1
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Rai RK, Karri R, Dubey KD, Roy G. Regulation of Tyrosinase Enzyme Activity by Glutathione Peroxidase Mimics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9730-9747. [PMID: 35861245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide plays a crucial role in the melanogenesis process by regulating the activity of the key melanin-forming enzyme tyrosinase, responsible for the browning of fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Therefore, a molecule with dual activities, both efficient tyrosinase inhibition and strong hydrogen peroxide degrading ability, may act as a promising antibrowning agent. Herein, we report highly efficient selone-based mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors 2 and 3 with remarkable glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme-like activity. The presence of benzimidazole moiety enhances the tyrosinase inhibition efficiency of selone 2 (IC50 = 0.4 μM) by almost 600 times higher than imidazole-based selone 1 (IC50 = 238 μM). Interestingly, the addition of another aromatic ring to the benzimidazole moiety has led to the development of an efficient lipid-soluble tyrosinase inhibitor 3 (IC50 = 2.4 μM). The selenium center and the -NH group of 2 and 3 are extremely crucial to exhibit high GPx-like activity and tyrosinase inhibition potency. The hydrophobic moiety of the inhibitors (2 and 3) further assists them in tightly binding at the active site of the enzyme and facilitates the C═Se group to strongly coordinate with the copper ions. Inhibitor 2 exhibited excellent antibrowning and polyphenol oxidase inhibition properties in banana and apple juice extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
| | - Ramesh Karri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Gouriprasanna Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
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2
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Tupikina EY. Non-covalent interactions in the glutathione peroxidase active center and their influence on the enzyme activity. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5551-5557. [PMID: 35791825 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00890d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this computational work, the structure of the active center of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (in three forms -SeH, -SeOH and -Se(O)OH) and the non-covalent interactions in it were investigated using modern quantum chemistry methods. The non-covalent interactions are described in detail. The presence of σ-hole interactions (chalcogen, tetrel and pnictogen bonds) formed mostly by a selenium atom as an electrophile in the glutathione peroxidase active center is confirmed for the first time. It is shown that a number of non-covalent interactions stabilize intermediates along the catalytic cycle and that modelling of the whole enzyme active center is necessary for accurate predictions of thermodynamic parameters, in particular, activation barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Tupikina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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3
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Orian L, Flohé L. Selenium-Catalyzed Reduction of Hydroperoxides in Chemistry and Biology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1560. [PMID: 34679695 PMCID: PMC8533274 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the chalcogens, selenium is the key element for catalyzed H2O2 reduction. In organic synthesis, catalytic amounts of organo mono- and di-selenides are largely used in different classes of oxidations, in which H2O2 alone is poorly efficient. Biological hydroperoxide metabolism is dominated by peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases, which balance hydroperoxide challenge and contribute to redox regulation. When their selenocysteine is replaced by cysteine, the cellular antioxidant defense system is impaired. Finally, classes of organoselenides have been synthesized with the aim of mimicking the biological strategy of glutathione peroxidases, but their therapeutic application has so far been limited. Moreover, their therapeutic use may be doubted, because H2O2 is not only toxic but also serves as an important messenger. Therefore, over-optimization of H2O2 reduction may lead to unexpected disturbances of metabolic regulation. Common to all these systems is the nucleophilic attack of selenium to one oxygen of the peroxide bond promoting its disruption. In this contribution, we revisit selected examples from chemistry and biology, and, by using results from accurate quantum mechanical modelling, we provide an accurate unified picture of selenium's capacity of reducing hydroperoxides. There is clear evidence that the selenoenzymes remain superior in terms of catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
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4
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Dias-da-Silva G, L O R Cunha R, D Coutinho-Neto M. Equilibrium between tri- and tetra-coordinate chalcogenuranes is critical for cysteine protease inhibition. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1225-1235. [PMID: 33871893 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the biological use of hypervalent selenium and tellurium compounds as cysteine protease inhibitors. However, the full understanding of their reaction mechanisms for and cysteine proteases inhibition is still elusive. Kinetic studies suggest an irreversible inhibition mechanism, which was explained by forming a covalent bond between the enzyme sulfhydryl group and the chalcogen atom at its hypervalent state (+4). In this work, we performed a theoretical investigation using density functional theory to propose the active inhibitor form in an aqueous solution. To this end, we investigated chloride ligand exchange reactions by oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles on hypervalent selenium and tellurium compounds. All tetra- and tri-coordinated chalcogen compounds and distinct protonation states of the nucleophiles were considered, totaling 34 unique species, 7 nucleophiles, and 155 free energies reactions. We discovered that chloride is easily replaced by a nonprotonated nucleophile (SH- or OH- ) in R2 SeCl2 . We also found that tri-coordinate species are more stable than their tetra-coordinate counterparts, with selenoxide (R2 SeO) protonation being strongly exergonic in acid pH. The thermodynamic and kinetic results suggest that the protonated selenoxide (R2 SeOH+ ) is the most probable active chemical species in biological media. The computed energetic profiles paint a possible picture for selenuranes activity, with successive exergonic steps leading to a covalent inhibition of thiol-dependent enzymes, like cysteine proteases. A second pathway has also been uncovered, with a direct reaction to chalcogenonium cation (R2 SeCl+ ) as the inhibition step. Tellurium compounds showed similar trends but formed telluroxide in a pH-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dias-da-Silva
- ABCSim - Laboratório de simulação e modelagem, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L O R Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Mauricio D Coutinho-Neto
- ABCSim - Laboratório de simulação e modelagem, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
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5
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Madabeni A, Nogara PA, Bortoli M, Rocha JB, Orian L. Effect of Methylmercury Binding on the Peroxide-Reducing Potential of Cysteine and Selenocysteine. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4646-4656. [PMID: 33587617 PMCID: PMC8763373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (CH3Hg+) binding to catalytically fundamental cysteine and selenocysteine of peroxide-reducing enzymes has long been postulated as the origin of its toxicological activity. Only very recently, CH3Hg+ binding to the selenocysteine of thioredoxin reductase has been directly observed [Pickering, I. J. Inorg. Chem., 2020, 59, 2711-2718], but the precise influence of the toxicant on the peroxide-reducing potential of such a residue has never been investigated. In this work, we employ state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations to study the reactivity of molecular models of the free and toxified enzymes. Trends in activation energies are discussed with attention to the biological consequences and are rationalized within the chemically intuitive framework provided by the activation strain model. With respect to the free, protonated amino acids, CH3Hg+ binding promotes oxidation of the S or Se nucleus, suggesting that chalcogenoxide formation might occur in the toxified enzyme, even if the actual rate of peroxide reduction is almost certainly lowered as suggested by comparison with fully deprotonated amino acids models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Madabeni
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Pablo A. Nogara
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Departamento
de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa
Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Bortoli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - João B.
T. Rocha
- Departamento
de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa
Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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6
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Yu SC, Kim IC, Ri KJ, Ri J, Kühn H. New insight into the role of glutathione reductase in glutathione peroxidase-like activity determination by coupled reductase assay: Molecular Docking Study. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 215:111276. [PMID: 33341590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that among 15 substituted salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) 5-seleninic acids (SSAs) 4 compounds with longer side chains or a cyclohexyl group exhibit no glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity in the coupled reductase assay. Experimental inhibition of glutathione reductase (GR) by the selenenylsulfide (a main intermediate in the catalytic cycle for GPx-like activity determination) of one of the inactive compounds led us to assess the interactions between 15 selenenylsulfide compounds and the active site of GR by molecular docking. Docking results showed that S and Se atoms in selenenylsulfides of the compounds with no GPx-like activity were beyond 5 Å from S atom of Cys-58 or N atom of imidazole ring of His-467 (Root Mean Square Distances for general assessment of 3 major distances were over 4.8 Å) in the active site, so that they could not be catalyzed to be reduced by GR. Furthermore, their docking scores over 89 Kcal/mol meant that the selenenylsulfides were bound too strongly to the active site to leave it, leading eventually to inhibition of GR. We also applied the molecular docking to other GPx mimics such as ebselen, cyclic seleninate esters and di(propylaminomethylphenyl) diselenides to explain the differences in their GPx-like activity depending to the assays used. Our results suggest that the reduction of a selenenylsulfide by GR plays a positive role in GPx-like activity of GPx mimics in the coupled assay and recommended the prediction of possibility and strength of GPx-like activity by molecular docking before entering experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Chol Yu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pyongyang University of Medical Sciences, Ryonhwa Dong No. 2, Central District, Pyongyang, DPR of Korea.
| | - In-Chol Kim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pyongyang University of Medical Sciences, Ryonhwa Dong No. 2, Central District, Pyongyang, DPR of Korea
| | - Kum-Ju Ri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pyongyang University of Medical Sciences, Ryonhwa Dong No. 2, Central District, Pyongyang, DPR of Korea
| | - Jin Ri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pyongyang University of Medical Sciences, Ryonhwa Dong No. 2, Central District, Pyongyang, DPR of Korea
| | - Hartmut Kühn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin-Charité, Chariteplatz 1, Berlin D-10117, Germany
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7
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Sands KN, Tuck TA, Back TG. Cyclic Seleninate Esters, Spirodioxyselenuranes and Related Compounds: New Classes of Biological Antioxidants That Emulate Glutathione Peroxidase. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai N. Sands
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Tyler A. Tuck
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Thomas G. Back
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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8
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Kheirabadi R, Izadyar M, Housaindokht MR. Computational Kinetic Modeling of the Catalytic Cycle of Glutathione Peroxidase Nanomimic: Effect of Nucleophilicity of Thiols on the Catalytic Activity. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:364-374. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kheirabadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Campus, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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McNeil NMR, Press DJ, Mayder DM, Garnica P, Doyle LM, Back TG. Enhanced Glutathione Peroxidase Activity of Water-Soluble and Polyethylene Glycol-Supported Selenides, Related Spirodioxyselenuranes, and Pincer Selenuranes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7884-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. R. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - David J. Press
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Don M. Mayder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Pablo Garnica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lisa M. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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10
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Press DJ, Back TG. The role of methoxy substituents in regulating the activity of selenides that serve as spirodioxyselenurane precursors and glutathione peroxidase mimetics. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of o-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl selenides containing single or multiple methoxy substituents was synthesized, and the rate at which each compound catalyzed the oxidation of benzyl thiol to its disulfide with excess hydrogen peroxide was measured. This assay provided the means for comparing the relative abilities of the selenides to mimic the antioxidant selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase. The mechanism for catalytic activity involves oxidation of the selenides to their corresponding selenoxides with hydrogen peroxide, cyclization to spirodioxyselenuranes, followed by reduction with two equivalents of thiol to regenerate the original selenide with concomitant disulfide formation. A single p-methoxy group on each aryl moiety afforded the highest catalytic activity, while methoxy groups in the meta position had little effect compared to the unsubstituted selenide, and o-methoxy groups suppressed activity. The installation of multiple methoxy groups on each aryl moiety provided no improvement. These results can be rationalized on the basis of dominating mesomeric and steric effects of the p- and o-substituents, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Press
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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11
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Bayse CA, Shoaf AL. Effect of Methoxy Substituents on the Activation Barriers of the Glutathione Peroxidase-Like Mechanism of an Aromatic Cyclic Seleninate. Molecules 2015; 20:10244-52. [PMID: 26046321 PMCID: PMC6272359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) models including explicit water molecules have been used to model the redox scavenging mechanism of aromatic cyclic seleninates. Experimental studies have shown that methoxy substitutions affect the rate of scavenging of reactive oxygen species differently depending upon the position. Activities are enhanced in the para position, unaffected in the meta, and decreased in the ortho. DFT calculations show that the activation barrier for the oxidation of the selenenyl sulfide, a proposed key intermediate, is higher for the ortho methoxy derivative than for other positions, consistent with the low experimental conversion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Ashley L Shoaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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12
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Harper LK, Antony S, Bayse CA. Thiol Reduction of Arsenite and Selenite: DFT Modeling of the Pathways to an As–Se Bond. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500384h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenora K. Harper
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Sonia Antony
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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13
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Press DJ, McNeil NMR, Hambrook M, Back TG. Effects of Methoxy Substituents on the Glutathione Peroxidase-like Activity of Cyclic Seleninate Esters. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9394-401. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501689h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Press
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Nicole M. R. McNeil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Miranda Hambrook
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Thomas G. Back
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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14
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15
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McNeil NMR, Matz MC, Back TG. Fluxional Cyclic Seleninate Ester: NMR and Computational Studies, Glutathione Peroxidase-like Behavior, and Unexpected Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10369-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401757m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. R. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Marie C. Matz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Thomas G. Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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