1
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Sidorenko GV, Miroslavov AE, Tyupina MY. Technetium(I) carbonyl complexes for nuclear medicine: Coordination-chemical aspect. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Synthesis of Novel Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines with Affinity for β-Amyloid Plaques. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines were synthesized via the cyclization of 5-amino-1-phenylpyrazole with the corresponding unsaturated ketone in the catalytic presence of ZrCl4. The ketones were afforded by modifying a stabilized ylide facilitated Wittig reaction in fairly high yields. The novel compounds exhibited exciting photophysical properties with the dimethylamine phenyl-bearing pyrazolopyridine showing exceptionally large Stoke’s shifts. Finally, both the dimethylamino- and the pyrene-substituted compounds demonstrated high and selective binding to amyloid plaques of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient brain slices upon fluorescent confocal microscopy observation. These results reveal the potential application of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines in the development of AD amyloid plaque probes of various modalities for AD diagnosis.
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3
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Spyrou B, Hungnes IN, Mota F, Bordoloi J, Blower PJ, White JM, Ma MT, Donnelly PS. Oxorhenium(V) and Oxotechnetium(V) Complexes of N 3S Tetradentate Ligands with a Styrylpyridyl Functional Group: Toward Imaging Agents to Assist in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13669-13680. [PMID: 34424670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the presence of amyloid plaques in the brain mainly comprised of aggregated forms of amyloid-β (Aβ). Molecules radiolabeled with technetium-99m that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and selectively bind to Aβ plaques have the potential to assist in the diagnosis of AD using single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. In this work, three new tetradentate ligands of pyridyl, amide, amine and thiol donors, featuring a styrylpyridyl group that is known to interact with amyloid plaques, were prepared. The new ligands formed charge-neutral and lipophilic complexes with the [Tc═O]3+ and [Re═O]3+ motifs, and two rhenium complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The rhenium(V) complexes interact with synthetic Aβ1-40 and amyloid plaques on human brain tissue. Two of the new ligands were radiolabeled with 99mTc using a kit-based approach, and their biodistribution in wild-type mice was evaluated. The presence of amide donors in the tetradentate ligand increased the stability of the respective [Tc═O]3+ complexes but reduced brain uptake. While the complexes were able to cross the BBB, the degree of uptake in the brain was not sufficient to justify further investigation of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spyrou
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ingebjørg N Hungnes
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Mota
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jayanta Bordoloi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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4
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Lengacher R, Alberto R. Bioorganometallics: 99mTc cytectrenes, syntheses and applications in nuclear medicine. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Molavipordanjani S, Emami S, Hosseinimehr SJ. 99mTc-labeled Small Molecules for Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Recent and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2166-2189. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180410104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disease.
Its prominent hallmarks are extracellular deposition of β-amyloids (amyloid plaques), intracellular
neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs), neurodegeneration and finally loss of cognitive function. Hence, AD diagnosis
in the early stage and monitoring of the disease are of great importance.
Methods:
In this review article, we have reviewed recent efforts for design, synthesis and evaluation of
99mTc labeled small molecule for AD imaging purposes.
Results:
These small molecules include derivatives of Congo red, benzothiazole, benzofuran, benzoxazole,
naphthalene, biphenyl, chalcone, flavone, aurone, stilbene, curcumin, dibenzylideneacetone,
quinoxaline, etc. The different aspects of 99mTc-labeled small molecules including chemical structure,
their affinity toward amyloid plaques, BBB permeation and in vivo/vitro stability will be discussed.
Conclusion:
The findings of this review confirm the importance of 99mTc-labeled small molecules for AD
imaging. Future studies based on the pharmacophore of these designed compounds are needed for improvement
of these molecules for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Molavipordanjani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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6
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Sagnou M, Mavroidi B, Shegani A, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Raptopoulou C, Psycharis V, Pirmettis I, Papadopoulos MS, Pelecanou M. Remarkable Brain Penetration of Cyclopentadienyl M(CO)3+ (M = 99mTc, Re) Derivatives of Benzothiazole and Benzimidazole Paves the Way for Their Application as Diagnostic, with Single-Photon-Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2638-2650. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Kiritsis C, Mavroidi B, Shegani A, Palamaris L, Loudos G, Sagnou M, Pirmettis I, Papadopoulos M, Pelecanou M. 2-(4'-Aminophenyl)benzothiazole Labeled with 99mTc-Cyclopentadienyl for Imaging β-Amyloid Plaques. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1089-1092. [PMID: 29057056 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a 99mTc-radiotracer for imaging of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is strongly anticipated to provide a low cost and broadly accessible diagnostic tool for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Within this framework, 2-(4'-aminophenyl)benzothiazole, known to display affinity and specificity for Aβ plaques, has been joined to the tricarbonyl fac-[M(CO)3]+ (M = Re(I), 99mTc(I)) core through the cyclopentadienyl moiety to yield stable, neutral, and lipophilic complexes (Re-1 and 99mTc-1, respectively). The Re-1 complex was completely characterized with spectroscopic methods and was shown to selectively stain Aβ plaques on sections of human AD brain tissue. The 99mTc-1 complex displayed satisfactory initial brain uptake (0.53% ID/g at 2 min) and in vivo stability in healthy mice, while in transgenic 5xFAD mice, models for AD, a notable retention in the brain was noted (1.94% ID/g at 90 min). The results are encouraging and contribute to the effort of developing a SPECT amyloid imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lazaros Palamaris
- Department
of Medical Instruments Technology, Technological Educational Institute, 12210 Athens, Greece
| | - George Loudos
- Department
of Medical Instruments Technology, Technological Educational Institute, 12210 Athens, Greece
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8
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Langdon-Jones EE, Jones AB, Williams CF, Hayes AJ, Lloyd D, Mottram HJ, Pope SJA. Anticancer, Azonafide-Inspired Fluorescent Ligands and Their Rhenium(I) Complexes for Cellular Imaging. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariana B. Jones
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; CF10 3AT Cardiff UK
| | - Catrin F. Williams
- School of Engineering; Cardiff University; CF24 3AA Cardiff UK
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; CF10 3AT Cardiff UK
| | | | - David Lloyd
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; CF10 3AT Cardiff UK
| | - Huw J. Mottram
- School of Pharmacy; Cardiff University; CF10 3NB Cardiff UK
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9
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Chan CY, Noor A, McLean CA, Donnelly PS, Barnard PJ. Rhenium(i) complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands that bind to amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2311-2314. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc10066j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhenium(i) complexes of tridentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands that bind to amyloid plaques in human brain tissue are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Ying Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Australia
| | - Asif Noor
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne, Parkville
- Australia
| | - Catriona A. McLean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne, Parkville
- Australia
| | - Peter J. Barnard
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science
- La Trobe University
- Australia
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10
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Exploring EPR Parameters of 99Tc Complexes for Designing New MRI Probes: Coordination Environment, Solvent, and Thermal Effects on the Spectroscopic Properties. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/8102812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the solvent and thermal effects on spectroscopic parameters of 99Tc complexes coordinated to explicit water molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed followed by hyperfine coupling constant calculations (Aiso). Our results show a significant increase of Aiso, which demonstrates that the studied compounds can be promising contrast agents in MRI.
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11
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Wedding JL, Harris HH, Bader CA, Plush SE, Mak R, Massi M, Brooks DA, Lai B, Vogt S, Werrett MV, Simpson PV, Skelton BW, Stagni S. Intracellular distribution and stability of a luminescent rhenium(i) tricarbonyl tetrazolato complex using epifluorescence microscopy in conjunction with X-ray fluorescence imaging. Metallomics 2017; 9:382-390. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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2-Arylbenzothiazoles labeled with [CpRe/ 99m Tc(CO) 3 ] and evaluated as β -amyloid imaging probes. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:763-772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Hayne DJ, White JM, McLean CA, Villemagne VL, Barnham KJ, Donnelly PS. Synthesis of Oxorhenium(V) and Oxotechnetium(V) Complexes That Bind to Amyloid-β Plaques. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7944-53. [PMID: 27459001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques in the brain. The primary constituents of the plaques are aggregated forms of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. With the goal of preparing technetium-99(m) complexes that bind to Aβ plaques with the potential to be diagnostic imaging agents for Alzheimer's disease, new tetradentate ligands capable of forming neutral and lipophilic complexes with oxotechentium(V) and oxorhenium(V) were prepared. Nonradioactive isotopes of technetium are not available so rhenium was used as a surrogate for exploratory chemistry. Two planar tetradentate N3O ligands were prepared that form charge-neutral complexes with oxorhenium(v) as well as a ligand featuring a styrylpyridyl functional group designed to bind to Aβ plaques. All three ligands formed complexes with oxorhenium(V), and each complex was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The oxorhenium(V) complex with a styrylpyridyl functional group binds to Aβ plaques present in post-mortem human brain tissue. The chemistry was extrapolated to technetium-99(m) at the tracer level for two of the ligands. The resulting oxotechnetium(V) complexes were sufficiently lipophilic and charge-neutral to suggest that they have the potential to cross the blood-brain barrier but exhibited modest stability with respect to exchange with histidine. The chemistry presented here identifies a strategy to integrate styrylpyridyl functional groups into tetradentate ligands capable of forming complexes with [M═O](3+) cores (M = Re or Tc).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health , 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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14
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North AJ, Hayne DJ, Schieber C, Price K, White AR, Crouch PJ, Rigopoulos A, O'Keefe GJ, Tochon-Danguy H, Scott AM, White JM, Ackermann U, Donnelly PS. Toward hypoxia-selective rhenium and technetium tricarbonyl complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9594-610. [PMID: 26375592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of preparing hypoxia-selective imaging and therapeutic agents, technetium(I) and rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with pyridylhydrazone, dipyridylamine, and pyridylaminocarboxylate ligands containing nitrobenzyl or nitroimidazole functional groups have been prepared. The rhenium tricarbonyl complexes were synthesized with short reaction times using microwave irradiation. Rhenium tricarbonyl complexes with deprotonated p-nitrophenyl pyridylhydrazone ligands are luminescent, and this has been used to track their uptake in HeLa cells using confocal fluorescent microscopy. Selected rhenium tricarbonyl complexes displayed higher uptake in hypoxic cells when compared to normoxic cells. A (99m)Tc tricarbonyl complex with a dipyridylamine ligand bearing a nitroimidazole functional group is stable in human serum and was shown to localize in a human renal cell carcinoma (RCC; SK-RC-52) tumor in a mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , Melbourne-Austin Branch, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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15
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Jia J, Cui M, Dai J, Liu B. 2-Phenylbenzothiazole conjugated with cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl [CpM(CO)3] (M = Re,99mTc) complexes as potential imaging probes for β-amyloid plaques. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:6406-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00023h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
[CpM(CO)3] (M = Re,99mTc)-labeled 2-phenylbenzothiazoles designed by a conjugate approach were evaluated as SPECT tracers for Aβ plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Jia
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan 430074
- P. R. China
| | - Boli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
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16
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Alkoxy bridged binuclear rhenium (I) complexes as a potential sensor for β-amyloid aggregation. Talanta 2014; 130:274-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Yang Y, Cui M. Radiolabeled bioactive benzoheterocycles for imaging β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:703-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Mancini DT, Souza EF, Caetano MS, Ramalho TC. 99Tc NMR as a promising technique for structural investigation of biomolecules: theoretical studies on the solvent and thermal effects of phenylbenzothiazole complex. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:129-137. [PMID: 24446055 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The phenylbenzothiazole compounds show antitumor properties and are highly selective. In this paper, the (99)Tc chemical shifts based on the ((99m)Tc)(CO)3 (NNO) complex conjugated to the antitumor agent 2-(4'-aminophenyl)benzothiazole are reported. Thermal and solvent effects were studied computationally by quantum-chemical methods, using the density functional theory (DFT) (DFT level BPW91/aug-cc-pVTZ for the Tc and BPW91/IGLO-II for the other atoms) to compute the NMR parameters for the complex. We have calculated the (99)Tc NMR chemical shifts of the complex in gas phase and solution using different solvation models (polarizable continuum model and explicit solvation). To evaluate the thermal effect, molecular dynamics simulations were carried, using the atom-centered density matrix propagation method at the DFT level (BP86/LanL2dz). The results highlight that the (99)Tc NMR spectroscopy can be a promising technique for structural investigation of biomolecules, at the molecular level, in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana T Mancini
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Brazil
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19
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Hayne DJ, Lim S, Donnelly PS. Metal complexes designed to bind to amyloid-β for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6701-15. [PMID: 24671229 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of age-related neurodegenerative dementia. The disease is characterised by the presence of plaques in the cerebral cortex. The major constituent of these plaques is aggregated amyloid-β peptide. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of metal complexes designed to bind to amyloid-β. The development of radioactive metal-based complexes of copper and technetium designed as diagnostic imaging agents to detect amyloid burden in the brain is discussed. Separate sections of the review discuss the use of luminescent metal complexes to act as non-conventional probes of amyloid formation and recent research into the use of metal complexes as inhibitors of amyloid formation and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hayne
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
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20
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Langdon-Jones EE, Symonds NO, Yates SE, Hayes AJ, Lloyd D, Williams R, Coles SJ, Horton PN, Pope SJ. Fluorescent Rhenium-Naphthalimide Conjugates as Cellular Imaging Agents. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3788-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500142z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Langdon-Jones
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Nadine O. Symonds
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Sara E. Yates
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- School
of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - David Lloyd
- School
of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Rebecca Williams
- School
of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Simon J. Coles
- National
Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental
Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, England, U.K
| | - Peter N. Horton
- National
Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental
Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, England, U.K
| | - Simon J.A. Pope
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
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