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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Panova YS, Khristolyubova AV, Sushev VV, Zolotareva NV, Grishin MD, Baranov EV, Fukin GK, Kornev AN. Synthesis of 3a,6a-diaza-1,4-diphosphapentalenes and their halogen derivatives. Specific features of the structure and behavior in solutions. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Panova YS, Sushev VV, Dorado Daza DF, Zolotareva NV, Rumyantcev RV, Fukin GK, Kornev AN. Dual Reactivity of 3a,6a-Diaza-1,4-diphosphapentalene: π-Donor versus n-Donor. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11337-11346. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia S. Panova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin strasse, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V. Sushev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin strasse, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Diego F. Dorado Daza
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin strasse, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Zolotareva
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin strasse, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Roman V. Rumyantcev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin strasse, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Georgy K. Fukin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin strasse, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Kornev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin strasse, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Ienco A, Peruzzini M, Manca G. On the comparison of oxygen and sulfur transfer reactivities in phosphine and phosphorene: the case of R 3Sb(X) carriers (X = O or S). Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15072-15080. [PMID: 33107525 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization is one of the most powerful tools in materials science for the development of new and innovative materials with tailored properties purposefully designed to enhance the overall stability of the system. This is particularly true for exfoliated black phosphorus, which suffers from easy decomposition by air and moisture, hampering its highly desirable applications, especially in electronics. The present work suggests an innovative approach to the functionalization process of this 2D-material based on the selective introduction of chalcogen atoms on the material surface through a reaction with suitable molecular precursors such as stibine chalcogenides (R3Sb(X), X = O or S; R = organyl group). These molecules may readily act as chalcogen-transfer agents and, upon releasing the chalcogen atom atop the bP surface, leave stable stibines (R3Sb) as byproducts, which may be easily removed from the functionalized bP surface. The work provides an overview of all the possible structural, electronic and energy aspects associated with the chalcogen-atom transfer from the stibine to phosphorus based compounds, exemplified by trialkyl phosphines and single layer exfoliated black phosphorus, i.e. phosphorene, Pn. In both cases the oxygen transfer is more exergonic than the sulfur transfer, with the associated free energy barrier for the phosphine process being higher. Although the sulfur transfer for the Pn is found to be endergonic (ca. +3.6 kcal mol-1), the process may surely occur at high temperature. The evolution of the band structure upon the chalcogen transfer has been depicted in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ienco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (CNR-ICCOM), via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Chen L, Wu Z. Synthesis and crystal structure of 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-5-(3-methoxy-benzylamino)-4-trifluoromethanesulfinyl-1 H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, C 20H 12N 4Cl 2F 6O 2S. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2019-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C20H12N4Cl2F6O2S, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.581(3) Å, b = 10.967(4) Å, c = 13.802(5) Å, α = 106.287(4)°, β = 105.505(4)°, γ = 101.592(4)°, V = 1146.7(7) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0500, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1426, T = 173 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State, Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , P.R. China , e-mail:
| | - Zhongda Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State, Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , P.R. China
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Panova YS, Sheyanova AV, Zolotareva NV, Sushev VV, Arapova AV, Novikov AS, Baranov EV, Fukin GK, Kornev AN. 2,2′‐Azobispyridine in Phosphorus Coordination Chemistry: A New Approach to 1,2,4,3‐Triazaphosphole Derivatives. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia S. Panova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 49 Tropinin str. 603137 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Alexandra V. Sheyanova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 49 Tropinin str. 603137 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Zolotareva
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 49 Tropinin str. 603137 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V. Sushev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 49 Tropinin str. 603137 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Alla V. Arapova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 49 Tropinin str. 603137 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Alexander S. Novikov
- Saint Petersburg State University 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab. 199034 Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Evgenii V. Baranov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 49 Tropinin str. 603137 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
- Chemical Department Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod 23 Gagarina Pr. 603950 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Georgy K. Fukin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 49 Tropinin str. 603137 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Alexander N. Kornev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 49 Tropinin str. 603137 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
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Grenon N, Baumgartner T. Exploration of Hypervalent Lewis Acid/Base Interactions in 2-(2′-Thiazolyl)-3-thienylphosphanes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1630-1644. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Grenon
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for
Advanced Solar Materials, University of Calgary, 2500 University
Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for
Advanced Solar Materials, University of Calgary, 2500 University
Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Kornev AN. Hypervalent- and hypovalent phosphorus (III) compounds based on diazaphosphapentalenes: New types of bonding interaction, positional isomerism, and conjugated associates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1212053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Kornev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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9
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Shameem MA, Orthaber A. Organophosphorus Compounds in Organic Electronics. Chemistry 2016; 22:10718-35. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anwar Shameem
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories; Uppsala University; Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratories; Uppsala University; Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
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Chitnis SS, Robertson APM, Burford N, Patrick BO, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ. Bipyridine complexes of E 3+ (E = P, As, Sb, Bi): strong Lewis acids, sources of E(OTf) 3 and synthons for E I and E V cations. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6545-6555. [PMID: 30090272 PMCID: PMC6054056 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02423d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Triflate salts of trications [(bipy)2E]3+ ([6E][OTf]3) and [(tbbipy)2E]3+ ([6′E][OTf]3) (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, tbbipy = 4,4′-di-tbutyl-2,2′-bipyridine; E = P, As, Sb, Bi) have been synthesized and comprehensively characterized.
Triflate salts of trications [(bipy)2E]3+ ([6E][OTf]3) and [(tbbipy)2E]3+ ([6′E][OTf]3) (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, tbbipy = 4,4′-di-tbutyl-2,2′-bipyridine; E = P, As, Sb, Bi) have been synthesized and comprehensively characterized. The unique molecular and electronic structures of this new class of complexes involving pnictogen Lewis acids has been assessed in the solid, solution and gas phases to reveal systematic variations in metric parameters, ligand lability and charge concentration. While the Lewis acidity of E3+ has the trend E = Bi < Sb < As < P as determined by gas-phase calculations and 1H NMR spectroscopy, the Lewis acidity of [6E]3+ has the trend E = P < As < Sb < Bi according to gas-phase calculations. Derivatives of [6′E][OTf]3 (E = P, As) are latent sources of E(OTf)3 as demonstrated by their reactions with dmap, which give the corresponding derivatives of [(dmap)3E][OTf]3. The highly oxidizing nature of P(OTf)3 and As(OTf)3 is evidenced in reactions of [6′E][OTf]3 (E = P, As) with phosphines, which give EI-containing monocations [(R3P)2E]1+ and oxidatively coupled dications [R3PPR3]2+, illustrating new P–P and P–As bond forming strategies. Cations [6′E]3+ (E = P, As) are C–H bond activating agents that dehydrogenate 1,4-cyclohexadiene, with higher activity observed for E = P. Combinations of [6′E]3+ and tBu3P activate H2 and D2 under mild conditions, evidencing frustrated Lewis pair activity. Oxidation of [6′P][OTf]3 with SO2Cl2 gives [(tbbipy)2PCl2][OTf]3, containing a PV-trication, but there is no evidence of the analogous reaction with [6′As][OTf]3. The observations highlight new directions in the chemistry of highly charged cations and reveal a rich reactivity for p-block triflates E(OTf)3, which can be accessed through derivatives of [6E][OTf]3 and [6′E][OTf]3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1 250 721 7150
| | - Alasdair P M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1 250 721 7150
| | - Neil Burford
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 3V6 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1 250 721 7150
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2T2 , Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2T2 , Canada
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