt AJ, Turkyilmaz S, Smith M, Wang Y, Rusckowski M, Smith BD. Evaluation of [¹¹¹In]-labeled zinc-dipicolylamine tracers for SPECT imaging of bacterial infection. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:204-13. [PMID: 25115869 PMCID: PMC4515950 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study prepared three structurally related zinc-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) tracers with [(111)In] labels and conducted biodistribution and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging studies of a mouse leg infection model. PROCEDURES Two monovalent tracers, ZnDPA-[(111)In]DTPA and ZnDPA-[(111)In]DOTA, each with a single zinc-dipicolylamine targeting unit, and a divalent tracer, Bis(ZnDPA)-[(111)In]DTPA, with two zinc-dipicolylamine units were prepared. Organ biodistribution and SPECT and CT imaging studies were performed on living mice with a leg infection created by injection of clinically relevant Gram positive Streptococcus pyogenes. Fluorescent and luminescent Eu(3+)-labeled versions of these tracers were also prepared and used to measure relative affinity for the exterior membrane surface of bacterial cells and mimics of healthy mammalian cells. RESULTS All three (111)In-labeled radiotracers were prepared with a radiopurity of >90 %. The biodistribution studies showed that the two monovalent tracers were cleared from the body through the liver and kidney, with retained percentage injected dose for all organs of <8 % at 20 h and infected leg target to non-target ratio (T/NT) ratio of ≤3.0. Clearance of the divalent tracer from the bloodstream was slower and primarily through the liver, with a retained percentage injected dose for all organs <37 % at 20 h and T/NT ratio rising to 6.2 after 20 h. The SPECT/CT imaging indicated the same large difference in tracer pharmacokinetics and higher accumulation of the divalent tracer at the site of infection. CONCLUSIONS All three [(111)In]-ZnDPA tracers selectively targeted the site of a clinically relevant mouse infection model that could not be discerned by visual external inspection of the living animal. The highest target selectivity, observed with a divalent tracer equipped with two zinc-dipicolylamine targeting units, compares quite favorably with the imaging selectivities previously reported for other nuclear tracers that target bacterial cell surfaces. The tracer pharmacokinetics depended heavily on tracer molecular structure suggesting that it may be possible to rapidly fine tune the structural properties for optimized in vivo imaging performance and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Rice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Plaunt AJ, Clear KJ, Smith BD. ¹⁹F NMR indicator displacement assay using a synthetic receptor with appended paramagnetic relaxation agent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10499-501. [PMID: 25069015 PMCID: PMC4162400 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An admixture of zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) receptor with covalently attached paramagnetic relaxation agent and fluorine-labeled phosphate indicator enables (19)F NMR detection of phosphorylated analytes with amplified switched-on signal intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Plaunt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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Designing reactivity-based responsive lanthanide probes for multicolor detection in biological systems. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C. Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Lauren M. Matosziuk
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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Hung AH, Duch MC, Parigi G, Rotz MW, Manus LM, Mastarone DJ, Dam KT, Gits CC, MacRenaris KW, Luchinat C, Hersam MC, Meade TJ. Mechanisms of Gadographene-Mediated Proton Spin Relaxation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2013; 117:10.1021/jp406909b. [PMID: 24298299 PMCID: PMC3843495 DOI: 10.1021/jp406909b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gd(III) associated with carbon nanomaterials relaxes water proton spins at an effectiveness that approaches or exceeds the theoretical limit for a single bound water molecule. These Gd(III)-labeled materials represent a potential breakthrough in sensitivity for Gd(III)-based contrast agents used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, their mechanism of action remains unclear. A gadographene library encompassing GdCl3, two different Gd(III)-complexes, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene suspended by two different surfactants and subjected to varying degrees of sonication was prepared and characterized for their relaxometric properties. Gadographene was found to perform comparably to other Gd(III)-carbon nanomaterials; its longitudinal (r1) and transverse (r2) relaxivity is modulated between 12-85 mM-1s-1 and 24-115 mM-1s-1, respectively, depending on the Gd(III)-carbon backbone combination. The unusually large relaxivity and its variance can be understood under the modified Florence model incorporating the Lipari-Szabo approach. Changes in hydration number (q), water residence time (τM), molecular tumbling rate (τR), and local motion (τfast) sufficiently explain most of the measured relaxivities. Furthermore, results implicated the coupling between graphene and Gd(III) as a minor contributor to proton spin relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy H. Hung
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Matthew C. Duch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Florence, Italy
| | - Matthew W. Rotz
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Lisa M. Manus
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Daniel J. Mastarone
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kevin T. Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Colton C. Gits
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Keith W. MacRenaris
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- CERM and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Florence, Italy
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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