1
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Jujam M, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Elaborating NH-Bridged Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials via Base-Mediated Dimroth Rearrangement: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Study. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38781553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of heat-resistant energetic materials featuring high thermostability and energy has gained keen interest in recent years owing to their use in coal mining and aerospace domains. In this study, we synthesized 4-((4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carbonitrile (6) and its perchlorate and nitrate energetic salts (6a and 6b) by incorporating amino bridging (-NH-) using the Dimroth rearrangement (DR) from inexpensive starting materials as a heat-resistant energetic materials. All of the compounds were thoroughly characterized by infrared (IR), NMR, elemental analysis (EA), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) studies. Compounds 6a and 6b showed good densities (1.81 and 1.80 g cm-3), detonation performance (VOD = 7505 and 8257 m s-1, DP = 23.47 and 24.41 GPa), insensitivity to mechanical stimuli (IS = 40 J and FS = >360 N), and excellent thermal stability (Td = 307 and 334 °C), surpassing presently used heat-resistant explosive HNS (318 °C). The molecular electrostatic potentials and noncovalent interactions were pursued to understand possible interaction sites and structure-directing interactions in these salts. Their facile synthetic approach, good energetic performance, and outstanding thermal stability indicate that they are the ideal combination for replacing current benchmark heat-resistant explosive HNS. Additionally, this study highlights the use of classical DR for making new energetic materials with fine-tuned properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Jujam
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Lu Z, Qin J, Wu J, Cao W, Kuang B, Zhang J. Advances in the Synthesis of Energetic Compounds Based on 1,2,3-Triazoles. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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3
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Tsaplin GV, Popkov SV. Intramolecular ANRORC Reactions in the Series of Diazoles with Three Heteroatoms. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Wei SH, Ma X, Ding ZM, Xu KZ, Gao HX, Huang J, Zhao FQ. Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal properties of Ni(NH3)4(AFT)2. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519820939475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ni(NH3)4(AFT)2 [NiC6H16N18O2, AFT = 4-amino-3-(5-tetrazolate)furazan] is synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the first time. X-ray diffraction measurements are used to determine the crystal structure of compound 1. The results demonstrate that compound 1 crystallized in the orthorhombic crystal system. The nickel(II) ion is six-coordinated by N atoms from two AFT-ligands and four NH3 molecules. Its thermal properties are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry methods, with the results demonstrating that the differential scanning calorimetry curve exhibits two endothermic and one exothermic processes. The endothermic processes are in the range of 130–510 °C with a peak temperature of 188 °C. The temperature from 230 to 400 °C is the exothermic process in which the peak temperature is 314.58 °C. In addition, Kissinger’s and Ozawa-Doyle’s methods are used for calculating the non-isothermal kinetics parameters. Moreover, the apparent activation energy ( E), safety, and thermal stability parameters ( TSADT, TTIT, Tb) for Ni(NH3)4(AFT)2 are calculated. In addition, the calculated thermodynamic functions ( ∆S≠, ∆H≠, and ∆G≠) for the exothermic decomposition process of Ni(NH3)4(AFT)2 are 55.07 J mol−1 K−1, 196.18 kJ mol−1, and 164.90 kJ mol−1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-han Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Zi-mei Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Kang-zhen Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Hong-xu Gao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Feng-qi Zhao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, P.R. of China
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5
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Szlachcic P, Uchacz T, Gryl M, Danel A, Wojtasik K, Kolek P, Jarosz B, Stadnicka KM. Combined XRD and DFT studies towards understanding the impact of intramolecular H-bonding on the reductive cyclization process in pyrazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Bian C, Feng W, Lei Q, Huang H, Li X, Wang J, Li C, Xiao Z. A facile synthesis of energetic salts based on fully nitroamino-functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:368-374. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Promising high-energy-density materials: energetic salts based on fully nitroamino-functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Bian
- School of Science
- North University of China
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Feng
- School of Science
- North University of China
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Qunying Lei
- School of Science
- North University of China
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Science
- North University of China
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- School of Science
- North University of China
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Chuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Liaocheng University
- Liaocheng
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongliang Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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7
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Wang B, Xiong H, Cheng G, Yang H. Incorporating Energetic Moieties into Four Oxadiazole Ring Systems for the Generation of High-Performance Energetic Materials. Chempluschem 2018; 83:439-447. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
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8
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Huang H, Shi Y, Yu Y, Yang J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Energetic Compounds Based on a CH2
-Bridged Dinitromethyl Explosophore. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yameng Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yao Yu
- Hubei Sanjiang Space Rivers Chemical Technology Co., LTD; 444200 Yuanan, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
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9
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Bhasin G, Srivastava R, Singh R. Synthesis of Triazole Based Novel Ionic Liquids and Salts. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2017.1343037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Bhasin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Richa Srivastava
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Ram Singh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
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10
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Tang Y, Dharavath S, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Nitramino‐ and Dinitromethyl‐Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazole Derivatives as High‐Performance Energetic Materials. Chemistry 2017; 23:9185-9191. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844-2343 USA
| | | | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
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11
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Huang H, Li Y, Yang J, Pan R, Lin X. Materials with good energetic properties resulting from the smart combination of nitramino and dinitromethyl group with furazan. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of nitramino and dinitromethyl group with furazan gave novel energetic materials with good energetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Renming Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
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12
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Yu Q, Cheng G, Ju X, Lu C, Lin Q, Yang H. Compounds based on 3-amino-4-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)furazan as insensitive energetic materials. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03333d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insensitivity: Derivatives based on 3-amino-4-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)furazan were synthesized and characterized. Most of these compounds are thermally stable and insensitive which make them competitive replacement as insensitive energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Chunxu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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13
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Tang Y, He C, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Energetic 4,4′‐Oxybis[3,3′‐(1‐hydroxytetrazolyl)]furazan and Its Salts. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3113-3117. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
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14
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ZHAO GUOZHENG, JIA JIANFENG, WU HAISHUN. Design and selection of triazole-based compounds with high energetic properties and stabilities. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Huang H, Shi Y, Liu Y, Yang J. High-Oxygen-Balance Furazan Anions: A Good Choice for High-Performance Energetic Salts. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1688-96. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Yameng Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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16
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Izsák D, Klapötke TM, Lutter FH, Pflüger C. Tailoring the Energetic Properties of 5-(5-Amino-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)tetrazole and Its Derivatives by Salt Formation: From Sensitive Primary to Insensitive Secondary Explosives. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Dippold AA, Izsák D, Klapötke TM, Pflüger C. Combining the Advantages of Tetrazoles and 1,2,3‐Triazoles: 4,5‐Bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triazole, 4,5‐Bis(1‐hydroxytetrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,3‐triazole, and their Energetic Derivatives. Chemistry 2016; 22:1768-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Dippold
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Dániel Izsák
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Carolin Pflüger
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
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18
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Qu XN, Zhang S, Wang BZ, Yang Q, Han J, Wei Q, Xie G, Chen SP. An Ag(i) energetic metal–organic framework assembled with the energetic combination of furazan and tetrazole: synthesis, structure and energetic performance. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6968-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00218h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel 3D Ag(i) energetic MOF assembled with a furazan derivative (4,4′-oxybis[3,3′-(1H-5-tetrazol)]furazan) shows low sensitivity, good thermostability and ultrahigh detonation pressure and detonation velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ni Qu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Bo-Zhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an 710069
- PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Qing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - Gang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
| | - San-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- China
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19
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Fehlhammer WP, Beck W. Azide Chemistry - An Inorganic Perspective, Part II[‡][3+2]-Cycloaddition Reactions of Metal Azides and Related Systems. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Tang Y, Gao H, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. 1,2,4‐Triazole Links and
N
‐Azo Bridges Yield Energetic Compounds. Chemistry 2015; 21:11401-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 (P.R. China)
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375 (USA)
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
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21
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Li H, Zhao FQ, Wang BZ, Zhai LJ, Lai WP, Liu N. A new family of energetic salts based on oxy-bridged bis(dinitromethyl)furazan: syntheses, characterization and properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinitromethyl-functionalized energetic salts with acceptable oxygen balance and high detonation properties were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Feng-qi Zhao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Bo-zhou Wang
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Lian-jie Zhai
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Wei-peng Lai
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Ning Liu
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi'an
- China
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