1
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Hierlmeier G, Kutta RJ, Coburger P, Stammler HG, Schwabedissen J, Mitzel NW, Dimitrova M, Berger RJF, Nuernberger P, Wolf R. Structure and photochemistry of di- tert-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5596-5603. [PMID: 38638211 PMCID: PMC11023056 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00936c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Di-tert-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane (tBuCP)2 (1) is a mixed carbon- and phosphorus-based tetrahedral molecule, isolobal to white phosphorus (P4). However, despite the fundamental significance and well-explored reactivity of the latter molecule, the precise structure of the free (tBuCP)2 molecule (1) and a detailed analysis of its electronic properties have remained elusive. Here, single-crystal X-ray structure determination of 1 at low temperature confirms the tetrahedral structure. Furthermore, quantum chemical calculations confirm that 1 is isolobal to P4 and shows a strong largely isotropic diamagnetic response in the magnetic field and thus pronounced spherical aromaticity. A spectroscopic and computational study on the photochemical reactivity reveals that diphosphatetrahedrane 1 readily dimerises to the ladderane-type phosphaalkyne tetramer (tBuCP)4 (2) under irradiation with UV light. With sufficient thermal activation energy, the dimerisation proceeds also in the dark. In both cases, an isomerisation to a 1,2-diphosphacyclobutadiene 1' is the first step. This intermediate subsequently undergoes a [2 + 2] cycloaddition with a second 1,2-diphosphacyclobutadiene molecule to form 2. The 1,2-diphosphacyclobutadiene intermediate 1' can be trapped chemically by N-methylmaleimide as an alternative [2 + 2] cycloaddition partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Peter Coburger
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
- Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg, Chemie und Physik der Materialien 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Raphael J F Berger
- Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg, Chemie und Physik der Materialien 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany
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2
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Tian H, Wang J, Lai G, Dou Y, Gao J, Duan Z, Feng X, Wu Q, He X, Yao L, Zeng L, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhao J, Zhuang S, Shi J, Qu G, Yu XF, Chu PK, Jiang G. Renaissance of elemental phosphorus materials: properties, synthesis, and applications in sustainable energy and environment. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5388-5484. [PMID: 37455613 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The polymorphism of phosphorus-based materials has garnered much research interest, and the variable chemical bonding structures give rise to a variety of micro and nanostructures. Among the different types of materials containing phosphorus, elemental phosphorus materials (EPMs) constitute the foundation for the synthesis of related compounds. EPMs are experiencing a renaissance in the post-graphene era, thanks to recent advancements in the scaling-down of black phosphorus, amorphous red phosphorus, violet phosphorus, and fibrous phosphorus and consequently, diverse classes of low-dimensional sheets, ribbons, and dots of EPMs with intriguing properties have been produced. The nanostructured EPMs featuring tunable bandgaps, moderate carrier mobility, and excellent optical absorption have shown great potential in energy conversion, energy storage, and environmental remediation. It is thus important to have a good understanding of the differences and interrelationships among diverse EPMs, their intrinsic physical and chemical properties, the synthesis of specific structures, and the selection of suitable nanostructures of EPMs for particular applications. In this comprehensive review, we aim to provide an in-depth analysis and discussion of the fundamental physicochemical properties, synthesis, and applications of EPMs in the areas of energy conversion, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Our evaluations are based on recent literature on well-established phosphorus allotropes and theoretical predictions of new EPMs. The objective of this review is to enhance our comprehension of the characteristics of EPMs, keep abreast of recent advances, and provide guidance for future research of EPMs in the fields of chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gengchang Lai
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanpeng Dou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Zunbin Duan
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Xingchen He
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
| | - Li Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Yao L, Chen Y, Liu G. Theoretical Study of the Oxidation Mechanisms of Excited P4Ox (x=1-3) and the Anharmonic Effect on the Main Reactions. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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4
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Hill MS, Mahon MF, Neale SE, Pearce KG, Schwamm RJ, McMullin C. White Phosphorus Reduction and Oligomerization by a Potassium Diamidoalumanyl. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stephen Hill
- University of Bath Chemistry Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Samuel E. Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kyle G. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ryan J. Schwamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK UNITED KINGDOM
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5
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Fung CM, Er CC, Tan LL, Mohamed AR, Chai SP. Red Phosphorus: An Up-and-Coming Photocatalyst on the Horizon for Sustainable Energy Development and Environmental Remediation. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3879-3965. [PMID: 34968051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a perennial solution that promises to resolve deep-rooted challenges related to environmental pollution and energy deficit through harvesting the inexhaustible and renewable solar energy. To date, a cornucopia of photocatalytic materials has been investigated with the research wave presently steered by the development of novel, affordable, and effective metal-free semiconductors with fascinating physicochemical and semiconducting characteristics. Coincidentally, the recently emerged red phosphorus (RP) semiconductor finds itself fitting perfectly into this category ascribed to its earth abundant, low-cost, and metal-free nature. More notably, the renowned red allotrope of the phosphorus family is spectacularly bestowed with strengthened optical absorption features, propitious electronic band configuration, and ease of functionalization and modification as well as high stability. Comprehensively detailing RP's roles and implications in photocatalysis, this review article will first include information on different RP allotropes and their chemical structures, followed by the meticulous scrutiny of their physicochemical and semiconducting properties such as electronic band structure, optical absorption features, and charge carrier dynamics. Besides that, state-of-the-art synthesis strategies for developing various RP allotropes and RP-based photocatalytic systems will also be outlined. In addition, modification or functionalization of RP with other semiconductors for promoting effective photocatalytic applications will be discussed to assess its versatility and feasibility as a high-performing photocatalytic system. Lastly, the challenges facing RP photocatalysts and future research directions will be included to propel the feasible development of RP-based systems with considerably augmented photocatalytic efficiency. This review article aspires to facilitate the rational development of multifunctional RP-based photocatalytic systems by widening the cognizance of rational engineering as well as to fine-tune the electronic, optical, and charge carrier properties of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-May Fung
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chen-Chen Er
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Lling-Lling Tan
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Mohamed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia
| | - Siang-Piao Chai
- Multidisciplinary Platform of Advanced Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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6
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Giusti L, Landaeta VR, Vanni M, Kelly JA, Wolf R, Caporali M. Coordination chemistry of elemental phosphorus. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Alvarez MA, Casado-Ruano M, García ME, García-Vivó D, Guerra AM, Ruiz MA. Electronic Structure and Donor Ability of an Unsaturated Triphosphorus-Bridged Dimolybdenum Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11548-11561. [PMID: 34279915 PMCID: PMC8901102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The triphosphorus complex [Mo2Cp2(μ-η3:η3-P3)(μ-PtBu2)] was prepared in 83% yield by reacting the methyl complex [Mo2Cp2(μ-κ1:η2-CH3)(μ-PtBu2)(μ-CO)] with P4 at 333 K, a process also giving small amounts of the methyldiphosphenyl complex [Mo2Cp2(μ-η2:η2-P2Me)(μ-PtBu2)(CO)2]. The latter could be better prepared by first reacting the anionic complex Na[Mo2Cp2(μ-PtBu2)(μ-CO)2] with P4 to give the diphosphorus derivative Na[Mo2Cp2(μ-η2:η2-P2)(μ-PtBu2)(CO)2] and further reaction of the latter with MeI. Density functional theory calculations on the title complex revealed that its triphosphorus group can be viewed as an allylic-like P3- ligand acting as a six-electron donor via the external P atoms, while coordination of the internal P atom involves donation from the π orbital of the ligand and back-donation to its π* orbital, both interactions having a weakening effect on the Mo-Mo and P-P connections. The reactivity of the title compound is dominated by the electron-donor ability associated with the lone pairs located at the P atoms. Its reaction with CF3SO3Me gave [Mo2Cp2(μ-η3:η3-P3Me)(μ-PtBu2)](CF3SO3) as a result of methylation at an external atom of the P3 ligand, while its reaction with [Fe2(CO)9] enabled the addition of one, two, or three Fe(CO)4 fragments at these P atoms, but only the diiron derivative [Mo2Fe2Cp2(μ-η3:η3:κ1:κ1-P3)(μ-PtBu2)(CO)8] could be isolated. This complex bears a Fe(CO)4 fragment at each of the external atoms of the P3 ligand, and the central P atom of the latter displays the lowest 31P chemical shift reported to date (δP -721.8 ppm). The related complexes [Mo2M2Cp2(μ-η3:η3:κ1:κ1-P3)(μ-PtBu2)(CO)10] (M = Mo, W) were prepared by reacting the title compound with the corresponding [M(CO)5(THF)] complexes in toluene, while reaction with [Mo(CO)4(THF)2] also enabled the formation of the heptanuclear derivative [Mo7Cp4(μ-η3:η3:κ1:κ1-P3)2(μ-PtBu2)2(CO)14]. The interatomic distances in the above compounds indicate that the central Mo2P3 skeleton of these molecules is little modified by the attachment of 16-electron M(CO)n fragments at the external atoms of the P3 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Melodie Casado-Ruano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Esther García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Vivó
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana M Guerra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel A Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
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8
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Abstract
A systematic study of diverse halogenation reactions of the tetrahedral Mo2P2 ligand complex [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ,η2:η2-P2)] (1) is reported. By reacting 1 with different halogenating agents, a series of complexes such as [(CpMo)4(μ4-P)(μ3-PI)2(μ-I)(I)3(I3)] (2), [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ-PBr2)2] (3a), [{CpMo(CO)2}(CpMoBr2)(μ-PBr2)2] (4a), [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ-PCl2)2] (3b), and [{CpMo(CO)2}(CpMoCl2)(μ-PCl2)2] (4b) were obtained. Whereas the reaction of 1 toward various bromine and chlorine sources leads to similar results, a different behavior is observed in the reaction with iodine in which 2 is formed. The products were comprehensively characterized by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray diffraction, and the electronic structures of 2, 3a, and 4a were elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Garbagnati
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Xiao W, Sun Q, Banis MN, Wang B, Liang J, Lushington A, Li R, Li X, Sham TK, Sun X. Unveiling the Interfacial Instability of the Phosphorus/Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30763-30773. [PMID: 31343156 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a competitive anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), a commercially available red phosphorus, featured with a high theoretical capacity (2596 mA h g-1) and a suitable operating voltage plateau (0.1-0.6 V), has been confronted with a severe structural instability and a rapid capacity degradation upon large volumetric change. In particular, the fundamental determining factors for phosphorus anode materials are yet poorly understood, and their interfacial stability against ambient air has not been explored and clarified. Herein, a high-performance phosphorus/carbon anode material has been fabricated simply through ball-milling the carbon black and red phosphorus, delivering a high reversible capacity of 1070 mA h g-1 at 400 mA g-1 after 200 cycles and a superior rate capability of 479 mA h g-1 at 3200 mA g-1. More importantly, we first reveal the significance of inhibiting the exposure of phosphorus/carbon electrode materials to air, even for a short period, for achieving a good electrochemical performance, which would sharply decrease the reversible capacities. With the assistance of synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, the formation and accumulation of insulating phosphate compounds can be spectroscopically identified, leading to the decay of electrochemical performance. At the same time, these passivation layers on the surface of electrode were found to occur via a self-oxidation process in ambient air. To maintain the electrochemical advantages of phosphorus anodes, it is necessary to inhibit their contact with air through a rational coating or an optimal storage condition. Additionally, the employment of a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive facilitates the decomposition of the electrolyte and favors the formation of a robust solid electrolyte interphase layer, which may suppress the side reactions between the active Na-P compounds and the electrolyte. These findings could help improve the surface protection and interfacial stability of phosphorus anodes for high-performance SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Mohammad Norouzi Banis
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Biqiong Wang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Jianneng Liang
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Andrew Lushington
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Ruying Li
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
| | - Xifei Li
- Institute of Advanced Electrochemical Energy & School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an University of Technology , Xi'an 710048 , Shaanxi , China
| | - Tsun-Kong Sham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario N6A 5B9 , Canada
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10
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Abstract
The generation and handling of the light-sensitive and metastable yellow arsenic (As4) is extremely challenging. In view of recent breakthroughs in synthesizing As4 storage materials and transfer reagents, the more intensive use of yellow arsenic as a source for further reactions can be expected. Given these aspects, the current stage of knowledge of the direct use of As4 is comprehensively summarized in the present review, which lists the activation of As4 by main group elements as well as transition metal compounds (including the f-block elements). Moreover, it also partly compares the reaction outcomes in relation to the corresponding reactions of P4. The possibility of using alternative sources for generating arsenic moieties and compounds is also discussed. The release of As4 molecules from precursor compounds and the use of transfer reagents for polyarsenic entities open up new synthetic pathways to avoid the direct generation of yellow arsenic solutions and to ensure its smooth usage for subsequent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93043 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93043 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93043 Regensburg , Germany
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11
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Borger JE, Ehlers AW, Slootweg JC, Lammertsma K. Functionalization of P 4 through Direct P-C Bond Formation. Chemistry 2017; 23:11738-11746. [PMID: 28497639 PMCID: PMC5655700 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Research on chlorine-free conversions of P4 into organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) has a long track record, but methods that allow desirable, direct P-C bond formations have only recently emerged. These include the use of metal organyls, carbenes, carboradicals, and photochemical approaches. The versatile product scope enables the preparation of both industrially relevant organophosphorus compounds, as well as a broad range of intriguing new compound classes. Herein we provide a concise overview of recent breakthroughs and outline the acquired fundamental insights to aid future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap E. Borger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Andreas W. Ehlers
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkJohannesburg2006South Africa
- Current address: Van “t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Current address: Van “t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Koop Lammertsma
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkJohannesburg2006South Africa
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12
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Heinl S, Balázs G, Stauber A, Scheer M. CpPEt2As4- eine organosubstituierte As4-Butterfly-Verbindung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heinl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Andreas Stauber
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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Heinl S, Balázs G, Stauber A, Scheer M. Cp PEt2 As 4 -An Organic-Substituted As 4 Butterfly Compound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15524-15527. [PMID: 27862725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CpPEt2 As4 (CpPEt =C5 (4-EtC6 H4 )5 ) (1) is synthesized by the reaction of CpPEt. radicals with yellow arsenic (As4 ). In solution an equilibrium of the starting materials and the product is found. However, 1 can be isolated and stored in the solid state without decomposition. As4 can be easily released from 1 under thermal or photochemical conditions. From powder samples of CpPEt2 As4 , yellow arsenic can be sublimed under rather mild conditions (T=125 °C). A similar behavior for the P4 -releasing agent was determined for the related phosphorus compound CpBIG2 P4 (2; CpBIG =C5 (4-nBuC6 H4 )5 ). DFT calculations show the importance of dispersion forces for the stability of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heinl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stauber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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Knopf I, Tofan D, Beetstra D, Al-Nezari A, Al-Bahily K, Cummins CC. A family of cis-macrocyclic diphosphines: modular, stereoselective synthesis and application in catalytic CO 2/ethylene coupling. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1463-1468. [PMID: 28616145 PMCID: PMC5460601 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03614g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of a family of cis-macrocyclic diphosphines was achieved in only three steps from white phosphorus and commercial materials. These new ligands showed activity in the nickel-catalyzed coupling of CO2 and ethylene.
A family of cis-macrocyclic diphosphines was prepared in just three steps from white phosphorus and commercial materials using a modular synthetic approach. Alkylation of bicyclic diphosphane 3,4,8,9-tetramethyl-1,6-diphosphabicyclo(4.4.0)deca-3,8-diene, or P2(dmb)2, produced phosphino-phosphonium salts [R-P2(dmb)2]X, where R is methyl, benzyl and isobutyl, in yields of 90–96%. Treatment of these salts with organolithium or Grignard reagents yielded symmetric and unsymmetric macrocyclic diphosphines of the form cis-1-R-6-R′-3,4,8,9-tetramethyl-2,5,7,10-tetrahydro-1,6-DiPhospheCine, or R,R′-DPC, in which R′ is methyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or mesityl, in yields of 46–94%. Alternatively, symmetric diphosphine Cy2-DPC was synthesized in 74% yield from the dichlorodiphosphine Cl2P2(dmb)2. As a first application, these cis-macrocyclic diphosphines were used as ligands in the nickel-catalyzed synthesis of acrylate from CO2 and ethylene, for which they showed promising catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Knopf
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139-4307 , USA . ; Tel: +1 617 253 5332
| | - Daniel Tofan
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139-4307 , USA . ; Tel: +1 617 253 5332
| | - Dirk Beetstra
- SABIC CRD , Fundamental Catalysis , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khalid Al-Bahily
- SABIC CRD , Fundamental Catalysis , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139-4307 , USA . ; Tel: +1 617 253 5332
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15
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Xu L, Chi Y, Du S, Zhang W, Xi Z. Direct Synthesis of Phospholyl Lithium from White Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yue Chi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shanshan Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wen‐Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 China
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16
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Xu L, Chi Y, Du S, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Direct Synthesis of Phospholyl Lithium from White Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9187-90. [PMID: 27304553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The selective construction of P-C bonds directly from P4 and nucleophiles is an ideal and step-economical approach to utilizing elemental P4 for the straightforward synthesis of organophosphorus compounds. In this work, a highly efficient one-pot reaction between P4 and 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes was realized, which quantitatively affords phospholyl lithium derivatives. DFT calculations indicate that the mechanism is significantly different from that of the well-known stepwise cleavage of P-P bond in P4 activation. Instead, a cooperative nucleophilic attack of two Csp2 Li bonds on P4 , leading to simultaneous cleavage of two P-P bonds, is favorable. This mechanistic information offers a new view on the mechanism of P4 activation, as well as a reasonable explanation for the excellent yields and selectivity. This method could prove to be a useful route to P4 activation and the subsequent production of organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yue Chi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shanshan Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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17
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Schwarzmaier C, Heinl S, Balázs G, Scheer M. E4 Butterfly Complexes (E=P, As) as Chelating Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13116-21. [PMID: 26332191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The coordination properties of new types of bidentate phosphane and arsane ligands with a narrow bite angle are reported. The reactions of [{Cp'''Fe(CO)2 }2 (μ,η(1:1) -P4 )] (1 a) with the copper salt [Cu(CH3 CN)4 ][BF4 ] leads, depending on the stoichiometry, to the formation of the spiro compound [{{Cp'''Fe(CO)2 }2 (μ3 ,η(1:1:1:1) -P4 )}2 Cu](+) [BF4 ](-) (2) or the monoadduct [{Cp'''Fe(CO)2 }2 (μ3 ,η(1:1:2) -P4 ){Cu(MeCN)}](+) [BF4 ](-) (3). Similarly, the arsane ligand [{Cp'''Fe(CO)2 }2 (μ,η(1:1) -As4 )] (1 b) reacts with [Cu(CH3 CN)4 ][BF4 ] to give [{{Cp'''Fe(CO)2 }2 (μ3 ,η(1:1:1:1) -As4 )}2 Cu](+) [BF4 ](-) (5). Protonation of 1 a occurs at the "wing tip" phosphorus atoms, which is in line with the results of DFT calculations. The compounds are characterized by spectroscopic methods (heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and IR spectrometry) and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Heinl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany)
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany)
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg (Germany).
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18
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Schwarzmaier C, Heinl S, Balázs G, Scheer M. E4-Butterfly-Komplexe (E=P, As) als Chelatliganden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Alvarez MA, García ME, Lozano R, Ramos A, Ruiz MA. Diphosphorus-bridged heterometallic anions and hydrides derived from reactions of complex [Mo2Cp2(μ-PCy2)(μ-κ2:κ2-P2)(CO)2]− with precursors of 16-electron metal carbonyl fragments. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Arrowsmith M, Hill MS, Johnson AL, Kociok-Köhn G, Mahon MF. Attenuated Organomagnesium Activation of White Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7882-5. [PMID: 26014162 PMCID: PMC4648029 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequential reactions between a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl-substituted β-diketiminato magnesium n-butyl derivative and P4 allow the highly discriminating synthesis of unusual [nBu2P4]2− and [nBu2P8]2− cluster dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Arrowsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK).
| | - Andrew L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
| | | | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK)
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Arrowsmith M, Hill MS, Johnson AL, Kociok-Köhn G, Mahon MF. Attenuated Organomagnesium Activation of White Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Alvarez MA, García ME, Lozano R, Ramos A, Ruiz MA. Tetranuclear Phosphide- and Phosphinidene-Bridged Derivatives of the Diphosphenyl Complex [Mo2Cp2(μ-PCy2)(μ-κ2:κ2-P2Me)(CO)2]. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2455-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ic503076x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Angeles Alvarez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Esther García
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Raquel Lozano
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alberto Ramos
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, E-33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica/IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
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Yao S, Szilvási T, Lindenmaier N, Xiong Y, Inoue S, Adelhardt M, Sutter J, Meyer K, Driess M. Reductive cleavage of P4 by iron(i) centres: synthesis and structural characterisation of Fe2(P2)2 complexes with two bridging P22− ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6153-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The one-electron reduction of a new Fe2(P2)2 complex affords the first delocalised mixed-valent Fe(ii,iii) complex with an Fe2P4 core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1111 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Nils Lindenmaier
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Yun Xiong
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Mario Adelhardt
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Jörg Sutter
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
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Yao S, Lindenmaier N, Xiong Y, Inoue S, Szilvási T, Adelhardt M, Sutter J, Meyer K, Driess M. A Neutral Tetraphosphacyclobutadiene Ligand in Cobalt(I) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Yao S, Lindenmaier N, Xiong Y, Inoue S, Szilvási T, Adelhardt M, Sutter J, Meyer K, Driess M. A neutral tetraphosphacyclobutadiene ligand in cobalt(I) complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1250-4. [PMID: 25475174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The unusual reactivity of the newly synthesized β-diketiminato cobalt(I) complexes, [(L(Dep)Co)2] (2 a, L(Dep)=CH[C(Me)N(2,6-Et2C6H3)]2) and [L(Dipp)Co⋅toluene] (2 b, L(Dipp)=CH[CHN(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)]2), toward white phosphorus was investigated, affording the first cobalt(I) complexes [(L(Dep)Co)2(μ2:η(4),η(4)-P4)] (3 a) and [(L(Dipp)Co)2(μ2:η(4),η(4)-P4)] (3 b) bearing the neutral cyclo-P4 ligand with a rectangular-planar structure. The redox chemistry of 3 a and 3 b was studied by cyclic voltammetry and their chemical reduction with one molar equivalent of potassium graphite led to the isolation of [(L(Dep)Co)2(μ2:η(4),η(4)-P4)][K(dme)4] (4 a) and [(L(Dipp)Co)2(μ2:η(4),η(4)-P4)][K(dme)4] (4 b). Unexpectedly, the monoanionic Co2P4 core in 4 a and 4 b, respectively, contains the two-electron-reduced cyclo-P4(2-) ligand with a square-planar structure and mixed-valent cobalt(I,II) sites. The electronic structures of 3 a, 3 b, 4 a, and 4 b were elucidated by NMR and EPR spectroscopy as well as magnetic measurements and are in agreement with results of broken-symmetry DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany) http://www.driess.tu-berlin.de
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